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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

FOURTH SERIES

Vor. VIII

1918 ee

PRINTED FROM THE
JOHN W. HENDRIE PUBLICATION ENDOWMENT

SAN FRANCISCO
PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY
1918

COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION
GEORGE C. Epwarps, Chairman

C. E. GRuNSKY BARTON WARREN EVERMANN, Editor

CONTENTS OF VOLUME VIII.

Priates 1-17.

PAGE
Mitlecpas emer nn rorrever ake crore ie hohe or siciekeasin clei cerdicralstveus heveversbenetstoele os als i
(Gon ternts iach rt etec sore cs loce ale ees cia rare ress dasa) ar iets addy ood Toi ort hye acne tn oceuereh avers il
invMemoriam):;) theodore: Henry, Fiittelll.:. <o)0: cccie-vsto.sc,reserave,e.c.0 seo 0-010 1

By G. W. Dickie, Leverett Mills Loomis, and Ransom Pratt
(Published June 17, 1918)

nw Memoniarntes Carll Hig chigicevrevoret<ic:evzrsissssalerersieiaievare.ayertearsieiaieeiale eins cicie iste 27

By Frank E. Blaisdell, Sr., R. Benzinger, and Otto von Geldern
(Published June 17, 1918)

SomesjapanesesAphididces 4s crercte saveit.ctstociactocis staiaeierarsrerarasioutcareeteens 35
By E. O. Essig and S. I. Kuwana
(Published July 9, 1918)

Geology of the Northern End of the Tampico Embayment Area...... 113
By E. T. Dumble
(Published July 19, 1918)

‘he; Kelp=BliesroiNorthicAmenica. cerca erecislerosics covesices sesso ere 157
By J. M. Aldrich
(Published September 16, 1918)

The Garter-Snakes of Western North America...................005 181

By John Van Denburgh and Joseph R. Slevin
(Published October 18, 1918)

New Species of Hemiptera chiefly from California.................. 271
By Edward P. Van Duzee
(Published October 18, 1918)

Report of the President of the Academy for the Year 1918........... 309

By C. E. Grunsky
(Published June 16, 1919)

Report of the Director of the Museum for the Year 1918............ 317

By Barton Warren Evermann
(Published June 16, 1919)

Mignch OS ee chs eta ces SISTA ORCI Tee Toea ee eVavoTe falcon she stole o!slovavaver els veisiel chee volere ditouatelesciele 353
November 17, 1920.

7

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FourTH SERIES

Vor. VIII, No: 1, pp. 1-25, pl. 1 June 17, 1918

I

IN MEMORIAM: THEODORE HENRY HITTELL’?
Born April 5, 1830—Died February 23, 1917

The California Academy of Sciences was bereaved of one of
its most illustrious members in the death of Mr. Theodore
Henry Hittell, February 23, 1917. He would have been 87
years old in two months. For nearly 30 years he had been an
uncompromisingly loyal and assiduous member of the Acad-
emy, and in the future history of this institution, the value of
his personal attachment and fidelity will grow ever clearer and
stronger.

What a span of life was his! He was born April 5, 1830,
and it is true to fact to say that the world has traveled farther
since that year than during all its previous recorded history.
In 1830 the echoes of the battle of Waterloo had hardly died
away. Napoleon had been dead scarcely nine years. Charles
X was King of France, but the Fates had decreed that within
the next few months he was to give way to Louis Philippe.
William IV this year succeeded George IV as King of England,
and Victoria’s memorable reign was to begin seven years later.
The United States had but fairly started in the second half
century of its experiment as a Republic. Andrew Jackson was
President and the brewing of Nullification in South Carolina
was raising the shadow of the coming Rebellion over States’
Rights and Slavery. Railroads were in their infancy. The

1 Read at the regular monthly meeting of the California Academy of Sciences,
August 15, 1917.

June 17, 1918

¥2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tu Ser.

first practical locomotive to run in America was delivered the
previous year; and the first American locomotive was made in
the year 1830.

Gauged by the tremendous sweep of Science since that
period, it is fair to say that Science was then just starting on
its real career. It will probably not be disputed that the age of
Darwin is a sharp dividing line between ancient and modern
science. Present methods of research and generalization are
now so commonplace that the older limited, narrow systems
seem to belong to the distant dark ages. And yet in the year
1830, Charles Darwin was an undergraduate in Cambridge
University, which he had entered in prospect of being a
clergyman. He was now becoming fascinated with natural
science, and his history-making voyage in the “Beagle” was to
begin the following year.

What was to become Hittell’s beloved California, was in
1830 but an obscure province of Mexico, known as Alta Cali-
fornia. Its northern boundary was San Francisco Bay. The
Missions were already withering under the threatened blow of
Secularization. There were about 30,000 Indians here, who
were reduced in a few years to 10,000. The white people were
few and almost wholly Spaniards. The mode of life of the
Spaniards was, in description, charming. It had an ease, a
hospitality, a gaiety unequalléd. There was but little industry
beyond the raising of cattle, which were killed in immense
numbers for their hides which were sold to the occasional sail-
ing vessels which came to the Coast. It was not until four
years later that Richard H. Dana was to start on that voyage
from Boston to California, which called forth Two Years Be-
fore the Mast, a book which W. Clark Russell has termed “the
greatest sea-book that was ever written in any language.” John
A. Sutter did not come to California until 1839. San Fran-
cisco was not. Yerba Buena was the bay “which came up to
Montgomery Street’’ and was very seldom visited by sailing
vessels. There was a dilapidated Presidio, and several miles
distant was the already waning Dolores Mission. The major
portion of California was a vast desert for the greater part of
the year. The Sierra Nevada Mountains were but little known,
and most of the civilization was on or near the Coast. There
was but one Custom House, which was situated at Monterey.
The coast was bleak and repelling, though relieved in the spring

Vor. VIII] IN MEMORIAM: THEODORE HENRY HITTELL 3

season by a few oases of green. “On the whole coast of Cali-
fornia, there was not a light house, a beacon, or a buoy, and the
charts were made up from old and disconnected surveys by
British, Russian and Mexican voyagers.” At that time, Cali-
fornia, except for a short season, was substantially a vast, for-
bidding, unlovely waste. Its possibilities were not suspected.
It awaited the magic touch of Anglo Saxon civilization.

It was on April 5, in this year of 1830, that Theodore H.
Hittell was born, in Marietta, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.
As would naturally be expected of one of his strong and versa-
tile character, his ancestors were sturdy, thrifty and solid
people. His paternal great grandfather, Peter Hittel, was a
Protestant, brought up in Rhenish Bavaria, and driven into
exile by religious persecution. He, with a brother, escaped
into Holland, thence coming to America in 1720, and settled
down in Upper Milford Township, in Lehigh County, Penn-
sylvania, where he passed the remainder of his life as a farmer.
He was successful, progressive and energetic, and was a force-
ful, and useful member of the community.

Peter’s son, Nicholas Hittel, the grandfather of Theodore,
remained on the farm in Upper Milford Township. He was a
man of prodigious physical strength, and was an industrious
and successful farmer, and, it is said, came to be regarded by
his neighbors as a sage. He married Susanna de Vesqueau,
or Wesco, as the family name was later called. Her father,
Francis de Vesqueau, was a French Huguenot, and was driven
by religious persecution from his home in Alsace, and came by
way of Holland to Pennsylvania. He and his two sons served
in the American Revolution, Francis being in the Second
Battalion, Second Company of Northampton County, Penn-
sylvania. Nicholas Hittel also served in the American Revo-
lution in the Northampton County Militia, from 1778 to 1782.
The family of Nicholas and Susanna consisted of eleven
children.

Jacob Hittel was the eighth son and the last child of Nicho-
las. He was the father of Theodore and was as remarkable a
man as his son. He was brought up as a farmer’s boy, and at
fifteen years of age, he could speak only in Pennsylvania Ger-
man. He hungered for an education and began attendance at
an English school. This was three miles and a half from his
home, and he walked to school and back every day, whatever

4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

the weather or the condition of the roads. When sixteen years
old, he walked to Philadelphia, a distance of forty-seven and a
half miles, to go to a better school. He found a good family
where he worked each half day for his board, and went to
school the other half day. He bought an English dictionary,
which he studied incessantly. In carrying out his steadfast pur-
pose, he would work and save until he had accumulated a small
sum of money; then he would devote himself to school until
the money was exhausted. Thus, by intense industry and un-
remitting frugality, he acquired a good English education.
When he was twenty years old, he decided to become a phy-
sician, and began studying in the office of Drs. Benjamin and
James Green, at Quakerstown, Pennsylvania. The next year,
he entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Philadel-
phia, but at the end of two years his funds were exhausted.
In those days, it was the custom of medical students, if they so
desired and felt competent, to enter upon practice before final
graduation; and therefore, in his twenty-third year, the young
doctor opened an office at Segersville, Lehigh County. This
same year he married Catherine Shertzer, of Millerstown. Her
ancestors came from Germany, and settled in Pennsylvania,
and were successful and influential people. Catherine Shertzer
became the mother of Theodore Hittell. She lived to be over
ninety years old. She was an unusual woman, of great per-
sonal charm and intellectual gifts, and her son always spoke of
her with a keenness of appreciation that denoted the greatest
of affection.

The newly married couple settled down in Segersville, where,
due to his energy and ability, supplemented by the popularity
of his accomplished wife, Jacob Hittell gained at once a large
practice ; so that in less than a year, he had accumulated enough
money for his final year in the Philadelphia college. Thus,
when about twenty-four years old, he received his medical
diploma from what was then perhaps the most prominent in-
stitution of its kind in the United States.

After practicing in several small towns in that region, he re-
moved, in 1825, to Marietta, in Lancaster County. Remaining
there five years, he was attracted by the prospects of success
in Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. These states were then becom-
ing a magnet, like California in later times. The fertility of soil,
beauty of scenery and cheapness of public lands were drawing

Vor. VIII] IN MEMORIAM: THEODORE HENRY HITTELL PD

many pioneers to this “new West.” Therefore, in 1831, Dr.
Jacob Hittell started for Hlinois with his wife and three chil-
dren ; but because of the health of his youngest child, Theodore,
he changed the destination, and settled in the famous Miami
Valley, at Trenton, Ohio. From the beginning he was suc-
cessful and his increasing practice induced him to remove to
the more important town of Hamilton, about ten miles dis-
tant, and a few miles north of Cincinnati. This became the
permanent family home, and so remained for thirty-four
years. Here Dr. Jacob Hittell’s professional skill, activity. in
business investments and energy in public matters made him a
very prominent and influential citizen. Realizing his own
tremendous difficulties in obtaining an education, he took a
special interest in the public school and the Female Academy
at Hamilton, and assisted and encouraged his children in ob-
taining a good education.

Thus, though born in Pennsylvania, Theodore Hittell’s
conscious life began in Hamilton, Ohio, he being only a year
old at the time of the family removal. At the earliest possible
age he was sent to school, because it was an understood rule
in the family that each child was to be given the best educa-
tion attainable in the country, and should be obliged, unless
prevented by sickness, to keep on steadily at work in acquiring
it. The boy was “father of the man,” and his studies were
characterized by great industry and thoroughness. All his
life, he made it a rule to carry out to a finish what he had
once begun, and to do everything in the very best manner it
was possible for him to do it. Concentration on the work in
hand and carrying it to completeness were among the most
marked secrets of his success in life. He early became a
“prize pupil” in algebra, geometry and trigonometry. He was
handy with tools and very ingenious; he also worked in his
father’s drug store, where he learned considerable about the
technical parts of the business. At about fifteen years of age
he was sent to a Catholic school, then to a select school to
study Latin and Greek. Meantime he had read many books,
and all of them he “chewed and digested.’” His boyhood was
pleasant and happy, and very busy. Though absorbed in his
work, none turned to amusement and recreation with more
zest than he.

6 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

In 1845, at the age of fifteen years, he entered Oxford
College, afterwards known as Miami University. Here he
had the usual studies of Latin and Greek, and mathematics.
Characteristically he applied himself devotedly to his books,
and became especially proficient in mathematics. He joined
a literary society, but as he had no idea of ever becoming a
public speaker, his activity was confined to written addresses
on literary subjects. He read indefatigably, especially history
and biography. He left the college because of the students’
“snowball rebellion” against the faculty, which rebellion vir-
tually caused the temporary ruin of the institution.

From there he went to Center College, at Danville, Ken-
tucky, where he stayed during his junior year. He was not
satisfied with the educational advantages of the institution and
determined to go to Yale College, where he achieved the un-
usual distinction of gaining admittance to the senior class of
Yale from the junior class of a small western college; due
largely to his proficiency in mathematics and originality in
working out theorems and problems. In 1849 he graduated
from Yale College with the degree of Bachelor of Arts.

He was now nineteen years of age. In the following year
he began reading law in the office of Charles Fox, at Cin-
cinnati, and was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1852.

He had now earned and won a good education and admis-
sion to the profession of the law. He was in his twenty-third
year, in perfect health, with an upright and incorruptible
character, a widely varied and valuable experience, and a
trained and industrious mind. For several years he practiced
law at Hamilton, Ohio, but the life became irksome to him.
His father, and all of his ancestors, were pioneers, and the
call of his inheritance was strong in his veins. His brother
John had come to California in 1849, and Theodore could not
longer resist the lure of the Golden West. On October 5,
1855, he came from New York to San Francisco by way of
the Isthmus of Panama. Thus, in her early history, did Cali-
fornia feverishly dig her gold, which was her supposed only
treasure, and send it to the East, to be rewarded by the return
of far more priceless treasures—resolute, virile citizens.

Upon reaching San Francisco, Mr. Hittell plunged into the
life of one of the strangest, busiest and most romantic cities

Vor. VIII) IN MEMORIAM: THEODORE HENRY HITTELL 7

on the face of the earth. Twenty years before, Yerba Buena
was not even a village, and had no existence. Nine years be-
fore, Yerba Buena had started on its career and had two hun-
dred people. Eight years previously, the name was changed to
San Francisco. The discovery of gold created a city almost
overnight, and San Francisco now had a population of 50,000.
Five great fires had successively destroyed it, but the build-
ings were now more numerous and enduring than ever. In
such a seething mass of gold seekers, adventurers and real
pioneers there were inevitably mingled much lawlessness and
crime. At least a hundred murders had been committed in
the previous year without a single execution. It was not safe
to walk the streets after dark, while by day and night incen-
diarism and burglary were common. Allied with this indi-
vidual crime was political corruption. Though the city had
been partially purged by the Vigilance Committee of 1851, the
baser elements were again in control. As usual in modern
times, the good men did not vote and the bad men never
failed to vote. In his History of California Hittell phrased
the situation thus: ‘There probably had never been in the
United States a deeper depth of political degredation reached
than in San Francisco in 1854 and 1855.” In spite of bad
government and prevalent crime, nothing was able to prevent
the town from forging ahead. The golden stream from the
mines, the dawning realization of the immensely varied agri-
cultural resources of the State, the first fruits of foreign com-
merce, revealed to the sagacious eyes of the pioneers the
splendid destiny of this city and State. These good citizens
could not yet control the development of the civic and mate-
rial resources; but they were dazzled by the vision of the
future, and hopefully consecrated their souls and energies to
the building up of the new community.

When he started for California from the East, Mr. Hit-
tell intended to go to the mines. As soon as he reached San
Francisco, and saw its activities and gauged its prospects, he
was easily convinced by his advisers that this city should be
the theatre of his future career. Though a thoroughly edu-
cated lawyer, he seems at first to have avoided the practice
of his profession, and with his literary tastes and training he
naturally gravitated towards the newspaper business. The

8 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Sex.

financial failures of the year before, and the speculative trans-
actions of each busy and exciting day, resulted in an im-
mense amount of litigation. News from the outside world
was scant, and except for world events of sensational magni-
tude the people depended for their news on local happenings
and the developments of the courts. In consequence, the local
editors of the newspapers were of unique importance, and the
court news was greatly sought after by the public. Mr. FIit-
tell began by reporting law news for a German paper pub-
lished in San Francisco. His previous training now became
of great value. The accuracy of his reports, the inclusion of
all of the essential points of a judge’s decision, the fidelity to
facts, soon attracted the attention of the editor of the “Bul-
letin.” This paper was founded by James King of William
in the latter part of 1855, and by its fearlessness in attacking
criminals and dishonest men in public life, and by its decency
and vigor, in a short time reached the distinction of being the
leading newspaper in the city. Mr. Hittell soon became the
law reporter for the Bulletin and was such at the time of the
assassination of James King of William and the revival of
the famous Vigilance Committee in 1856. Though not per-
sonally a member of the Vigilance Committee, he was their
staunch supporter, their reliable chronicler. He logically be-
came the local editor of the Bulletin, which was a position of
great responsibility and importance during these stirring
times. He prided himself upon the accuracy of his columns,
and no news was printed that was not true and trustworthy.

He retained his connection with the Bulletin until 1860.
The rising tide of disunion had brought California actively
into the national contest. In the State were many of South-
ern birth or with Southern sympathies, of great energy, re-
sources and influence. Mighty and successful efforts were
made to keep California in the Union. These were the his-
toric days of Baker, Broderick and Starr King. For a year
previous and during the first part of Lincoln’s campaign, Mr.
Hittell was the local editor of the San Francisco Times. He
was very patriotic in sentiment, an ardent Union man, and
gave valiant service for the cause of human liberty.

During this period, on June 12, 1858, he married Miss
Elise Christine Wiehe. She was the daughter of Dr. Car

Vou. VIII) IN MEMORIAM: THEQDORE HENRY HITTELL 9

Wiehe, of Goedens, in the northeast corner of Germany. Dr.
Wiehe was chief surgeon on the staff of Field Marshal
Blucher, and was present at the battle of Waterloo. The
daughter left Germany on account of the events of 1848, and
came to California on a sailing vessel by way of Cape Horn.
It is said that she trimmed and introduced the first Christ-
mas tree in San Francisco. After her marriage, she took
much interest in Science, and with Mrs. Brandegee and Miss
Rita Haggan was among the first women members of the
California Academy of Sciences. She was one of the found-
ers of the San Francisco Foundling Asylum. She also
founded the Silk Culture Society of California. She actively
urged the establishment of manual training schools. She was
one of the pioneers in advocating the organizing of a museum
in San Francisco. She was interested in the preservation of
the Indian picture writings found in California, and wrote
an article on the subject for “Science” magazine. Her last
published article was on Pasteur, in “Science.” She died
in 1900.

Mr. and Mrs. Hittell had four children, of whom three
are now living: Catherine Hermanna, Charles Jacob and
Franklin Theodore. They were all born at the old home at
726 Folsom street, in this city.

It was in a great measure due to the solicitations of his
wife that Mr. Hittell decided to re-enter the practice of the
law. In 1861 he joined the San Francisco bar, and in 1862
he formed a partnership with Elisha Cook that lasted for
five years. He devoted himself to civil law, and only once in
his legal career tried a criminal case. Upon one occasion he
was asked by John B. Felton to prepare a brief, and the doc-
ument was so clear and cogent that Mr. Felton immediately
offered him a partnership, which was promptly accepted.
This partnership lasted until Mr. Felton’s death in 1877.

John B. Felton was one of the ablest lawyers in the history
of the State. He was a type of that period, one might say
almost a product of his day and of San Francisco in the six-
ties. He collected vast amounts in fees, but spent his income
with princely lavishness. He had astonishing ingenuity in
applying the principles of law, and great quickness and exact-
ness of observation. His brilliancy at the bar, prodigality of

10 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Sea.

living, versatility as a public speaker, remarkable wit and ex-
cessive generosity are among the traditions of this city and
State. But with all this he was not a man of extraordinary
industry in detail; therefore to be associated with a man of
the dogged diligence and legal resource and exactness of Mr.
Hittell was the opportunity of a lifetime. In turn, to have
such a legal associate as Mr. Felton was the opportunity of
a lifetime for Mr. Hittell. Each supplemented and was in-
valuable to the other. Mr. Hittell wrote the briefs and
mainly conducted the office business. He was a model of
careful industry, and of powerful and logical statement.
While he personally was not largely in the public eye during
this period, he gained a reputation as a Jawyer of great reli-
ability and singular skill.

Mr. Hittell was associated with a number of cases famous
in the legal history of California. Conspicuous among these
were the Lick Trust case, the Montgomery avenue case, the
Dupont street case, the case involving the title to the lands
near the ocean beach of San Francisco, and the famous San
Pablo land case. In the ocean beach case he settled the title
to the lands out among the sand dunes, and by a compromise
between the claimants and the city of San Francisco, secured
a deed for one thousand acres of land to the city which is
now comprised in Golden Gate Park. The great San Pablo
land case was technically known as Emeric against Alvarado.
It began in 1868, and after twenty-seven years of dogged,
persistent fighting, he won his case in 1895. The land titles
involved were in Contra Costa county, especially in and about
Richmond, and this noted case forever settled the earlier titles
to every piece of property in the city of Richmond. This case
gave him a position as a distinguished authority in the inex-
tricably complicated question of land titles in California. Due
to the earlier ambiguous Spanish land grants, followed by the
equally ambiguous Mexican land grants in California, the
titles were universally tangled, almost beyond settlement ;
and Mr. Hittell’s work went greatly beyond the adjustment
of his particular litigation. The winning of this suit brought
him much legal fame, for it alone was enough to establish his
position as an eminent lawyer. His other noted lawsuits evi-
denced the same shrewdness and ingenuity and unflagging
pertinacity.

Vou. VIII) IN MEMORIAM: THEODORE HENRY HITTELL 11

When the Constitution of California was adopted in 1879,
Mr. Hittell became greatly interested in State politics. He
was elected as State Senator from San Francisco and served
during 1880-82. The legislature was flooded by bills of all
kinds evoked by the spirit of the sand-lot agitation, and by
the new Constitution. Because of his sane and balanced
character, aided by his wide legal attainments, he was a moy-
ing force in the Senate, and performed notable and valuable
service for his State. Many an ill-considered or iniquitous
piece of legislation went into oblivion through his shrewd
and sagacious opposition. He re-drafted the entire Code of
Civil Procedure to conform to the new Constitution, and his
work was adopted in preference to that presented by the reg-
ularly appointed commissioners. He was always a tremen-
dous worker, and a high authority says of him that “the
greater part of the statutes of 1880 was his work.”

After the close of his Senatorial career, he again devoted
himself to the practice of law. Even as late as 1900, he acted
as attorney for his old clients.

His legal practice brought him much honor and a large
fortune. The last twenty vears of his life were devoted
mainly to his writing. The astonishing vigor of his mind
and body lasted to the end. By systematic temperance in liv-
ing he possessed perfect health through his whole life. His
principal exercise was walking. He often came down town
from his home on Turk street above Van Ness avenue, but
rarely took a street car. As late as his eighty-seventh year
he occasionally walked from his home to the Cliff House, a
distance of six and a half miles. He had no final illness.
Five days before his death, he took to his bed because of
physical weakness; and the evening before his death, with a
mind as clear as ever, he told his physician that he was feel-
ing well. He passed away peacefully and without pain,

“Like one who wraps the drapery of his couch
About him, and lies down to pleasant dreams.”

Though the practice of law was his chosen profession, the
writing of books was his chief love. From the amount pro-
duced, one might think that he lived always with a pen in his
hand. Of law books alone, he was a voluminous author, and

12 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tH Ser.

his written contributions to law literature were substantial
and of high value. As a matter of record, his law books are
given herewith:

The Civil Practice Act of the State of California was pub-
lished in 1863; later edition, 1868.

In 1865, The General Laws of California, two volumes; a
fourth edition, two volumes in one, in 1872. This work had
a particularly wide reputation, one authority saying that “it
was the most comprehensive and valuable law book ever pub-
lished in California.”

In 1876, The Codes and Statutes of the State of Califor-
nia, two volumes in one. A supplement, in one volume, was
published in 1880.

He was also the author of Reports of Cases Determined in
the Supreme Court of the State of Nevada, six volumes,
1868-74.

At this late date, and to the lay mind, the enumeration of
the dry titles of old law books furnishes small indication of
his real achievement. Such works require minute exactness,
conciseness, clearness and a highly trained intellect. These
qualities Mr. Hittell brought to bear in his legal writing.
His books became indispensable parts of every attorney’s of-
fice. He was regarded as a trustworthy authority in certain
branches of civil law, and he was frequently quoted in our
courts and even in the Supreme Court of the United States.

Though a prolific author of law books, Mr. Hittell’s dear-
est occupation was writing books of general literature, but
principally of history. His legal activities accounted for a
life filled with strenuous labor; but his tireless pen was in-
cessantly busy, and brought forth fruits in other fields, suf-
ficient for the career of most hard working men.

His first published book was The Adventures of James
Capen Adams, printed in 1860. While local editor of the
Bulletin, he was one day attracted by an animal show which
was holding in a basement on Clay, near Liedesdorff street.
Among the live animals were three grizzly bears, named Sam-
son, Ben Franklin and Lady Washington. Samson was of
enormous size and was said to weigh fifteen hundred pounds.
He was captured when grown, and, though not wild, was un-
tamed, and kept in a cage. The other two grizzlies were

Vor. VII] IN MEMORIAM: THEODORE HENRY HITTELL 13
captured when cubs and had been tamed by the owner. Mr.
Hittell noticed that the fur was worn off the backs of the
tame bears and was amazed to learn that they had been used
in the mountains as pack animals and that the owner rode
them when necessary. It did not take Mr. Hittell long to
become very well acquainted with the owner, whose name
was James Capen Adams, a hunter who had spent years in
the Sierra Nevada mountains. Adams had passed through
such curious and fascinating experiences that Mr. Hittell de-
termined to write a book about such an unusual bear hunter.
In consequence, for a year and a half, by tacit arrangement,
the author visited the animal show each afternoon after the
newspaper went to press, and listened to the hunter’s tale.
These conversations he embodied in one of the best bear
books ever written. It was published in San Francisco and
also in Boston in 1860, but due to the Civil War it was not
widely distributed. The book contained 370 pages, was illus-
trated by a number of wood cuts by Charles Nahl and had a
brown cloth cover.

And now comes an odd and interesting sequel. Half a
century later, in 1909, Charles Scribner’s Sons published a
notable book called The Grizzly Bear, by William H. Wright.
Its author was born in New Hampshire. In his preface he
makes the following remarkable statement :

“T have often seen in the newspapers and magazines
replies of various persons of note to the question, ‘What
book has exerted the greatest influence on your life?’
Most of these answers I notice are rather hazy, but if I
had ever been asked to reply to this question, I should
have been able to answer without any hesitation. And
my answer would have been, ‘The Adventures of James
Capen Adams, Grizzly Bear Hunter of California.’ ”

As a result of Wright’s book, Scribner’s got into communi-
cation with Mr. Hittell, and in 1911, they issued a second
edition of the James Capen Adams book, exactly in the original
form, as to type, illustrations and old brown cloth cover, with
an introduction and postscript added by the author.

In 1872 he published a criticism of Goethe’s Faust. It con-
tained forty-six pages and was bound in paper covers. It was

14 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

a serious attempt to interpret the great poem which has been a
puzzle to leading critics for over a century. The review dis-
played much acumen. It was written with more than ordi-
nary care, and furnishes a fascinating introduction to the
study of one of the greatest of literary works.

Stephen J. Field, after an eminently successful legal career
in California, became Justice of the Supreme Court of the
United States. Around his picturesque experiences clustered
many of the exciting episodes in the history of the State. The
Sharon will case, involving Sarah Althea Hill and former
Chief Justice Terry, culminated in the shooting of Judge
Terry by U. S. Marshal Neagle, at Lathrop, Cal., while
Neagle was acting as guard over Judge Field under instruc-
tions from the United States Department of Justice. This
tragic event caused a great sensation throughout the United
States, while California was for the time in a turmoil of dis-
cussion over the event and the causes that led up to it. Judge
Field was constantly importuned by his friends to write the
story of his dramatic life, and at length he dictated his rem-
iniscences to Mr. Hittell. This was in 1877. Judge Field
decided to issue the book privately, for distribution to his
friends only. In 1893 a second edition was printed for pri-
vate distribution, but the book was never officially published.
It is not generally known that Mr. Hittell wrote these remi-
niscences, although it could easily be inferred by a careful
reader; because on page 108, edition 1893, occurs the follow-
ing sentence: “Here my narrative of ‘Personal Experiences’
must for the present end. I could have given you, Mr. Hit-
tell, more interesting matter.’ The volume is entitled Per-
sonal Reminiscences in Califernia, and besides the dictated
portions and an article from the Sacramento Union on the
career of Judge Field, includes an elaborate statement of the
Sharon litigation and the sensational events that focused in
the death of Judge Terry, written by George C. Gorham, a
personal friend of Judge Field, and for many years Secretary
of the United States Senate. It is a book of absorbing in-
terest and is now very rare.

It was during his law partnership with Mr. Felton, and in
the most exacting period of his legal career, in 1871, that
Mr. Hittell began the stupendous work of writing his History

Vor. VIII) IN MEMORIAM: THEODORE HENRY HITTELL 15

of California. His experiences of six years as a San Fran-
cisco editor and his delving into historical records in connec-
tion with his law work, had revealed to him the wealth of
material for an amazing story. It was practically a virgin
field. Though up to that time there had been a number of
books on certain picturesque phases of San Francisco and
California, there had not yet appeared an orderly, continuous
and comprehensive record of the great drama of the discov-
ery, settlement and development of this State. His literary
imagination leaped at the visioned opportunity.

The principal material for the early history of the State
was buried in that immense and practically undigested mass
of documents known as the ‘‘Archives of California.’ These
were in manuscript, mostly in Spanish, a very few in English,
German and Russian. Soon after California was admitted as
a State, the vital value of these early documents was seen,
both in reference to the complex land titles and also as his-
torical records. They consisted of letters, proclamations,
Mexican and Spanish official orders and various memoranda.
At length, by order of the United States Government, they
were collected and bound. Though there was an attempt to
segregate them into convenient classifications, it was a diffi-
cult if not an impossible task. In consequence, documents
germane to a given subject would be found in widely scat-
tered volumes, which made the gathering of material much
more complicated and vexatious.

These “Archives of California’? comprised nearly three
hundred bound volumes of about 800 pages each and con-
tained about 250,000 written pages. They were in the office
of the U. S. Surveyor General in the U. S. Treasury Build-
ing, on Commercial street. In the great fire of 1906 the
larger portion was burned, but many of the documents can
possibly be restored due to the Spanish system of preserva-
tion. Some certified copies are now in Mexico or Spain, and
some may be found in the British Museum and various li-
braries in this country.

For historical purposes the Archives were absolutely indis-
pensable, and in them Mr. Hittell found a great part of the
material for the early period. As a rule, the chirography was
good, though in many instances the ink had faded. Since

16 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4rH Ser.

coming to California, Mr. Hittell had learned more or less
Spanish and he now cultivated a further acquaintance with
the language until he could read it with considerable ease.
For several years he almost daily visited the office of the Sur-
veyor General, and carefully copied the necessary original
documents. At his home now are thousands of pages of
these copies, which should prove to be of much value to the
future student of history.

After fourteen years of gigantic toil, in 1885 he published
the first two volumes; and twelve years later, in 1897, the last
two volumes. At that period there were few stenographers—
scarcely any outside of the courts—and no typewriting ma-
chines. Every word was written by himself in long hand.
He had no clerk, assistant or amanuensis. His voluminous
notes were in Spanish, German and French, as well as
english.

The work was hailed with high acclamations by all classes.
It is a monument to the author’s painstaking genius, and con-
sidering the period in which it was written, it is a master
work. It abounds in noble passages of ofttimes eloquent
English. It is detailed, and yet in proper perspective. The
early portion was drawn directly from original, official but
unpublished sources. The later portion was even more valu-
able and interesting, for the author was a keen, trained ob-
server of the events written about, and often a participator in
them. And yet his determination to be impartial was so
strong that the reader would have difficulty in believing that
the author was an eye-witness and often an actor in the
scenes described. Inevitably, where current happenings are
told, people have diverging opinions. Many persons may
have differed from his conclusions, but there were few to
deny that the work was a dignified, accurate account of the
State from its earliest beginnings, and a weighty and valu-
able contribution to history. It is a veritable mine of fact and
reference. Since then, and especially of late years, has arisen
the school of scientific historians, and much attention is at
present being given to a minute study of California history,
especially from the archives in Spain and Mexico; and there-
fore the writing of Pacific Coast history is now on a firm and
satisfactory basis. When Mr. Hittell wrote, the knowledge

Vout. VIIT) IN MEMORIAM: THEODORE HENRY HITTELL 17

of California was fragmentary and untrustworthy. He dock-
eted the facts, set them forth in an intelligible and vastly in-
teresting manner, and, upon a large canvas, is indubitably
the pioneer of the true historians of his beloved State.

At the time of the San Francisco fire in 1906 the plates of
the history were in Oakland and thus escaped destruction.
Shortly afterwards they were removed to Mountain View,
near Palo Alto, where they met their fate in a fire. The
books are fast becoming rare.

As a historian and as a contemporary, Mr. Hittell was
always an admirer of George Bancroft, whose History of the
United States was for years the leading authority, and who
as Secretary of the Navy under President Polk, had an active
if not a predominant official part in the acquisition of Califor-
nia by the United States. It was a labor of love and grati-
tude to write a memorial address of George Bancroft and His
Services to California, which was delivered May 12, 1891,
before the California Historical Society.

In 1898 was published Book I of a Brief History of Cali-
fornia by Mr. Hittell, with an introduction by Professor
Richard D, Faulkner, principal of the Franklin Grammar
School of San Francisco. It contained sixty-eight printed
pages and was devoted to the Discovery and Early Voyages.
From Professor Taulkner’s introduction, the plan was evi-
dently to publish a complete history of the State, as a school
text book, in twelve small volumes, which later would be pub-
lished in a single volume. For reasons not known, the plan
was not prosecuted further than the first volume. The style
of this little book is charming as well as simple and instruc-
tive, and it is a matter of regret that the series was not con-
tinued to completion.

Mr. Hittell wrote a comprehensive, detailed history of the
Academy, styled a Historic Account of the California Acad-
emy of Sciences, 1853—1903. As the dates indicate, the in-
tention was to close with the proceedings of the semi-centen-
nial meeting of May 18, 1903. It was written up to that
time, and was in the hands of the Academy authorities for
publication, and about a fourth part of it was in type at the
time of the great fire, April 18, 19 and 20, 1906. The printed
pages, the type of which had been set up, and some twenty

18 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tH Ser.

pages of the manuscript, were consumed. The remainder of
the manuscript was in the Academy building on Market street
and was fortunately saved and removed to a place of safety.
With this partial manuscript and the proofs already in hand,
the complete history was restored. The beginning of the re-
construction of the Academy, immediately following the fire,
made it apparent that the closing period of the epoch was not
at the semi-centennial year of 1903, but more appropriately
rather the year 1906. The author, therefore, brought it down to
the end of 1906. Since that time it has not been possible to print
the history, and it is now awaiting a time when the money
shall be available for its publication. The manuscript con-
tains 374 pages. Much of it is in Mr. Hittell’s best style.
His unusual skill in assembling and digesting details, his
laborious patience in studying the original sources, his experi-
ence as a historian on a larger scale, gave him especial quali-
fications for the task. Some of the records of the Academy
were destroyed in the great fire; others were to be found in
different documents and written books; here all are combined
in a fascinating story accurately and methodically set forth.
Here will be found the amazingly romantic tale of James
Lick’s wonderful benefactions. Because of Mr. Hittell’s per-
sonal acquaintance with the men who made the Academy’s
history, he could write with authority. No one else can, or ever
will, tell the story so well and so reliably. The Academy, as
a historic institution, deserves that such an authentic record
should be published; and it is to be hoped that the near future
will bring out this history in printed form.

In his miscellaneous reading, Mr. Hittell became interested
in Hawau, and it was not long before his indefatigable pen
began a History of the Hawaiian Islands. He had never been
in those enchanted isles, and at his age he shrank from un-
dertaking an ocean voyage. But he collected practically all
the literature extant upon the subject, and, beginning in about
1905, he labored upon this work for seven years. The result
is embodied in 1563 pages of closely written manuscript, with
a Table of Contents of 172 pages. The work has not been
published. It is the most comprehensive history of these
islands which has yet been written.

Vor. VIIT) IN MEMORIAM: THEODORE HENRY HITTELL 19

He next wrote a history of the Miami Valley, in Ohio.
This was the home of his boyhood, and the pioneer period
there and the thrilling tales of the Indians had always held
a great fascination for him. The manuscript is closely writ-
ten, and comprises 112 pages. The copy, or second draft, was
finished January 18, 1915.

At the time Mr. Hittell arrived in San Francisco in 1855,
and for the next five years, much space was occupied in the
California newspapers by accounts of the sensational doings
of William Walker, the filibuster. This city was the home of
Walker and the starting place of his expeditions to Nica-
ragua. In his History of California, the author gave many
pages to Walker, and in his late life he wrote a Historical
Account of Walker the Filibuster. It was finished in 1915.
As it has not been published, it is in manuscript form only,
and comprises 284 pages, besides 33 pages of Table of Con-
tents, and 19 pages of Index. It is an accurate but vivid
account of one of the most noted and eventful adventurers
since the days of Captain Kidd.

When he was 85 years old, Mr. Hittell began writing his
autobiography. He persevered at this task to the end of his
life. As was natural for one of his great age, his recollec-
tions dwelt with especial fondness upon the days of his youth
and young manhood. The Reminiscences were written for
his immediate family, and therefore he took especial pains to
revive the memory of his ancestors in America, both on his
father’s and his mother’s side. The verification of dates and
the confirmation of family traditions consumed much time;
and in consequence the work proceeded slowly. According
to his universal custom, he wrote everything himself in long
hand; his first draft was carefully copied, corrected and in-
dexed; so that his entire manuscript was written twice. His
methodical manner of working enabled him to cover much
ground, so that by the end of 1916 he had produced in cor-
rected form 270 legal cap pages of writing. Considerably
more had been written as a first draft. His last entry was
dated nineteen days before his death. Nevertheless, he had
progressed no further than the end of his college education.
It is an irreplaceable loss that he did not write of his life in
California, where his real career was lived. He saw so much

20 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Pkoc. 47TH Ser.

that was dramatic, he was a part of so much history, that he
could have produced a picture of incomparable value and in-
terest. As far as it was written, the Reminiscences contain
many delightful passages, particularly those descriptive of the
home life in Ohio, three-quarters of a century ago, a period
now forever past.

In addition to papers delivered before the Academy of Sci-
ences, which will be mentioned later, Mr. Hittell published or
delivered the following, which are given here as a matter of
record :

Theodore D. Judah. The Engineer of the Central Pacific
Railroad. 30 pp. Delivered at Stanford University, Febru-
ary 21, 1896.

The Discovery of Humboldt Bay. 40 pp. Read before the
Society of California Pioneers, April 9, 1889.

How Yosemite Was Discovered. 33 pp. Read before the
Society of California Pioneers, January 8, 1890.

The Place in History of the California Pioneers. 8 type-
written pp.

The Big Bonanza. Published in “Land of Sunshine,” Sep-
tember and October, 1899.

Geographical Peculiarities of California. Published in
“Land of Sunshine.”

Observations on the New Constitution. Published in
“Overland Monthly,” January, 1883.

On the Tip Top of the United States. Published in “Sun-
set Magazine,’ February, 1903. This was a description of
his climbing to the summit of Mount Whitney, June 23,
1902, when he was over seventy-two years old.

Considering the career and the character of James Lick,
his benefactions were an unparalleled deed of philanthropy.
With the disposition of Lick’s property, Mr. Hittell was
closely associated. His partner, Mr. Felton, and himself,
were Lick’s attorneys through the long period of legal com-
plications, and Mr. Hittell became not only Lick’s reliable
legal counsel but his trusted personal adviser. When Lick
was preparing his Trust Deed which disposed of all of his vast
property, Mr. Hittell suggested that he make the California
Academy of Sciences and the Society of California Pioneers
his residuary legatees. Mr. Lick thought the proceeding un-

Vor. VIII] IN MEMORIAM: THEODORE HENRY HITTELL 21

necessary, remarking that he was now giving away all of his
property, and there was nothing left. Mr. Hittell observed
that it usually required considerable time to settle up an es-
tate, and that there might be something left over after all
the specific gifts were paid. James Lick followed this advice,
and his Trust Deed, after naming the specific gifts, divided the
residue into equal proportion between the California Academy
of Sciences and the Society of California Pioneers. On Sep-
tember 28, 1875, the Academy accepted the Lick deed, and
October 2, 1876, the death of James Lick was announced.
As predicted, when the estate was settled, there was a residue,
which, owing to the tremendous rise in the value of real es-
tate and the careful management of the trustees, amounted to
over $1,100,000, of which half was received by the Academy.
This institution is thus indebted to Mr. Hittell for his influ-
ence and his suggestion for a vast fortune, which made pos-
sible many years of active and efficient service in the cause
of Science.

In September, 1906, a special committee was appointed by
the Council of the Academy to represent the Academy at the
anniversary exercises of the California School of Mechanical
Arts, to take steps for the future proper observance of Sep-
tember 21st as the day on which James Lick executed his do-
nation. At a meeting held October 1, 1906, Mr. Hittell, rep-
resenting the committee, presented and read a report. It in-
cluded such an eloquent recognition of Mr. Lick’s philan-
thropy that it seems appropriate here to quote the following
paragraph:

“The more his [Mr. Lick’s] bequests are studied and
the greater the insight gained of the objects and pur-
poses contemplated by him, the more is the mind im-
pressed with the real greatness of the man. Of all the
many cases in which men have devoted great wealth to
public purposes, there was not one, considering all the
circumstances, that could compare in the genuine spirit
of benevolence and beneficence and the wisdom of its dis-
tribution with that of this grand old Californian. In
this last act of his long and laborious life, in which he
gave the results of his life’s toil, and, as it were, his life

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Sex.

ho
ro

itself for the benefit of his fellow man, he seemed to
have risen above the frailties of human nature and stood
forth as a model for respect and admiration.”

The Academy of Sciences is indebted to Mr. Hittell for an-
other important benefit, which grew out of a voluntary service
he was faithfully performing. It has been noted that at the
time of the great fire of 1906 his History of the Academy had
been completed to the year 1903. Although the greater part
of the books of record of the Academy were saved on that
historical morning, those of the Board of Trustees were de-
stroyed. These contained, among other things, the accounts
of expenditure for the construction of the building on Market
street. The only available if not the sole evidence of these
accounts was the copies which had been taken for the object
of writing the Academy history; and they were used for this
purpose in the negotiations and settlements with the insurance
companies, thus proving of great value.

It was on September 5, 1887, that Mr. Hittell became a
member of the California Academy of Sciences. On Janu-
ary 5, 1903, he became a life member. He identified himself
with its interests and seldom missed either a regular or
special meeting when it was in his power to attend. In ad-
dition to the regularity of his attendance, he wrote and pre-
sented the following papers:

Sutro’s New Water Power. 4 pp. Read October 15, 1888.

Memorial on the Death of Professor John LeConte. 4 pp.
Read June 1, 1891.

The Acorn and the Oak. 19 pp. Read February 4, 1889.

Change of Level in the San Francisco Peninsula. 5 pp.
Read December 16, 1888.

Oysters in San Francisco Bay. 15 pp. Read November 6,
1893.

Remarks on the Alameda Shell-Mound and Indian Medi-
cine Tube. 14 pp. Read October 15, 1894.

The Last of the Yosemites. 34 pp. Read April 9, 1890.

Pioneers in Death Valley. 25 pp. Read November 3,
1902.

Historic Sketch of the California Academy of Sciences.
Read at the Semi-Centennial Anniversary, May 18, 1903.

Vor. VIII) IN MEMORIAM: THEODORE HENRY HITTELL 23

Dr. George Chismore. 11 typewritten pages. Dated March
5, 1906.

Memorial in Remembrance of General Lucius Harwood
Foote. 6 typewritten pages. Dated July 7, 1913.

He also wrote memorials on Dr. H. W. Harkness and Mr,
William Alvord, which were printed by the Academy.

He was elected a member of the board of trustees of the
Academy on January 4, 1909, and served until his resigna-
tion on January 18, 1915. Thus, from the time he was
nearly seventy-nine years of age until he was nearly eighty-
five, he was active as a trustee, and the records will show that
in that entire period of service he attended every meeting of
the board but one, or possibly two.

In the Academy campaign of 1904 for the State Constitu-
tional Amendment exempting the Academy from taxation, he
took an active part. To every newspaper in California that
opposed the amendment he wrote letters of argument and ex-
planation, and indubitably his cogent statements had a sen-
sible effect upon the attitude of the press.

When the time came for pressing the plan to move the
Academy of Sciences to Golden Gate Park, it was Mr. Hit-
tell who drew up the amendment to the city charter, which
was unanimously accepted in toto by the Board of Super-
visors, and passed by a very large majority of the vote of the
people in 1910.

And thus, in all ways, he gave evidence of his acute, per-
sonal interest in the Academy. He was as loyal to this in-
stitution as a true patriot is to the country of his allegiance.

Besides being a life member of the Academy, he was an
honorary member of the Society of California Pioneers. He
belonged to no other organizations.

Theodore Hittell was a man of much versatility of talent.
Among the principal assets to which he owed his various
achievements were perfect health and the ability for long-
sustained, arduous work. He was rarely if ever ill during
his long life. He carried on for extended periods the equiva-
lent of the work of two men, as this record of his life has
demonstrated. Though it is probable that the definition of
genius as being a capacity for taking infinite pains will not
explain the astounding manifestations of real genius, it is

24 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

unquestionably true that this ability can lift talent above its
normal level and make it super-efficient in its results. Mr.
Hittell possessed great patience, and an immense capacity for
taking pains. Possibly these were the dominant notes in his
character.

It was this genius for details that made him a painter of
considerable skill. His early love of drawing was born at
his mother’s knee. Later he attracted a good deal of local
attention for his pen and ink drawings. He soon flowered
into oil painting, which became one of the principal amuse-
ments of his early life. In those days painting in oil was
complicated by the necessity of grinding his own colors; but
he became almost infatuated with oil painting, and some of
his productions are still in existence. At Yale College he
gained a reputation as a cartoonist and his sketches were well
known and very popular.

Like most writers, he also wrote poetry. In his earlier life
he translated a number of poems from the German. In the
issue of September, 1903, Sunset Magazine published his
poem entitled A Blackfoot Burial. The same magazine, in
June-July, 1906, printed his Phoenix Redivivus, written to
celebrate the arising of San Francisco after the fire and
earthquake of that year. In April, 1907, the same magazine
printed his poem, Reconstruction, devoted to the same subject.

He was familiar with a number of modern languages, and
could read with ease German, Spanish, French, and also to
some extent Italian and Portuguese. He never attempted to
speak in any foreign language but German.

Mr. Hittell was a true Democrat of the sturdy and out-
spoken American type. When in college he did not join a
Greek letter society because he thought these organizations
were undemocratic. His hatred of despotism was never hid-
den under a bushel, but constantly burst forth in his writings
and conversation.

He was a man of unswerving integrity of character, verac-
ity of speech and sense of justice. He was tenacious, some-
times obstinate, in his attachment to his convictions; and
where a question of right was concerned, he was immovable.
When he was a young student he fell under the spell of
Thomas Carlyle. Only a few weeks before his death he said

Vout. VIII] IN MEMORIAM: THEODORE HENRY HITTELL 25

to the writer of these lines: “Whatever I may have of in-
tegrity of character, I owe to Carlyle. I became acquainted
with his writings early in my life, and he has had the great-
est influence over me of any man who ever wrote.” Mr. Hit-
tell was also sensibly molded by Carlyle’s gospel of work;
few men ever carried out so conscientiously the doctrine of
unremitting, strenuous toil. Thus may we account for
achievements in a single lifetime seldom exceeded in extent
and excellence combined. He enjoyed his life to the full, and
he had the proud consciousness of success in almost every-
thing he undertook.

In his latest years, outside of his interest in the Academy,
he was a spectator rather than a participant in public activi-
ties. In consequence, his opinions were not modified through
actual friction with events, and he did not, from the stand-
point of the present, keep up with the startling changes in
modern methods and beliefs. To the unthinking or unim-
aginative, he was of the old school, of a past era, of ancient
viewpoints. So, too, may we all, as the years draw to the
end, be regarded by the rising generation as old-fashioned in
principle and as unprogressive; and so, too, may we, in return,
look upon the latest generation as too radical, unchristian, or
even immoral. It is the way of all time. The new crowds
out the old, and is in turn crowded out by the still newer.
Each may be right in the light of his own time; for one day
differeth from another in glory and in the shadows which it
casts.

G. W. Dickie,

Leverett Mitts Loomis,

RANSOM PRATT,
Committee.

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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FourTH SERIES

Vot. VIII, No. 2, pp. 27-34, pl. 2 June 17, 1918

II

IN MEMORIAM: CARL FUCHS
Born November 24, 1839—Died June 13, 1914

Carl Fuchs, well Known as an entomologist, founder of the
Brooklyn Entomological Society and the Pacific Coast Ento-
mological Society, died on June 11, 1914, at his home in Ala-
meda, California, at the good age of 74 years, 6 months and
17 days. He was a native of Hanan, Frankfurt-am-Main,
Germany, where he was born on November 24, 1839. His
remains were cremated in Oakland, California, at 2:30 p. m.,
June 13, 1914.

Mr. Fuchs attended grammar school in his native town
until his fourteenth year, and from his very boyhood he had
a great love for, and interest in, beetles and butterflies.

In 1853 he started to learn the trade of engraver and
his apprenticeship lasted six years, still following in his spare
time his hobby for insects.

It was in 1859 that he went as a first-class worker in his
profession to Paris, France, where he remained for five years,
and then he went to Madrid, Spain, for another year.

The year 1865 found him in the United States, and after
one year with Tiffany’s in New York, he opened his own busi-
ness in the same city with two assistants and soon enjoyed
a great reputation as an engraver and chaser. His work was
always of the highest order.

June 17, 1918

28 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4rH Ser.

He married Miss Marie Debold of New York City in
1867. One daughter was born to them, but she died at the
age of nine years.

In 1872 Mr. Fuchs founded the Brooklyn Entomological
Society with Professor Schaupp and others, and in the early
years of that society he was connected with the publication of
the first volume of a Bulletin that was important and of the
greatest value to the society. From Mr. Fuchs’s own account,
it was evident that the pathway of the Bulletin was not of the
easiest. But Mr. Leng states that it was the man’s enthu-
siasm and business capacity that supplied much of its suc-
cessful inception and vigorous growth, for they who worked
together in that undertaking were “pushed forward by the
buoyant nature of Mr. Fuchs.”

In 1875 Mr. Fuchs returned to Germany for a visit to
Frankfurt-am-Main, where he remained one year. He took
his collection with him and made many friends among the
entomologists. There he made the acquaintance of Professor
Dr. von Hyden and of Professors Geminger and Harold, con-
nected with the Lenkenburg Museum in Vienna. Another
year he spent in Paris, France, where he was a daily visitor
of Mr. Salle’s and many collectors of fame, who enjoyed see-
ing a collection made in the United States of America. Mr.
Fuchs was very liberal in distributing his duplicates and
always ready to exchange.

In 1876 he first became acquainted with Mr. Charles Leng,
who states that at that time Mr. Fuchs was in his prime,
massive in figure, heavily bearded, strong and alert, German
in his speech by preference, and well known locally for his
large collection of Coleoptera, especially in the families Scara-
beide and Lucanide.

Mr. Fuchs already had a beautiful collection, but he was
very anxious to enlarge it, and was looking for new hunting
grounds; so, in 1884, he made up his mind to go to Java.

He sold his home and business, but an earthquake occurring
in Java at that time caused him to change his plans and he
came to California.

He left New York on May 20, 1884, by way of Panama,
with a fine recommendation to the captain of the ship in
regard to his hobby. The captain let him off at many points

Vor. VIIT] IN MEMORIAM: CARL FUCHS 29

to collect, at one place taking him twenty miles in-
land. He had the captain and passengers so interested that
everybody wanted to help him, and he obtained many inter-
esting specimens. At Panama he had a four-day stop, which
he employed in looking over the ruins of the Panama canal.
He had with him a Mr. Slavin, a former engineer of the
works, who showed him about. Mr. Fuchs was somewhat
interested in the canal, as his brother had lost 75,000 francs
in the unfortunate enterprise. This trip also resultd in his
finding more insects.

After arriving in San Francisco, his first call was at the
California Academy of Sciences, at that time located at Cali-
fornia and Dupont streets. From that time on he kept in
close connection with that institution. He was the only per-
son who was allowed by the late Dr. Behr to handle his but-
terflies. He became a member of the Academy in 1890.

On August 7, 1901, Mr. Fuchs issued a call for the organ-
ization of an entomological society, as follows:

“With the view of organizing a Club of Entomologists on
the Pacific Coast, for the purpose of promoting interest in
entomological research, a meeting will be held at the Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences on Thursday, August 15, at 2
o'clock. You are urgently invited to attend.”

That memorable meeting was attended by the following
persons: Dr. H. H. Behr, W. G. W. Harford, Beverly
Letcher, Prof. Wm. Ashmead, Carl Fuchs, Dr. E. C. Van
Dyke, Professor H. C. Fall, F. W. Nunenmacher, and Dr.
F. E. Blaisdell.

The meeting resulted in the founding of the California En-
tomological Club. At the fifth regular meeting of the club
it was voted to change the name to the Pacific Coast Ento-
mological Society, by which name it has been known ever
since.

Mr. Fuchs was elected the first president of the society, a
position which he filled until the 26th regular meeting, held
November 27, 1907, when he requested to be relieved! He
was succeeded by Dr. Edwin C. Van Dyke. The society
prospered and grew under Mr. Fuchs’s able leadership.

In 1908 he made a trip to the East for scientific purposes,
but he visited only New York, Brooklyn and Washington. It

30 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

was at this time that Charles W. Leng saw him at the Im-
perial Hotel, on Fulton street, Brooklyn. Mr. Leng, in his
“Recollections of Mr. Fuchs,” says: “The great German,
with his bushy hair and beard grizzled with age, put his arms
about my neck and embraced the one who was a boy when he
left New York. All who were present at that meeting will
recall the boyish enthusiasm that made the old man so re-
markable. Years had brought no noticeable slackening of the
pace, no hesitation in action, speech or thought. Except for
the gray hair, it was the same Fuchs who had been a leader
among the founders of the Brooklyn Entomological Society.
Tears; it is true, came to his eyes, as we recalled the names of
those who had passed away, but they did not stay long, for
his thoughts were not in the past but looking forward to the
years to come, and to the things that he hoped to accomplish.
He was a man of unusual vitality and personal magnetism, to
whom hope and content were given in the fullest measure.”

Mr. R. P. Dow says in regard to his visit to New York:
“Tt was then that I met him. He had never seen a moving
picture. We took him twice a day to the ‘movies.’ Coney
Island was the place for them. All the afternoon and evening
we mingled movies and beetle collecting under the arc lights.
After all the years, many of the commonest insects were
strange to Fuchs. So we took everything. At each capture
Carl Fuchs would dip anew into a box of a particularly sa-
vory snuff, of a kind known only to himself. It had a de-
licious aroma, even if it did force a sneeze to all amateurs.”
Apparently those with him besides Mr. Dow were Chas.
Schaeffer, Geo. P. Englehardt, Jacob Doll and Geo. Franck.

To us who were associated with Fuchs in recent years
remains the duty to add our reminiscences to those already
given. We all agree that he was the most kind, lovable and
hospitable of men. We loved him not only for these traits,
but also for his activity, energy and punctuality in business.
He was noted everywhere for his enthusiasm in all matters
appertaining to his favorite study. Mr. Fuchs was most
happy. when he was aiding some amateur, or his younger
colleagues, by giving them material or advice.

By the earthquake and fire of 1906 he lost nearly all of
his collection. This calamity nearly broke his heart; but,

Vor. VIIT] IN MEMORIAM: CARL FUCHS 31

with the kind assistance of his friends, he started a new one
at once with all of his old-time energy.

Only those who were about him during that fearful calamity
will ever realize the agony that he must have suffered when
driven from his home on Kearny street—well do we remem-
ber the number, 212—leaving behind his collection containing
a generic series which he took with him, hoping against hope
that the remainder would be safe; and later the despair, when
he realized that his life’s work was in ashes. After a period
of depression, his old-time energy revived and at the time of
his death he had amassed another large collection.

His neatness and exactness in the preparation of entomo-
logical material was unique and characteristic of him. It
gained for him the appointment of assistant curator in the en-
tomological department of the California Academy of Sci-
ences, where he worked up to the time of his last illness.
After the San Francisco disaster, and while the Academy was
unsettled, he received the appointment of preparator and as-
sistant in the entomological department of the University of
California, where he was known by the students as Professor
Fuchs. When the California Academy of Sciences was again
ready for his services he returned to it.

His widow, Marie Fuchs, who was a typical and devoted
helpmate, could even excel her husband in the care and
mounting of the coleopterous Pselaphide.

In the death of Mr. Fuchs, one of the last of a group of
the older entomologists has passed away; to this group be-
longed Frederick Blanchard, Samuel H. Scudder, Henry
Ulke, and Philip Uhler. The younger entomologists of the
Pacific Coast, many of whom were his intimate friends, have
ever been stimulated and enthused by his earnestness and
example.

He was a member of the California Academy of Sciences,
and also of the Deutsche Entomologische Gesellschaft of Ber-
lin. In his earlier years he contributed short articles and
notes to the Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society.
In 1882 he published a synopsis of the Lucanide of the
United States. Short papers were read by him before the
Pacific Coast Entomological Society while president, which

32 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

have not appeared in print, but are filed in the archives of the
society and it is hoped they may eventually be published.

At the fifty-third regular meeting of the latter society, Doc-
tors Van Dyke and Blaisdell were appointed as a committee
to draw up a set of resolutions, which were to be placed in
the records of the society and copies of which were to be sent
to his family. At the fifty-fourth meeting the following was
presented by that committee:

“Whereas, in the fullness of time death has taken from
us Our most venerable member, Mr. Carl Fuchs, the organ-
izer and a charter member of our society; and

“Whereas, Mr. Fuchs was held by us in the highest esteem
for his devotion to entomology, as well as for his lovable per-
sonality and happy temperament; and

“Whereas, his personal enthusiasm has been ever a source
of stimulus to develop entomology on the Pacific Coast and
to aid his colleagues with advice and material, we shall mourn
his loss; therefore, be it

“Resolved, that we publish a short sketch of his life in the
Proceedings of the Society; and be it further

“Resolved, that we convey to his family our sympathy for
its loss and our tribute to his industry and example; that we
imitate his persistency in collecting and in the preparation of
specimens.”

(Signed) F. E. BratspeE tr,

E..C. Van Dyke.

In the field, Mr. Fuchs was for years a keen collector, es-
pecially of the minute forms. No friend or stranger could
refuse his enthusiastic request to gather insects for him. In
this manner he kept up a constant influx of specimens. He
was always on the qui vive to exchange for species not in his
collection, and he was ever a source of supply of good things
to correspondents far away. He was always happiest when
showing his treasures, and with a characteristic twinkle in
his eyes he would point out some very rare species.

Writers on Coleoptera kept in touch with him, as the
writings of such men as Dr. Geo. Horn, Colonel Thos. L.
Casey, Professor H. C. Fall, Mr. Chas. Leng, Dr. Walther
Horn, and many others will show.

Vor. VIIT] IN MEMORIAM: CARL FUCHS Oo

His first appearance in nomenclature was in connection
with a Staphylinid named by G. Kraatz. He discovered that
interesting little coleopteron which Dr. Geo. Horn called
gialites fuchsti. Professor J. J. Rivers dedicated Cychrus
fuchsiana to him. Brendel remembered him in the Psela-
phide, and named Brachycepsis fuchsii and Articerus (Fusti-
ger) fuchsti after him.

Mr. Fuchs supplied Colonel Casey with much material, as
a perusal of that author’s writings will show. He received
credit for many forms described as new by Casey. In his
revision of the Lathridiidz of Boreal America, Professor Fall
dedicated to him a genus, Fuchsiana. It was founded upon
an unique blind Lathridiid collected while sifting earth and
vegetable mould from about the roots of redwood trees near
Mill Valley, Marin county, California. This genus is by far
the most extraordinary of our North American Corticariini.

Mr. Fuchs was a most skillful preparator of insects; in
fact, his work was unique and without equal for the care he
bestowed upon both large and small specimens, which made
the study of his material a joy to the taxonomist.

Mr. Fuchs also contributed much material and moral sup-
port to the author of the “Monographic Revision of the Eleo-
diini of the United States,” in appreciation of which Dr.
Blaisdell named Eleodes fuchsii.

So the last tribute to our friend and colleague is about to
terminate. We have missed Mr. Fuchs when we have been
assembled together to carry on entomological work; we have
missed his kindly face and smile. Specimens of his handi-
work are still with all of us and we prize them more than
ever, now that he is gone. Yet we should in thankfulness re-
member that he had attained a goodly age, and that he was
himself in spirit and personality to the last. We must rever-
ence his patient and courageous meeting of the end of his
labors. During our last moments of conversation he would
pause and, with his chin resting in his hand, he would gaze
through his study window into space with a serious and sad-
dened look; but quickly the kindly smile returned and it did
brighten our hearts, for he knew, and we knew, that the part-
ing of the ways was at hand. We saw that there was no fear

34 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4rH Ser.

in him to meet the last duty of time. Mr. Fuchs, our friend,
is gone. We look in the direction in which he went, although
the tears blind our eyes. The love we bore him and our
memories of him are perpetual.

FRANK E. BLAISDELL, SR.,
R. BENZINGER,
Otto voN GELDERN,

Committee.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FourTH SERIES

Vou. VIII, No. 3, pp. 35-112, text figures 1-40 Jury 9, 1918

III

SOME JAPANESE APHIDIDZ:'

BY

E. O. Essie anp S. I. Kuwana?

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
EN TROD U CLIO Nira a sce erele cael othe oe a heceteliarale ahcleterer keel ovcevacctacsccavslelsialeias 36
ABBREVIATIONS) USED OIN: SIGURES cats aticteysjelelsloleus etetelerc's ers oje)e a7=.aiela w/e-ajeieie(s 37
ost. INDEX TO’ THE: SPECIES; ISTSTED): p)sieciele = aislersie = cieis/ore. 610s) e nye cleisyein etic 38
INOTESH AND: DDESCRIRTION'S surveaisisrversicite clelotelorcra ctr micfetars systote:cielevstaacictavelave 44

1 After the submission of this paper to the California Academy of Sciences and be-
fore it could be published Prof. S. Matsumura’s work entitled “A List of the Aphidide
of Japan, with Descriptions of New Species and Genera” appeared in the Journal of
the College of Agriculture, Tohoku Imperial University, Vol. VII, pt. 6, pp. 351-414,
Sapporo, July, 1917. In this paper several of the species which were previously de-
scribed by the authors are named so that some changes are necessary. In all such
cases the descriptions are included as originally written. Some uncertainty naturally
exists as to other species, but extensive study and more specimens would be necessary
for absolute certainty. It is remarkable that so few of our new species were described
by Prof. Matsumura. This indicates the great number of Japanese species remaining

to be worked up. ote
. O. Essic.

Berkeley, Cal.,
Nov. 6, 1917.
2 The arrangement of the authors’ names is alphabetic.

July 9, 1918

36 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

INTRODUCTION

The following paper on “Some Japanese Aphidide’”’ has been
prepared jointly by the authors as a small beginning to the
study of this very interesting family in Japan. To the junior
author belongs the part of collecting and preserving the ma-
terial, taking full notes on color, localities, host plants, and
dates of collection, as well as the packing and shipping of the
material. The senior author is responsible for mounting the
specimens on slides, determining the species, writing up the
descriptions of new species, and making the drawings. It is
to be regretted that distance and lack of time prevented sending
the final manuscript to Dr. Kuwana for revision and correction.
As the specimens were placed loosely in small vials of alcohol
and were subjected to a long journey, many were entirely
ruined, while others lost the legs, antennz, wings, or other
body parts. Every original lot, of which there were some 107,
was given a collection number and accompanied with full field
notes. All of the material was collected at or in the vicinity of
Tokyo during the year 1913, and was received in several send-
ings during the latter part of that year and the first part of
1914. Because of the press of other duties, however, it was
impossible to do anything with it until this late date. The
Japanese, English and scientific names of the host plants are
given wherever possible, the scientific names being revised ac-
cording to the latest editions of the “Index Kewensis” by
Hooker and Jackson and the “Encyclopedia of Horticulture”
by Bailey.

Because the material represents such a very small part of the
Japanese Aphid fauna, no attempt has been made to work out
a scheme of classification and keys, but rather to give simply
the notes and descriptions as clearly and briefly as possible.
Drawings have been made to illustrate the more important
characters and to supplement the descriptions. They are fully
labeled so as to avoid lengthy explanations. The use of the
camera lucida has made it possible to enlarge all to a common
scale and they are so reproduced in the plates. Transferring
the drawings by tracing paper has rectified the objects to their
actual position on the slides.

In describing a new species it was thought best to set aside,
wherever possible, a single representative individual as the type.

Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDIDE 37

The winged viviparous female was selected in all such cases.
Many of these types are not perfect but are fairly so. The
other specimens of a lot from which a type was selected are
designated as paratypes. Where no type could be decided upon
the descriptions have been made, as is the usual custom, from a
number of individuals, all of which are designated as cotypes.
Types bear a red name label and the paratypes and cotypes
yellow name labels. The types, representatives of all the co-
types and many of the paratypes, as well as other determined
material received from Japan and discussed in this paper, have
been presented to the California Academy of Sciences, Golden
Gate Park, San Francisco, California, where they are housed in
a substantial fireproof museum building accessible to all scien-
tific workers. Duplicate material has also been presented to
the Imperial University at Tokyo for the use of Japanese
workers. The remainder of the material is in Professor Essig’s
collection.

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN FIGURES

A — apterous viviparous female

A ant.— antenna of apterous viviparous female

Aant. iii—article II] of antenne of apterous viviparous
female

Aant. iv—article IV of antenne of apterous viviparous
female

A ant. v —article V of antenne of aprons viv pares female

vant, vi— 2) Vile A cF

A cauda — cauda of the apterous viviparous female

A corn. — cornicle of ie a

A head — head of the i A

A hind t. — hind tarsi of the Enso viviparous female

Aan. pl. —anal plate “ “ es a

A pyg. — pygidium of the apterous viviparous female

W — winged viviparous female (abbreviations following this
letter refer to the same parts as those of the apterous vivi-
parous female already given above)

W wax pl. — wax plates of the winged viviparous female

Pro. tub. — prothoracic tubercle

“cc

38 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

Host INDEX TO THE SPECIES LISTED
English, Japanese and Scientific names

Acer pictum Thunb. (Enké Kaede)
Chaitophorus japonica, new species

Aegle sepiaria DC. See Poncirus trifoliata Raf.

Alnus incana glauca Ait. (Yama hannok1)
Euceraphis japonica, new species

Angelica polymorpha Maxim. (Shirane senkiu)
Siphocoryne japonica, new species

Apple
Aphis japonica, new species
“ pomi DeGeer
* somei, new species
Artemisia vulgaris indica Maxim. (Yomogi)
Macrosiphum absinthii (Linn. ) ?
Asteromea indica Bl. (Yomena). See Boltonia indica Benth.
Astragalus sinicus Linn. (Genge)
Aphis medicaginis Koch
Boltonia indica Benth. (Yomena)
Macrosiphum rudbeckie@ (Fitch)
Rhopalosiphum, species
Brassica campestris Linn. (Natane-na) Mustard
Rhopalosiphum persice (Sulzer)
Brassica chinensis Linn. (Aburana Pak-choi) Cabbage
Aphis brassice Linn.
Castanea sativa Mill. (Kuri)
Myzocallis kuricola (Mats. )
Castanea vulgaris japonica A. DC. See C. sativa Mill.
Castanopsis cuspidata Schot. (Shii)
Eutrichosiphum passanie (Okajima)
Nipponaphis cuspidate, new species
Pterochlorus tropicalis Van der Goot
Celtis sinensis Pers. (Enoki)
Chromaphis celticolens, new species
Chenomeles japonica Lindl. (Bake) Japonica or Japanese
quince

Aphis pomi DeGeer

Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDIDE 39

Cherry
Aphis spinosula, new species
Aphis, species
Chrysanthemum (Kiku)
Aphis gossypii Glover
Macrosiphum nishigahare, new species
Cirsium japonicum DC. (Noazami). See Cnicus japonicus
Maxim.
Citrus trifoliata Linn. (Karalachi). See Poncirus trifoliata
Raf.
Clerodendron trichotomum Thunb. (Kusagi)
Aphis gossypii Glover
Cnicus japonicus Maxim. (Noazami)
Macrosiphum rudbeckie (Fitch)
Macrosiphum, species
Mysus, species
Crategus cuneatus S. & Z.
Prociphilus crategi Tullgren
Cucumis sativus Linn. (Kiuri) Cucumber
Aphis gossypii Glover
Cydonia japonica Pers. (Bake). See Chenomeles japonica
Lindl.
Deutzia scabra Thunb. (Utsugi)
Aphis medicaginis Koch
Distylium racemosum S. & Z. (Isu)
Nipponaphis distylii Pergande
Euscaphis japonica Dipp. (Gonzui)
Rhopalosiphum indicum Van der Goot
Hibiscus syriacus Linn. (Mukuge) Shrubby Althea or rose of
Sharon
Aphis medicaginis Koch
Hordeum sativum vulgare (Omugi). See H. vulgare Linn.
Hordeum vulgare Linn.
Aphis avene Fab.
Tilicitum anisatum Linn. (Skikimi)
Toxoptera auranti Fonse.
Ipomea hederacea Jacq. (Asagao)
Rhopalosiphum magnolie, new species
Tris sanguinea Donn (Ayame)
Phorodon, species

40 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Iris sibirica orientalis Thunb. (Ayame). See J. sanguinea Donn
Lactuca denticulata’ Maxim. (?) (Nigana) (L. dentata
Makino?)
Rhopalosiphum lactuce (Walt. )
Larix leptolepis Murr. (Kara-Mastu)
Lachnus, species
Lespedeza bicolor Turc. (Hagi)
Macrosiphum hagi, new species
Rhopalosiphum lespedez@, new species
Ligustrum ibota Sieb. (Ibota)
Macrosiphum ibotum, new species
Magnolia conspicua Salisb. (Hakumokuren). See M. denudata
Desr.
Magnolia denudata Desr. (Hakumokuren)
Rhopalosiphum magnolie, new species
Magnolia hypoleuca S. & Z. (Ho6noki)
Myzocallis, species
Magnolia kobus Thunb. (Kobushi)
Calaphis magnoli@, new species
Mespilus cuneatus S. & Z. (Sanzashi). See Crategus cuneatus
S. & Z.
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (Hasu) East Indian lotus
Rhopalosiphum nymphee (Linn.)

Orange
Aphis citricola Van der Goot
“ gossypti Glover
somei, new species
Rhopalosiphum magnolie, new species
Osmanthus aguifolium B. & H. (Hiiragi)
Prociphilus osmanthe, new species
Pasania cuspidata Oerst. (Shii). See Castanopsis cuspidata
Schot.

“oe

Peach (Momo)
Myzus, species
Rhopalosiphum nymphee (Linn.)

Pear
Anecia piri (Mats. )

Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDID& 41

Pear, Japanese or Chinese
Aphis pomi DeGeer
“ siphonella, new species
somei, new species
Prociphilus pyri (Fitch)
Rhopalosiphum nymphee (Linn. )
Toxoptera piricola Mats.
Petasites japonicus F. Schmidt (Fuki)
Aphis gossypii Glover
Pharbitis hederacea Jacq. (Asagao). See Ipomea hederacea
Jacq.
Pinus densiflora S. & Z. (Aka-matsu) Japanese red pine
Lachnus pinidensiflore, new species
Platycodon grandiforum DC. (Kikyo) Chinese or Japanese
bellflower, Balloon flower.
Macrosiphum rudbeckie (Fitch)

“cc

Plum

Rhopalosiphum nymphee (Linn.)
Podocarpus chinensis Wall. (Maki). See P. macrophylla maki
Sieb.
Podocarpus macrophylla maki Sieb. (Maki)
Phyllaphis, species ?
Poncirus trifoliata Raf. (Karalcahi) Trifoliate orange
Rhopalosiphum magnolie@, new species
Poterium officinale A. Gray (Waremokau)
Aphis medicaginis Koch

Potato
Aphis gossypii Glover
Prunus mume S. & Z. (Ume) Japanese apricot
Rhopalosiphum nymphee (Linn.)
Quercus dentata Thunb. (Kashiwa)
Myzocallis macrotuberculata, new species
Pterochlorus tropicalis Van der Goot
Quercus serrata Thunb. (Kunugi)
Myzocallis, species
vs capitata, new species
. kuricola (Mats. )
Pterochlorus tropicalis Van der Goot
Trichosiphum kuwanai Pergande

42 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

Ranunculus ternatus Thunb. (Hi Ki-no-Kasa)
Prociphilus populiconduplifolius (Cowen) ?

Rhus javanica Linn. (Nurude)
Aphis somei, new species

Rhus semialata Murr. (Nurude). See R. javanica Linn.

Rice
Macrosiphum granarium (Kirby)
Rosa multiflora Thunb.
Macrosiphum ros@ (Linn.)
Rumex crispus Linn. (Gishi-gishi)
Aphis rumicis Linn.
Rumex japonicus Meisn. (Gishi-gishi). See R. crispus Linn.
Sagittaria sagittefolia Linn. (Kuwai). Old world arrowhead
Rhopalosiphum nymphee (Linn.)
Salix, species (Yanagi)
Siphocoryne bicaudata, new species
Salix multinervis F. & Sav. (ISoriyanagi)
Chaitophorus salijaponicus, new species
Sambucus racemosa Linn, Elder
Rhopalosiphum magnolia, new species
Sanguisorba officinalis Linn. (Waremokau). See Poterium
officinale A. Gray
Smilax china Linn. (Sarutori-ibara). See S. walteri Pursh.
Smilax walteri Pursh. (Sarutori-ibara )
Aphis gossypii Glover ?
Solanum melongena Linn. (Nasu)
Aphis gossypii Glover
Sonchus oleraceus Linn. (Nogeshi). Sow thistle
Rhopalosiphum lactuce (Kalt.)
Staphylea bumalda DC. (Mitsuba Utsugi)
Rhopalosiphum indicum Van der Goot

Strawberry
Aphis, species

Thalictrum minus Linn. (Aki-Kara-matsu)
Aphis thalictrii, new species

Tsuga sieboldi Carr. (Tsuga)
Lachnus, species

Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDIDZ

Viburnum tomentosum Thunb. ( Yabudomari)
Aphis somei, new species

Vicia faba equina Pers. (Soramame )
Aphis medicaginis Koch

Wheat
Aphis avene Fab.

Zelkova acuminata Planch. (Keyaki)
Aphis medicaginis Koch

NOMENCLATURE OF WING VENATION

43

Figure 1—Nomenclature of wing venation used in the text:
Cu, cubitus; M, media; R, radius; Rs, radial sector; Sc, subcostal ;
St, stigma or pterostigma. This form is the system usually used by
European writers and by many others. ( Original.)

C, costal;

44 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H SER.

NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS
Macrosiphum absinthii (Linnzeus)

One winged viviparous female and several apterous nymphs
of what appears to be this species were taken on Yomogi,
Artemisia vulgaris indica Maxim., at Nikko, June 19, 1913.
Collection number 89. In comparison with determined speci-
mens received from Prof. Theobald, England, there are not
quite so many sensoria on article III of the antenne and the
cornicles are somewhat differently shaped, but in other respects
they agree very well.

M. yomogicola Mats. may prove to be this species.

Macrosiphum granarium (Kirby)
A good series of this species was taken on rice plants, Nishi-
gahara, Tokyo, Sept. 11, 1913. Collection number 103.

Macrosiphum hagi, new species
Figure 2

WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Type)—One nearly perfect
specimen. Length 1.2 mm., width 0.7 mm. Prevailing color
dusky to dark green. Antenne with few, short, knobbed hairs
and black throughout excepting I, II and the extreme base of
III; length of articles: I, 0.12 mm.; I, 0.05 mm.; IIT, 0.6
mm.; IV, 0.5 mm.; V, 0.43 mm.; VI, 1.02 mm. (base 0.2 mm.,
filament 0.82 mm.) ; total, 2.72 mm. Sensoria of III circular,
of nearly the same size, in a row, and confined to the basal
fifth. There are 12 on this article of each antenna; the normal
number occurs on V and VI. Rostrum reaching to the 3rd
coxe. Prothorax yellowish green, meso- and metathorax
lemon-yellow ; coxze, trochanters and bases of the femora and
tibiz pale, the remainder of the legs being black. Wings with
dark veins; primaries 3.2 mm. in length. Cornicles faintly im-
bricated, pale with black tips, 0.5 mm. long. Cauda pale green,
0.25 mm. long.

APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALES (Paratypes)—Three good
specimens. Average length 1.1 mm., width 0.7 mm. General
color green. Antenne black, except I, II and most of III,
which are pale green, imbricated and with few short thick or
knobbed hairs; lengths of articles: I, 0.1 mm.; II, 0.05 mm. ;

Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDIDZ 45

wing type

W cauda “5

W hind t. Avhing't

Waheed EOE del.

Figure 2—Macrosiphum hagi, new species

III, 0.6 mm.; IV, 0.45 mm.; V, 0.42 mm.; VI, 1 mm. (base
0.2 mm., filament 0.8 mm.) ; total 2.62 mm. Article III of
each specimen with a single large sensorium near the base;
sensoria on other articles normal. Rostrum extending to the
base of the abdomen. Cornicles dusky with black tips, faintly
imbricated, 0.5 mm. long. Cauda pale green, 0.23 mm. long.

Nympus—pale green throughout.

Host pLANt—Hagi, Lespedeza bicolor Ture.
LocaLtity—Tokyo.

DaTE OF COLLECTION—May 14, 1913.
COLLECTION NUMBER—822.

Note—This may possibly be M. hagicola Mats., but the de-
scriptions differ considerably.

46 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

Macrosiphum ibotum, new species

Figure 3

WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Type)—Selected from 12
individuals in good condition. Length 2 mm., width (of a
paratype) 0.9 mm. General color pale green. Antennze black
throughout excepting I and II which are dusky, with few hairs,
and imbricated; lengths of the articles: I, 0.12 mm.; II, 0.09
mm.; III, 0.71 mm.; IV, 0.58 mm.; V, 0.51 mm.; VI, 1.67
mm. (base 0.17 mm., filament 1.5 mm.) ; total 3.68 mm. Sen-
soria of article III circular, about the same size, almost in a row
and 16 in number. Paratypes show a variation in number from
13 to 16. Sensoria on other articles normal. Rostrum reaching
nearly to the 3rd coxee. Prothorax yellowish, the remainder
of the thorax dark. Legs yellow, with the distal ends of the
femora and tibiz and all of the tarsi black. Front wings 3 mm.
long. Cornicles dark, imbricated throughout, 0.42 mm. long
(of a paratype 0.52 mm. long). Cauda dark, 0.23 mm. long.

APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALES (Paratypes)—Seven indi-
viduals in good condition. Average length 1.8 mm., width 1
mm. Prevailing color pale green. Antenne dark, except I, II
and the base of III; imbricated, with a few short hairs; lengths
of articles: I, 0.15 mm.; II, 0.07 mm.; II, 0.77 mm.; IV, 0.61
mm.; V, 0.51 mm.; VI, 1.45 mm. (base 0.15 mm., filament 1.30
mm.) ; total 3.56 mm. Sensoria small, circular, normal on V
and VI; varying from none to 3 on III, and confined to the
base. Rostrum pale, reaching nearly to the third cox. Ab-
domen pale, with darker green spots on the dorsum. Cornicles
black, finely imbricated throughout, 0.53 mm. long. Cauda
pale, 0.32 mm. long.

NympuHs—Paler in color than the adults with the wing-
pads dusky.

Host pLant—On the undersides of the leaves of Ibota,
Ligustrum ibota Sieb.

Locatity—Nakano, Tokyo.

DaTE OF COLLECTION—May 25, 1913.

COLLECTION NUMBER—59.

Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDIDZ 47

wing type

: A oN Ce i
“A head type 7

A hind ¢. dee EOE del,

Figure 3—Macrosiphum ibotum, new species

48 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Macrosiphum nipponicum, new species

Figure 4

WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Type)—Selected from 5 in-
dividuals. Length 1.7 mm., width 0.09 mm. Prevailing color
bright shiny crimson-lake. Antennz dusky, with I and II
black, II-VI with black apices, few short hairs or knobbed
spines, imbricated; lengths of articles: I, 0.10 mm.; II, 0.07
mm.; III, 0.62 mm. ; 1V, 0.48 mm. ; V, 0.50 mm.; VI, 0.97 mm.
(base 0.17 mm., filament 0.80 mm.) ; total 2.74 mm. Sensoria
circular. On III there are 8 (left) and 7 (right) in a row.
Paratypes show a variation of from 7 to 9 which are usually
confined to the basal two-thirds of the article. Rostrum reach-
ing about to the 2nd coxz. Coxe and trochanters pale-brown,
femora brown, with their apical halves black, tibia amber with
both ends black, tarsi all black. Front wings 3.7 mm. long.
Abdomen bright crimson-lake with black markings on the
dorsum. Cornicles black, imbricated at the tips, 0.48 mm.
long (of a paratype 0.55 mm. long). Cauda dusky or black
(of a paratype) 0.23 mm. long.

APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALES (Paratypes)—Six indi-
viduals. Length 1.8 mm., width 1.2 mm. Prevailing color
bright crimson-lake. Head dusky. Antenne imbricated;
articles I, IJ, V and VI black; III and IV pale with black
apices ; lengths of articles: I, 0.15 mm.; II, 0.09 mm.; III, 0.65
mm.; IV, 0.49 mm.; V, 0.41 mm.; VI, 0.85 mm. (base 0.16
mm., filament 0.69 mm.) ; total 2.68 mm. From 1 to 3 large
circular sensoria near the base of III. Rostrum reaching
nearly to the 3rd coxze. Prothorax dusky, the rest of the thorax
bright shiny crimson-lake. Abdomen same color with black
markings on the dorsum. Cornicles black, imbricated at the
tips, 0.63 mm. long. Cauda dark, 0.24 mm. long.

Host plrant—Not given.
LocaLtitry—Kurayamizaka, Nishigahara, Tokyo.
DATE OF COLLECTION—May, 1913.

COLLECTION NUMBER—24.

49

APHIDIDZ

ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE

VoL. VIII]

sadAjvaed

‘jue

MA

saroads

me jue y

Mou

€

ungwuod qr

Uiny giSodID JY—'

py dns

adAjqeied

‘PP AOU

50 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

Macrosiphum nishigaharee, new species

Figure 5

\VINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Type)—From four imperfect
specimens. Length 1.75 mm., width 0.8 mm. Prevailing color
shiny dark purple-lake to black. Antennz with fairly long
knobbed hairs, imbricated towards the tips; black, except basal
half of III which is pale brown; lengths of the articles: I, 0.11
mm. ; IT, 0.08 mm. ; IIT, 0.6 mm.; IV, 0.38 mm.; V, 0.35 mm. ;
VI, 0.73 mm. (base 0.13 mm., filament 0.6 mm.) ; total 2.25
mm. Sensoria on III circular, of different sizes and scattered,
26 (left) and 28 (right). On the paratypes the number varies
from 29 to 32. On IV 8 (left). On the paratypes from 3 to 9.
The usual number on V and VI. Rostrum dark, extending to
the 3rd coxee. Thorax shiny black, with small lateral prothor-
acic tubercles. Legs black with the base of the femora and
middle of the tibiz pale. Front wings 2.6 mm. long. Abdomen
dark shiny purple or black. Cornicles short, black, somewhat
constricted beyond the middle, basal third imbricated, remain-
der reticulate, 0.26 mm. long. Cauda black, slightly longer
than the cornicles or 0.29 mm.

APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALES (Paratypes) — Selected
from ten specimens. Average length 1.6 mm., width 0.8 mm.
Prevailing color from shiny carmine to dark purple-lake or
black. Antenne black except the basal two-thirds of ITI, with
numerous knobbed hairs; lengths of articles: I, 0.08 mm.; II,
0.08 mm. ; ITT, 0.58 mm.; IV, 0.41 mm.; V, 0.31 mm.; VI, 0.61
mm. (base 0.12 mm., filament 0.49 mm.) ; total 2.07 mm. The
sensoria on III are circular, of different sizes, confined in a row
to the middle region or along the entire length of the article
and varying in number from 12 to 21, the majority having 16.
Rostrum reaching slightly beyond the 3rd coxz. Prothoracic
lateral tubercles small but distinct. Cornicles black, short,
slightly constricted before the end, basal one-third imbricated,
the remainder reticulate, 0.27 mm. long. Cauda black, 0.35
min. long.

Host pLant—Kiku, Chrysanthemum, species.
Locatity—Nishigahara, Tokyo.

DATE OF COLLECTION—May 9, 1913.
COLLECTION NUMBER—10.

Vout. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDIDE 51

wing n
Paratype)

W ant. iii iv
paratypes

“A head

——
=

A cauda

C_ A hind ie

EOE del.

Figure 5.—Macrosiphum nishigahare, new species

ae

W head

Macrosiphum rose ( Linn.)

The alcoholic specimens do not show the typical black mark-
ings on the legs of all, but check up well in all other respects.
Taken on Rosa multiflora Thunb., Tokyo, May 14, 1913. Col-
lection number 34. A slide of specimens labeled M. roseformis
Das, taken at Lahore, India, Jan. 7, 1914, by Mr. Das appears
to be small individuals of this species.

52 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.
Macrosiphum rudbeckiz (Fitch)
Figures 6 and 7
Five collections of this species were made as follows:
1. On Yomena, Boltonia indica Benth. (listed as Asteromea

indica Bl.), Nishigahara, Tokyo, May 12, 1913. Collection
number 25.

two

On Noazami, Cnicus japonicus Maxim. (listed as Cirsiwm
japonicum DC.), Nishigahara, Tokyo, May 12, 1913. Col-
lection number 26.

3. Host plant not given. Nishigahara, Tokyo, June 5, 1913.
Collection number 73.

4. On Kikyo (Japanese or Chinese Bellflower, Balloon
Flower), Platycodon grandiforum DC., Tokyo, June 5,
1913. Collection number 75. These specimens were
smaller than normal.

5. On Boltonia indica Benth., Nishigahara, Tokyo, Aug. 4,
1913. Collection number 102.

In comparing this species with the descriptions and drawings
of the European, M. solidaginis (Fab.), it is found they are
certainly very close if not the same thing. It also appears to
be what Matsumura has determined as M. chrysanthemi Del
Guercio.

Macrosiphum, species

Apterous viviparous examples only of this species were
taken. The color is given as cobalt-lemon. The antennz are
very long, dusky or black with from 5 to 6 sensoria near the
base of article III. The basal third of the cornicles is yellow,
the remainder black. The length is about twice that of the
cauda, which is pale. The length of the body is 2.5 mm., the
width 1.5 mm. Collected on Noazami, Cnicus japonicus
Maxim. (listed as Cirsium japonicum DC.), Nishigahara,
Tokyo, June 5, 1913. Collection number 72.

ira)

ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDIDZE

VoL. VIII]

dTPUIDF SNOIRAIAIA Posur,

PE,

epnes AA

——.

xt

Wuy) 2

YIIQPNA UNYdiSOAID Py

2 puly MA

oe

‘Q ANS

a,

Troe
PPUM O

54 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Mestecse!

EOE del.
A hind t.

Figure 7.—Macrosiphum rudbecki@ (Fitch). Apterous viviparous female.

Macrosiphum, species

This is a large bright yellow species represented only by
apterous viviparous females. The antennze are black with
from 1 to 4 sensoria near the base of III. Cornicles black,
slightly constricted near their tips, 0.2 mm. long. Cauda yel-
low, 0.12 mm. long. Length of body 2.2 mm., width 1.3 mm.
On Noazami, Cnicus japonicus Maxim. (listed as Cirsium
japonicum DC.), Tokyo, Aug. 4, 1913. Collection number 100.

Myzus, species

A few apterous viviparous females of a green species were
taken on Momo (peach tree), Nishigahara, Tokyo, May 15,
1913. Collection number 43.

Vor. VII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDIDE 55

Myzus, species

Only apterous females were taken. They are very pale
transparent-yellow, 1.1 mm, long and with many knobbed hairs
on the body. The cornicles are pale and 0.5 mm. long. On
Noazami, Cnicus japonicus Maxim. (listed as Cirsium japoni-
cum DC.), Nishigahara, Tokyo, June 5, 1913. Collection
number 74.

Phorodon, species

A pale green species represented by a few apterous vivi-
parous females. Taken on Ayame, Iris sanguinea Donn (listed
as I. sibirica orientalis Thunb.), Komagome, Tokyo, May 11,
1913. Collection number 23.

Rhopalosiphum indicum Van der Goot

Figure 8

1916—Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. 12, pt. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-3, fig. 1.
Feb. (Orig. desc. )

The apterous viviparous females agree so well with the de-
scription of the above that we have no hesitancy in so desig-
nating them. As no description of the winged viviparous
female has ever been published the following has been pre-
pared:

WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE—Length 3.2 mm., width 1.5
mm. Prevailing color orange. Antennz black, with articles
I, I] and base of III dusky-yellow; lengths of articles: I, 0.19
mm. ; II, 0.09 mm. ; ITI, 1.04 mm.; IV, 0.82 mm.; V, 0.54 mm. ;
VI, 0.71 mm. (base 0.15 mm., filament 0.56 mm.) ; total 3.39
mm. ‘The sensoria on article III are circular, of various sizes,
scattered along the full length, and varying in number on dif-
ferent individuals from 50 to 70. Article IV normally has
none, but may have from 1 to 3; V and VI have the usual num-
ber. Rostrum yellow, reaching to the 2nd coxe. Veins of the
front wings narrowly bordered with dusky brown, length 6
mm. Coxe, trochanters and bases of the femora lemon-yellow,
the remainder of the legs black. Cornicles black, widest near
the middle and narrow at both ends, the apical end being

56 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

wings

W cauda

Figure 8.—Rhopalosiphum indicum Van der Goot

Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDIDZE 57

smallest and reticulate for a short distance as shown in the ac-
companying drawing. Cauda dusky orange, 0.4 mm. long.

This material, which comprises a good series, was taken in
two lots as follows:

1. On Gonzui, Euscaphis japonica Dipp., Somei, Tokyo, May
7, 1913. Collection number 1.

2. On Mitsuba Utsugi, Staphylea bumalda DC., Nikko, June
9, 1913. Collection number 81. These specimens average
larger in size than those of the first lot and were the ones
from which the measurements were taken.

Rhopalosiphum lactuce (Kalt. )

Two lots of apterous viviparous females which check up very
well with this species were taken as follows:

1. On Nigana, Lactuca denticulata Maxim.? (listed as L.
dentata Makino), Tokyo, May 17, 1913. Collection num-
ber 37. :

2. On Nogeshi (sow thistle), Sonchus oleraceus Linn., Na-
kano, Tokyo, May 26, 1913. Collection number 62.

Rhopalosiphum lespedeze, new species

Figure 9

WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Type)—Selected from four
imperfect individuals. Length 1.28 mm., width 0.68 mm. Pre-
vailing color green. Head brownish or dusky. Antenne dusky
or black throughout, imbricated, with a few short clubbed or
thick hairs; lengths of articles: I, 0.11 mm.; IT, 0.09 mm. ; ITI,
0.53 mm.; IV, 0.51 mm.; V, 0.43 mm.; VI, 0.74 mm. (base
0.14 mm., filament 0.6 mm.) ; total 2.41 mm. The sensoria
vary somewhat in size, there being 12 on article III of the left
antenna and the usual number on V and VI. Paratypes show
a variation in number from 11 to 15 on III and from 0 to 4 on
IV. Those which do occur on IV are mostly small. Rostrum
reaching to the 3rd coxz. Apical portion of the femora and
tibize and all of the tarsi black, the remainder of the legs pale.
Primary wings 2.66 mm. long, with the base of the radial sec-

58 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

wing
paratype

W ant. in Paratype W ant. iv

A hind t. ez
: \ \ ee
+

a { A cauda

Figure 9.—Rhopalosiphum lespedez@, new species

Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDID 59

tor and all of the cubitus and media veins distinctly clouded as
shown in the illustration. Abdomen green with dusky trans-
verse markings on the dorsum, and several pairs of lateral
tubercles. Cornicles black, somewhat constricted near the base
and largest beyond the middle, with a small mouth; imbri-
cated at the basal constrictions and near the tips; length
0.51 mm. Cauda green and slightly shorter than the
cornicles.

APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALES (Paratypes)—Some thirty
good specimens. Average length 1.7 mm., width 1.2 mm. Pre-
vailing color green. Head brownish green or pale brown.
Antenne dark to black throughout and imbricated; lengths of
articles: I, 0.14 mm.; II, 0.07 mm.; III, 0.67 mm.; IV, 0.41
mm.; VI, 0.9 mm. (base 0.17 mm., filament 0.73 mm.) ; total
2.6 mm. Article III has from 8 to 15 (majority with 10)
large and small sensoria throughout the length or confined to
the basal two-thirds. Rostrum extending to, or nearly to, the
3rd cox. Thorax and abdomen green, the red eyes of the
unborn young showing through the latter and giving the ap-
pearance of red spots on the dorsum; sides of the abdomen
with several pairs of lateral tubercles. Cornicles black, faintly
imbricated and constricted, 0.78 mm. long. Cauda paler than
the abdomen and with a dusky tip, 0.5 mm. long.

Host pLrant—Hagi, Lespedeza bicolor Ture.
LocaLity—Komagome, Tokyo.

DATE OF COLLECTION—May 8, 1913.
COLLECTION NUMBER—).

Rhopalosiphum magnoliz, new species
Figures 10 and 11

WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALES (Cotypes)—A large number
of winged specimens were received, but so many had missing
appendages, chiefly antenne, that no type was selected; hence
all are designated as cotypes. Average length 2.2 mm., width
1.05 mm. Prevailing color green. Head pale to bright red.
Antenne black throughout, imbricated, with few short hairs;
lengths of articles: I, 0.15 mm.; II, 0.10 mm.; IIT, 0.92 mm.;
IV, 0.71 mm.; V, 0.59 mm.; VI, 1.02 mm. (base 0.24 mm.,
filament 0.78 mm.) ; total 3.49 mm. Sensoria on III scattered

[Proc. 4TH Ser.

ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

CALIFORNIA

60

‘PP AOU

sotoads

Mou

Dyouspu

uny

disopvgoy

Y—OlL 21nsy

VoL. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDIDZ 61

cotypes

ae W cauda
A hind t. Mess as
am W hind t,
EOE del;

Figure 11—Rhopalosiphum magnolia, new species

or almost in a row, varying from 14 to 24 in number. Ros-
trum dark, extending nearly to the 2nd cox. Prothorax pale
reddish, remainder of thorax brownish-green. Coxe, trochan-
ters and bases of the femora pale green; all other parts of the
legs black. Veins of the wings pale brown; length of the front
wings 4.6 mm. Abdomen green. Cornicles pale green with
dusky or black tips, faintly imbricated near bases and tips,
0.56 mm. long. Cauda dusky, 0.4 mm. long.

APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALES (Cotypes)—A large num-
ber of individuals. Average length 1.8 mm., width 1 mm.
Prevailing color green with the head and thorax reddish
brown or amber. Antenne dark or black throughout, imbri-
cated, with few short hairs; lengths of articles: I, 0.16 mm.;
II, 0.08 mm.; III, 0.99 mm.; IV, 0.71 mm.; V, 0.6 mm.; VI,
1.21 mm. (base 0.22 mm., filament 0.99 mm.) ; total 3.75 mm.

62 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

There are from 1 to 3 small sensoria near the base of III.
Cornicles same as in winged forms, 0.63 mm. long. Cauda
dusky, 0.36 mm. long.

Nympus—Pale green with dusky legs and antenne.
Host pLants, Loca.iries, Etc.—The species has been taken
on a number of occasions as follows:

1. On Habumokuren, Magnolia conspicua Salisb., Nishiga-
hara, Tokyo, May 12, 1913. Collection number 30.

2. On Karalachi (trifoliate orange), Poncirus trifoliata Raf.
(listed as Aegle sepiaria DC. or Citrus trifoliata Linn.),
Nishigahara, Tokyo, May 15, 1913. Collection number
42.

3. On orange, Shizzuoka-Ken, May 18, 1913. Collection
number 50.

4. On Karalachi and on Asagao, Ipomaa hederacea Jacq.
listed as Pharbitis hederacea Jacq.), Tokyo, May 22, 1913.
Collection number 51.

Rhopalosiphum nymphee (Linn. )
Figure 12

This species is apparently quite common in the vicinity of
Tokyo, having been taken on a number of host plants as fol-
lows:

1. On Ume (Japanese apricot), Prunus mume S. & Z.,
Komagome, Tokyo, May 9, 1913. Collection number 8.

2. On Ume, Nishigahara, Tokyo, May 11, 1913. Collection
number 17.

3. On plum, Nishigahara, Tokyo, May 11, 1913. Collection
number 18.

4. On Japanese pear, Nishigahara, Tokyo, May 11, 1913.

Collection number 19.

On peach, Nishigahara, Tokyo, May 11, 1913. Collection

number 21.

6. On Kuwai (old world arrowroot), Sagittaria sagittefolia
Linn., and on Hasu (East Indian lotus), Nelumbo nucifera
Gaertn., Tokyo, June 23, 1913. Collection number 91.

mn

63

ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDID&

Vor. VIII]

.

PP qo"

AL ‘JUE AA

CHO eT)

(snxeuury) vaydudtu wmnydisojppdoyy—Z] 21nsiy

2 pury Ad oy, oc

a epned y Ng

Zz =
vpned AA = <

64 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

Rhopalosiphum persice (Sulzer )

This species was taken on Natane-na (mustard), Brassica
campestris Linn., Shiga-Ken, May 23, 1913. Collection num-
ber 55.

Rhopalosiphum, species

Only two immature apterous females of this species were
received and they are in very poor condition. The color is
lemon-yellow with pale and dusky antennz, dark brown cor-
nicles and lemon-yellow cauda. Occurs on Yomena, Boltonia
indica Benth. (listed as Asteromea indica Bl.), Somei, Tokyo,
May 10, 1913. Collection number 12.

Siphocoryne bicaudata, new species

Figure 13

WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALES (Cotypes )—Three specimens,
one without antennz, the other two in fair condition. Length
1.25 mm., width 0.7 mm. Color not given, apparently black
and green. Antenne dusky to black throughout, imbricated
and with few hairs; lengths of articles: I, 0.05 mm.; II, 0.04
mm. ; III, 0.3 mm.; IV, 0.15 mm.; V, 0.11 mm.; VI, 0.25 mm.
(base 0.11 mm., filament 0.14 mm.) ; total 0.9 mm. Sensoria
circular, of nearly the same size and occurring on the two
specimens as follows: III, 17,20: 23,24; IV, 5,3: 6,4; V, 1,1:
2,2. Apical portions of the femora and tibiz and all of the
tarsi black, the remainder of the legs pale. Front wings 3 mm.
long. Abdomen just above the cauda with a distinct short
black horn about 0.04 mm. long. Cornicles black, imbricated,
swollen just beyond the middle, curved slightly outward and
0.2 mm. long. Cauda dark and 0.17 mm. long.

APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALES (Cotypes) — Ten good
specimens with full color notes. Length 1.8 mm., width 1 mm.
Prevailing color green. Body surface variolous as is charac-
teristic of this genus. Antenne short, pale at base and dark
at tip, imbricated and with few hairs; lengths of the articles:
I, 0.06 mm.; IT, 0.04 mm.; III, 0.22 mm.; IV, 0.10 mm.; V,
0.08 mm.; VI, 0.2 mm. (base 0.09 mm., filament 0.11 mm.) ;
total 0.7 mm. The sensorium near tip of V is noticeably large.
Rostrum reaching to the 2nd cox. Abdomen terminating in

Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDID# 65

cotypes

A hind t.

Figure 13.—Siphocoryne bicaudata, new species

a very long, reflexed horn extending back over the full length
of the cauda, with two spines near the tip. Cornicles pale
green with tips dusky, somewhat recurved, imbricated through-
out and 0.3 mm. long. Cauda dusky to black, 0.13 mm. long.

Host pLAant—Yanagi (willow), Salix, species.
Locatitry—Tokyo.

DaTE OF COLLECTION—May 13, 1913.
COLLECTION NUMBER—53.

Note—This species is close to Nipposiphum salicicola Mats.,
but differs in having sensoria on articles IV and V of the an-
tennz of the winged forms.

66 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH See.

Siphocoryne japonica, new species
Figure 14

WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Type)—From two indi-
viduals in good condition. Length 1.2 mm., width 0.7 mm.
Prevailing color blackish and green. Head dark. Antenne
black throughout, imbricated, with very few hairs; lengths of
articles: I, 0.07 mm.; II, 0.05 mm.; ITI, 0.45 mm.; IV, 0.18
mm.:; V, 0.13 mm.; VI, 0.30 mm. (base 0.12 mm., filament
0.18 mm.); total 1.18 mm. Sensoria of various sizes and
numerous, distributed as follows: III (left) 43, (right) 49;
IV (left) 8, (right) 8; V (left) 3, (right) 2. There is the
usual number on VI. Paratype has the following number: ITI
27,32; IV 5,5; V 2,2. Rostrum reaching to the base of the
abdomen. Thorax black. Legs pale with the apices of the
tibize and all of the tarsi black. Front wings 3mm. long, veins
brownish. Abdomen dark green with dusky or black markings
on the dorsum. The abdominal posterior horn indistinct or
rudimentary, dark with two apical spines. Cornicles black,
somewhat recurved, imbricated, slightly swollen towards the
ends, 0.28 mm. long. Cauda dusky, 0.15 mm. long.

APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALES (Paratypes)—Two mature
specimens in good condition. Length 1.7 mm., width 0.9 mm.
Prevailing color dusky purplish. Bodies slender, the surface
variolous. Antenne short, pale with the apical portions dusky ;
lengths of the articles: I, 0.06 mm.; II, 0.05 mm.; HI, 0.24
mm.; IV, 0.09 mm.; V, 0.09 mm.; VI, 0.21 mm. (base 0.09
mm., filament 0.12 mm.); total 0.74 mm. The sensoria nor-
mal. Abdominal horn short or rudimentary with two terminal
hairs. Cornicles imbricated, somewhat swollen beyond the
middle, recurved, pale, with the tips or apical halves dusky, 0.3
mm. long. Cauda dark, 0.12 mm. long.

NymMpHus—Somewhat pale rosy in color, with dusky an-
tenne, legs and cornicles.

Host pLant—Shirane seniku, Angelica polymorpha Maxim.

Locatity—Nikko.

DATE OF COLLECTION—June 10, 1913.

COLLECTION NUMBER—85.

Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDIDZ 67

wing type

EOE del.

W pyg.
A pyg. type

A pyg.

Figure 14.—Siphocoryne japonica, new species

RemMarks—This species is very close to Siphocoryne bicau-
data, but has a very much smaller abdominal horn in winged
and apterous forms and many more sensoria (about twice as
many) on the antenne of the winged forms.

Aphis avene Fab.
Two lots taken as follows:

1. Winged and apterous viviparous females on Omugi, Hov-
deum vulgare Linn. (listed as H. sativum vulgare), Nishi-
gahara, Tokyo, May 28, 1913.

2. Apterous viviparous females on wheat, Nishigahara,
Tokyo, May 28, 1913. Collection number 66.

68 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Aphis brassice Linn.

A good series of this species was collected on Aburana (Pak-
choi cabbage), Brassica chinensis Linn., Fuknoka, June 7,
1913. Collected by M. Mori. Collection number 77.

Aphis citricola Van der Goot

1912—Mittel. Nat. Mus. 29, 2 Bieh. Jahrb. Hamb. Wissen.
Aust 29, pp. 273-273, fig. 1. (Original description).

A very interesting species which agrees so well with the one
described by Van der Goot from Chile, where it was collected
on orange, that it is regarded as specifically identical until
proven otherwise. There are minor variations in color. Good
series were taken as follows:

1. On orange, Shidzuoka-Ken, May 19, 1913. Collection
number 48.

2. On young shoot of citrus tree, Tokyo, Aug. 1, 1913. Col-
lection number 97.

Aphis gossypii Glover
Figure 15

This species is apparently abundant from the number of
times it was collected as will be seen from the following
records :

1. On Kusagi, Clerodendron trichotomum Thunb., Somei,
Tokyo, May 7, 1913. Collection number 2.

2. On unknown plant, Somei, Tokyo, May 10, 1913. Col-
lection number 13.

3. On Petasites japonicus F. Schmidt (listed as P. japonica
Mig.), Nishigahara, Tokyo, May 17, 1913. Collection
number 44.

4. On orange, Shidzuoka-Ken, May 19, 1913. Collection
number 49.

5. On Kiku, Chrysanthemum, species, Nishigahara, Tokyo,
May 22, 1913. Collection number 52. These are very
small specimens.

Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDID& 69

EOE del,

Figure 15—Aphis gossypii Glover. Cornicles greatly enlarged

6. On Nasu, Solanwmn melongena Linn., and on Kiuri (cu-
cumber), Cucumis sativus Linn., Tokyo, June 20, 1913.
Collection number 90. Occasionally very injurious to these
hosts. On some of the winged females there are one or

two sensoria on article IV of the antennze, which is not at
all normal.

7. On Kiuri (cucumber), Cucumis sativus Linn., Nishiga-
hara, Tokyo, June 28, 1913. Collection number 92. These
are mostly typical, but cornicles are long and some have
one or two sensoria on antennal article IV.

8. On potato, Nishigahara, Tokyo, June 28, 1913. Collec-
tion number 93.

70 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4rH Ser.

9. On Sarutori-ibara, Smilax waltert Pursh. (listed as S.
china Linn.), Nishigahara, Tokyo, Aug. 4, 1913. Collec-
tion number 99. These have much more hair on the an-
tenn than normal with article III longer and the cornicles
larger. It is very likely a new species.

10. On orange, Okiku, Sgidzuoka-Ken, Oct. 5, 1913. Collec-
tion number 107.

Aphis japonica, new species
Figure 16

WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Type)—Selected from five
individuals. Length 1.4 mm., width (of paratype) 0.5 mm.
Prevailing color dark green to black. Head black. Antenne
black throughout, imbricated and with few hairs; lengths of
the articles: I, 0.06 mm.; II, 0.06 mm.; III, 0.33 mm.; IV,
0.185 mm.; V, 0.13 mm.; VI, 0.445 mm. (base 0.07 mm., fila-

W ant.

W hind t. =
W cauda [2p

EOE del.

Figure 16.—Aphis japonica, new species

Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDIDZ 71

ment 0.375 mm.) ; total 1.21 mm. Sensoria of various sizes
and distributed over III and IV in large numbers as follows:
(left) III, 23; IV, 8; V, the usual normal one which is very
large. The paratypes show the following variations: III,
21-28; IV, 9-12; V, 1-3. Rostrum reaching to the 2nd coxe.
Thorax shiny black. Coxe, tarsi and apical ends of the femora
and tibize black, the remainder of the legs pale brownish.
Wing veins dusky; length of the front wings 2.1mm. Abdo-
men yellowish or dark green with dark markings on the sides
and dorsum. Cornicles dusky, faintly imbricated, somewhat
constricted beyond the middle, slightly recurved and 0.26 mm.
long. Cauda dark and 0.06 mm. long.

APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALES (Paratypes)—A large num-
ber of specimens. Length 1.27 mm., width 0.7 mm. Prevail-
ing color dark green. Head dark green. Antennze dark except
III and the base of IV which are pale; lengths of the articles:
I, 0.07 mm. ; II, 0.05 mm.; III, 0.17 mm.; IV, 0.14 mm.; V,
0.095 mm. ; VI, 0.30 mm. (base 0.07 mm., filament 0.23 mm.) ;
total 0.825 mm. Thorax and abdomen dark-green. The lat-
ter with a pair of tubercles just behind the cornicles. Cornicles
black, imbricated, almost straight, 0.33 mm. long. Cauda
black, wide at base and 0.09 mm. long.

Nympus—pale green.

Host pLANT—apple.

DaTE OF COLLECTION—May 7, 1913.
COLLECTION NUMBER—4.

Aphis medicaginis Koch
Figure 17
Recorded from a number of host plants as follows:

1. On Soramame, Vicia faba equina Pers., Nishigahara,
Tokyo, May 8, 1913. Collection number 6.

2. On Utsugi, Deutzia scabra Thunb., Somei, Tokyo, May
10, 1913. Collection number 14.

3. On unknown plant, Somei, Tokyo, May 10, 1913. Collec-
tion number 15.

Ge

W corn.

W cauda

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER,

A-corn.

W hind t. Sy,

on

NI

A hind t. EEED EOE del.

Figure 17—Aphis medicaginis Koch

On Soramame, Vicia faba equina Pers., Tokyo, May 14,
1913. Collection number 33.

On Mukuge (shrubby althea or rose of Sharon), Hibis-
cus syriacus Linn., and on Keyaki, Zelkova acuminata
Planch., Nishigahara, Tokyo, May 15, 1913. Collection
number 38.

On Genge, Astragalus sinicus Linn., Shiga-Ken, May 23,
1913. Collection number 56.

On Waremokau, Poterium officinale A. Gray (listed as
Sanguisorba officinalis Linn.), Nikko, June 10, 1913. Col-
lection number 87. Only apterous viviparous females
present.

Ue

Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDID& he

Aphis pomi DeGeer
Collected in two lots as follows:

1. On Bake (Japan quince or Japonica), Chenomeles japon-
ica Lindl., (listed as Cydonia japonica Pers.), Nakano,
Tokyo, May 25, 1913. Collection number 60.

2. On apple and Japanese pear, Tokyo, June 2, 1913. Col-
lection number 69.

Aphis rumicis Linn.

The material taken checks up with this species very well. It
was collected as follows:

1. On Gishi-gishi, Rumex crispus Linn. (listed as R. japont-
cus Meisn.), Nishigahara, Tokyo, May 14, 1913. Collec-
tion number 35. One imperfect winged individual and
apterous females in this lot.

2. On Gishi-gishi, Tokyo, May 26, 1913. Collection num-
ber 61.

Aphis siphonella, new species

Figure 18

WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Type)—Selected from six
specimens. Length 1.2 mm., width 0.6mm. Head dark. An-
tenne black throughout, imbricated and with few hairs;
lengths of articles: I, 0.05 mm.; II, 0.05 mm.; III, 0.26 mm. ;
IV, 0.23 mm.; V, 0.26 mm.; VI, 0.42 mm. (base 0.12 mm.,
filament 0.30 mm.) ; total 1.27 mm. Sensoria numerous on
III, a few on IV, and normal on V and VI. On the left an-
tenna (right member missing) there are on III, 20; on IV, 4.
The single normal one on V is quite a distance from the tip.
On the paratypes the number varies as follows: III, 7-20; IV,
0-1. Rostrum (paratype) reaching to the 2nd coxe. Pro-
thorax dark green, the remainder of the thorax black; distinct
lateral prothoracic tubercles evident on some of the paratypes
as are also several pairs of marginal abdominal tubercles.
Coxe, tarsi and the apices of the femora and tibiz black, the

74 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

wing type

Ww corn. 8) A corn
d
W cauda oe A cauda \%
W hind tS
ie Ahindt.—9 EOE del.

Figure 18.—Aphis siphonella, new species

remainder of the legs pale. Primary wings 2.7 mm. long.
Cornicles very short, black, 0.025 mm. long; the cauda dark,
0.16 mm. long.

APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALES (Paratypes)—Ten speci-
mens. Length 1.4 mm., width 1 mm. Prevailing color dark
brown, the body being slightly covered with a white pulver-
ulence. Antenne with articles I and II dusky; III, IV and
most of V pale, and the tip of V and all of VI black; lengths
of the articles: I, 0.07 mm.; II, 0.05 mm.; III, 0.24 mm.; IV,
0.22 mm.; V, 0.24 mm.; VI, 0.39 mm. (base 0.12 mm., filament
0.27 mm.) ; total 1.21 mm. There is a pair of short but dis-
tinct lateral prothoracic tubercles. Abdomen dark brown
with black markings on the dorsum and with four or more

Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDIDZ 75

pairs of lateral tubercles. Cornicles black, imbricated and very
short, 0.05 mm. long. Cauda black, 0.25 mm. long.

Nympus—pale with dark wing pads.

Host pLANT—Japanese pear.
Locariry—Omori, Tokyo.

DATE OF COLLECTION—May 12, 1913.
COLLECTION NUMBER—29,

ReMARKS—Named from its very short cornicles.

Aphis somei, new species

Figure 19

WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Type)—From a large series.
Length 1.6 mm., width 0.7 mm. Prevailing color dark olive
green and black. Antenne black throughout, imbricated, well
clothed with conspicuous and quite long hairs; lengths of the
articles: I, 0.06 mm.; II, 0.06 mm.; III, 0.31 mm.; IV, 0.25
mm.; V, 0.27 mm.; VI, 0.43 mm. (base 0.12 mm., filament
0.31 mm.) ; total 1.38 mm. Sensoria on III (right) 8; IV
(right) 2; (left) 3. On the paratypes the number varies as
follows: III, 8-14; IV, 1-5; V and VI have the normal ones.
Rostrum reaching nearly to the 3rd coxe. Thorax shiny black
with large blunt prothoracic tubercles on the sides. Front
wings 3.2 mm. long. Abdomen dark green with black trans-
verse markings on the dorsum. Cornicles very short, black,
imbricated, slightly swollen at the base or middle with flaring
mouth, length 0.12 mm. Cauda dark, 0.14 mm. long.

APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALES (Paratypes)—A_ large
series of specimens. Average length 1.9 mm., width 1.3 mm.
Prevailing color brown or purplish, often slightly covered with
whitish powder. Antennz dark with the bases of III, 1V and
sometimes V pale; lengths of the articles: I, 0.09 mm.; II,
0.07 mm. ; IIT, 0.38 mm.; IV, 0.26 mm. ; V, 0.25 mm. ; VI, 0.42
mm. (base 0.13 mm., filament 0.29 mm.); total 1.47 mm.
Lateral prothoracic tubercles present and at least one pair of
tubercles on the abdomen. Cornicles short, usually widest at
base with flaring mouth, imbricated, 1.51 mm. long. Cauda
greenish to dark, wide at base, pointed, 0.09 mm. long.

76 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser,

W ant. type : :
W ant. m1 iv 5 O SS a>

W corn. eat Atcorma

W cauda = A cauda.

(—Z7 W hind t. (A hind ¢.

Figure 19.—Aphis somei, new species

Host PLANTS, LOCALITIES, ETC.—This species was taken as
follows:

1. On Nurude, Rhus javanica Linn. (listed. as R. semialata
Murr.), Nishigahara, Tokyo, May 7, 1913. Collection
number 3.

2. On Yabudomari, Viburnum tomentosum Thunb., Somei,
Tokyo, May 9, 1913. Collection number 11.

3. On apple, Nishigahara, Tokyo, May 11, 1913. Collection
number 20.

4. On orange, Nishigahara, Tokyo, May 31, 1913. Collec-
tion number 68.

5. On Japanese pear, Tokyo, June 2, 1913. Collection num-
ber 70.

Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA--SOME JAPANESE APHIDIDZ 7/

Aphis spinosula, new species

Figure 20

WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Type)—From four indi-
viduals in rather poor condition. Length 1.1 mm., width 0.45
mm. Prevailing colors green and black. Head shiny black.
Antenne black except the base of III which is slightly pale;
lengths of articles: I, 0.04 mm.; II, 0.05 mm.; III, 0.34 mm. ;
IV, 0.17 mm.; V, 0.13 mm.; VI, 0.44 mm. (base 0.10 mm.,
filament 0.34 mm.) ; total 1.17 mm. Sensoria numerous; 25
on III (right), 6 on IV, 2 0n V. Paratypes have from 25-27
on III, 9-11 on IV and 1-3 on V. Rostrum extending to the
3rd coxe. Thorax shiny black. Legs pale green with the
distal ends of the femora and tibiz and the entire tarsi black.

A corn. F ;
> = W cauda
A cauda Sou,

A hind t. nell Ce W hind t.
tyPe EOE del.

Figure 20.—Aphis spinosula, new species

78 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER,

Front wings 2.7 mm. long. Abdomen pale-green with indis-
tinct rough wart-like marginal tubercles. Cornicles dusky,
straight, widest at the base, slightly flaring at the mouth, im-
bricated with several spine-like hairs and 0.18 mm. long.
Cauda pale green, short, bluntly pointed, 0.07 mm. long.

APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALES (Paratypes)—A good ser-
ies of specimens. Length 1.5 mm., width 1.1 mm. Prevailing
colors pale and dark green. Antenne dark with the base of
III pale, imbricated ; lengths of articles: I, 0.05 mm.; IT, 0.06
mm.; III, 0.19 mm.; IV, 0.14 mm.; V, 0.12 mm.; VI, 0.32
mm. (base 0.09 mm., filament 0.23 mm.) ; total 0.88 mm. Pro-
thoracic tubercles in the form of large rough basal projections.
Abdomen pale-green, with short, wart-like marginal tubercles.
Cornicles black, imbricated, same shape as in the winged form,
and with several spines as shown in the accompanying draw-
ing; length 0.25 mm. Cauda dark, widest at base, pointed,
0.13 mm. long.

Nympus—pale-green with dusky antenne and cornicles.
Host pLrant—Cherry.

Locatity—Nishigahara, Tokyo.

DATE OF COLLECTION—May 10, 1913.

COLLECTION NUMBER—16.

REMARKS—Named from the spines of the cornicles.

Aphis thalictrii, new species
Figure 21

WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Type)—Selected from two
good specimens. Length 1.2 mm. Only side view shown so
no measurement of width possible. Prevailing colors yellow
and black. Head black. Antenne black throughout, imbri-
cated, with article II] exceptionally long; lengths of articles:
I, 0.06 mm.; II, 0.05 mm.; III, 0.58 mm.; IV, 0.13 mm.; V,
0.13 mm.; VI, 0.25 mm. (base 0.10 mm., filament 0.15 mm.) ;
total 1.2mm. Article III with many sensoria; 56 on left mem-
ber and 64 on right; the paratype shows 44 and 52; remaining
articles with the usual number. Rostrum reaching nearly to
the 2nd cox. Prothorax dusky yellow, remaining thoracic

Vou. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDID& 79

WH ) "
W corn. A corn.

W cauda ee A cauda eee

W hind ty Ahind t FQ) EOE del.

type

Figure 21—Aphis thalictrii, new species

segments black. Legs pale with the tips of the femora, the
tibize and the entire tarsi black. Front wings 2 mm. long.
Abdomen lemon-yellow with dusky dorsal markings. Cor-
nicles pale-yellow, finely imbricated, widest at base, 0.07 mm.
long. Cauda pale-yellow, 0.12 mm. long.

APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALES (Paratypes)—Three or
four good specimens. Length 1.1 mm., width 0.65 mm. Pre-
vailing color pale lemon-yellow. Antenne pale throughout
and finely imbricated ; lengths of articles: I, 0.03 mm. ; I, 0.04
mm. ; III, 0.41 mm.; IV, 0.10 mm.; V, 0.12 mm.; VI, 0.25 mm.
(base 0.10 mm., filament 0.15 mm.) ; total 0.95 mm. Article
III very long as will be seen from the above. Rostrum reach-
ing to the 2nd coxz. Cornicles pale, short, finely imbricated,
widest at the base and gradually tapering towards the mouth,
0.08 mm. long. Cauda pale, noticeably long, being 0.21 mm.

80 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

Nympus—Pale-yellow.

Host pLlant—Aki-Karamatsu, Thalictrum minus Linn.
Loca.tity—Nishigahara, Tokyo.

DATE OF COLLECTION—August 4, 1913.

COLLECTION NUMBER—101.

Aphis, species

But two winged viviparous females with antennz missing
were received. The color is given as bright yellow with dark
head, antennz, thorax, cornicles and portions of the legs. Cor-
nicles and cauda are short, the latter broad. This species was
taken from pseudogalls made on the upper surface near the
midribs of cherry leaves, Nishigahara, Tokyo, May 19, 1913.
Collection number 46.

Aphis, species

This species is represented by a few apterous viviparous
females, described as green in color with pale green cornicles
having black tips. It was collected on strawberry, probably at
Nishigahara, Tokyo (? locality omitted), May 13, 1913. Col-
lection number 31.

Toxoptera aurantii Fonsc.*

This species was collected on Skikimi, J/licitum anisatum
Linn., at Nishigahara, Tokyo, May 17, 1913. Collection num-
ber 45.

Toxoptera piricola Mats.

Figure 22

WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE—From two good specimens.
Length 1.6 mm., width 0.65 mm. Prevailing colors black and
dark green. Head black. Antenne black with articles I, H
and the extreme base of III dusky or pale, imbricated, with few
hairs and many sensoria; lengths of the articles: I, 0.05 mm. ;
II, 0.07 mm.; III, 0.41 mm.; IV, 0.27 mm.; V, 0.21 mm.; VI,

3T. aurantie Koch is a synonym of this species. See W. P. Phillips and J. J.
Davis, Tech. Ser. no. 25, pt. 1, Bur. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agric., p. 8, May 4, 1912.

Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDIDZ Sl

wing type

A corn. ( SESE) POTTAMTe.) W corn.

ae W cauda
A cauda
a hind t.
A hind . > pe
EOE del.

work on host

Figure 22.—Toxoptera piricola Mats.

0.56 mm. (base 0.10 mm., filament 0.46 mm.) ; total 1.57 mm.
Sensoria circular of various sizes and distributed as follows:
III (left) 29, (right) 26; IV (left) 14, (right) 15; V (left)
5, (right) 6. One individual shows the following: III (left)
32, (right) 24; IV (left) 16, (right) 16; V (left) 4, (right)
5 (some of these are difficult to make out). Rostrum reaching

82 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.

nearly to the 3rd cox. Thorax black. Primary wings 3 mm.
long. Legs pale with the distal ends of the femora and tibize
and all of the tarsi black. Abdomen green with dark lateral
and dorsal spots and with four pairs of marginal tubercles
visible. Cornicles black, faintly imbricated, slightly widest at
the base but almost cylindrical, somewhat incurved, 0.3 mm.
long. Cauda black, 0.15 mm. long.

APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALES—Fifteen good specimens.
Average length 1.35 mm., width 0.85 mm. Prevailing color
green. Antenne dark except I, II and the base of III which
are pale; lengths of articles: I, 0.05 mm.; IT, 0.07 mm.; III,
0.32 mm.; IV, 0.23 mm.; V, 0.21 mm.; VI, 0.5 mm. (base 0.1
mm., filament 0.4 mm.); total 1.38 mm. Rostrum reaching
midway between the 2nd and 3rd coxee. Cornicles pale dusky
with darker tips, faintly imbricated, 0.33 mm. long. Cauda
color of body, 0.17 mm. long.

Host pLAnt—Forms pseudogalls on the edges of the leaves
of the Japanese pear.

LocaLtity—Omori, Tokyo.

DATE OF COLLECTION—May 12, 1913.

COLLECTION NUMBER—28.

Chaitophorus japonica, new species
Figure 23

WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Type)—Selected from three
good specimens. Length 1.4 mm., width (of paratype) 0.6
mm. across the thorax. Prevailing color shiny black. Body
covered with long hairs. Head black. Antennz dark with all
of III and the bases of IV and V pale, with numerous conspicu-
ous long hairs along the upper margin; lengths of articles: I,
0.05 mm.: II, 0.04 mm. ; IIT, 0.43 mm.; IV, 0.19 mm.; V, 0.19
mm.; VI, 0.33 mm. (base 0.10 mm., filament 0.23 mm.) ; total
1.23 mm. Sensoria large, circular and distributed along the
full length of III, there being 10 on the left member (right
missing). Paratypes show a variation of 8, 6, 14 on III; the
other articles have the usual number. Rostrum extending
slightly beyond the 2nd cox. Front wings 2.4 mm. long.

Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDID&

oo
ww

Figure 23.—Chaitophorus japonica, new species

Tarsi and apices of the tibiae and femora black, the remainder
of the legs pale. Abdomen dark with yellow patches around
the cornicles. Cornicles dark, imbricated, widest at the base,
0.1 mm. long. Cauda dark, inconspicuous.

APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALES (Paratypes)—Two rather
poor specimens. Length 1.3 mm., width 0.9 mm. Prevailing
color shiny black. Body covered with long hairs. Antennz
about the same color as in the winged form and as hairy;
lengths of articles: I, 0.10 mm.; II, 0.05 mm.; III, 0.4 mm.;
IV, 0.25 mm.; V, 0.24 mm.; VI, 0.33 mm. (base 0.12 mm.,
filament 0.21 mm.) ; total 1.37 mm. Cornicles dark, imbri-
cated, somewhat constricted near the middle, 0.13 mm. long
and 0.16 mm. diameter at base.

Host pLANtT—Enko-Kaede, Acer pictum Thunb.
Locatity—Nikko.

DATE OF COLLECTION—June 9, 1913.
COLLECTION NUMBER—86,

84 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

Chaitophorus salijaponica, new species
Figure 24

WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Type)—From three good
specimens. Length 1.2 mm., width 0.5 mm. Prevailing color
dark-green to blackish. Head shiny black. Antenne dusky,
slightly darker at the tips of the articles, imbricated and with
few long hairs on front margin; lengths of the articles: I, 0.05
mm. ; IT, 0.04 mm.; IIT, 0.25 mm.; IV, 0.13 mm.; V, 0.14 mm. ;
VI, 0.32 mm. (base 0.11 mm., filament 0.21 mm.) ; total 0.91
mm. Sensoria circular and distributed as follows: III (left)
8, (right) 11; IV (left) 1, (right) 3; V (left) 2, (right) 1.
Paratypes show the following: III, 8-10; IV, 2-4; V, 1-4.
Rostrum reaching nearly to the 2nd coxee. Thorax shiny black.
Front wings narrow, 2 mm. long. Legs dusky with black
tarsi. Abdomen dark green with darker dorsal and lateral

‘W corn. @

W. cauda Se
W hind tp ees

type

EOE del.

Figure 24.—Chaitophorus salijaponicus, new species

Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDIDZ& 85

markings. Cornicles imbricated or faintly reticulate, short,
wide at the base, 0.05 mm. long and 0.07 mm. diameter at the
base. Cauda distinctly knobbed, small, 0.05 mm. long.

APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALES (Paratypes)—Three or
four good specimens. Length averages 1 mm., width 0.6 mm.
Prevailing color dark. Body covered with long hairs. An-
tennz pale with the apical half dusky to black, imbricated, with
few long hairs; lengths of the articles: I, 0.04 mm. ; II, 0.05
mm.; III, 0.20 mm.; IV, 0.11 mm.; V, 0.12 mm.; VI, 0.28
mm. (base 0.08 mm., filament 0.20 mm.) ; total 0.8 mm. Ros-
trum extending slightly beyond the 2nd coxz. Cornicles short,
finely imbricated or reticulate, 0.06 mm. long and 0.09 mm.
diameter at the base. Cauda dark, knobbed, 0.06 mm. long.

Nympus—Dark with pale thorax.

Host pLtant—Koriyanagi, Salix multinervis F. & Sav.
Locatity—Nishigahara, Tokyo.

DATE OF COLLECTION—May 14, 1913.

COLLECTION NUMBER—36.

Note—Close to C. salicicolus Mats., but differs in antennal
structure, especially the relative lengths of base and spur of
article VI.

Calaphis magnoliz, new species

Figure 25

WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Type)—Selected from seven-
teen good specimens. Length 1.4 mm., width 0.5 mm. This
beautiful species is pale straw-yellow with black markings on
the body and wings. The hairs on the head and thorax are
quite long, somewhat shorter on the abdomen. Antenne aris-
ing from inconspicuous frontal tubercles, very long, pale or
transparently white with conspicuous black areas near the mid-
dle and apex of article II] and with the extreme bases and
apices of IV and V black, and all of VI black or dusky except
the base; lengths of the articles: I, 0.09 mm.; II, 0.05 mm. ;
III, 0.81 mm.; IV, 0.58 mm.; V, 0.52 mm.; VI, 1.14 mm.
(base 0.18 mm., filament 0.96 mm.) ; total 3.19 mm. Sen-
soria on III circular or oval, arranged in a row and mostly

86 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 41H Ser.

W cauda W an. plate
EOE del.

Figure 25.—Calaphis magnolie, new species

confined to the dark area near the middle with 3 or 4
in the pale basal region; there are 10 on each member.
On the paratypes the number varies from 10 to 14 with
a majority having 11 or 12. The usual number occurs
on V and VI. Rostrum short, extending slightly be-
yond the first coxe. Legs pale with the extreme apex
of the femora dusky above; the bases of the tibiae conspic-
uously black with the adjacent region pale yellow, and the
apical half and the tarsi dusky. Front wings conspicuously
marked with black as shown in the accompanying drawing;
long and narrow, measuring in length 2.5 mm.; stigma very
pale with black tip, the radial sector vein wanting. Hind wings
pale throughout. Abdomen apparently with five pairs of in-
conspicuous tubercles which are very difficult to distinguish as
they are small and concolorous with the body. Cornicles pale,
slightly constricted in the middle and widest at the base, 0.06

Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDIDZ 87

mm. long (paratype 0.08 mm. long). Cauda pale and dis-
tinctly knobbed. Anal plate pale with small median constric-
tion or incision.

Nympus—Pale-yellow and covered with numerous long
capitate hairs or spines.

Host pLant—On the leaves of Kobushi, Magnolia kobus
Thunb.

LocaLtity—Akabane, near Tokyo.

DATE OF COLLECTION—August 1, 1913.

COLLECTION NUMBER—96.

Euceraphis japonica, new species

Figure 26

WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Type)—A single fine speci-
men and several nearly mature nymphs. Length 2.1 mm.,
width 0.7 mm. Prevailing color dark reddish brown with
black dorsal markings. Body thickly beset with rather long
fine hairs. Antenne dark throughout with many long fine
hairs; lengths of articles: I, 0.11 mm.; IT, 0.12 mm. ; L110
mm.; IV, 0.6mm.; V, 0.46mm.; VI, 0.35mm. (base 0.20mm.,
filament 0.15 mm.) ; total 2.74 mm. All of article III except
the extreme ends thickly covered with many transversely oval
sensoria as shown in the accompanying drawing. There are
the usual number on V and VI. Rostrum (of nymph) reach-
ing nearly to the 2nd coxe. Front wings narrow, 4.2 mm.
long. Tarsi, apices of the tibie and the femora black, the re-
mainder of the legs pale brown. Abdomen dark reddish brown
with black dorsal markings. Cornicles black, shorter than
wide, those on the type indistinguishable because of the opaque
body. Ona nearly mature nymph they are 0.03 mm. long and
0.04 mm. in diameter at the base. Cauda black and rounded.
Anal plate black, with a very small middle constriction.

APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Paratype)—A single good
specimen. Length 2.3 mm., width 1 mm. Color about the
same as in the winged form. Body hairy. Antenne dark,
hairy; lengths of the articles: I, 0.13 mm.; I, 0.09 mm.; IIT,

88& CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER,

EOE del.

Figure 26—Enuceraphis japonica, new species. Wing much reduced from
scale.

0.75 mm.; IV, 0.34 mm.; V, 0.29 mm.; VI, 0.31 mm. (base
0.17 mm., filament 0.14 mm.) ; total 1.91 mm. Rostrum reach-
ing to the 2nd cox. Cornicles black, short, 0.04 mm. long
and 0.08 mm. diameter at the base. Cauda black, rounded or
nearly truncate.

Nympus—Only a little lighter in color than the adults.
Host prant—Yama hannoki, Alnus indica glauca Ait.
Locatity—Nikko.

DATE OF COLLECTION—June 11, 1913.

COLLECTION NUMBER—84.

Vo. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDID& 89

Myzocallis capitata, new species

Figure 27

WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALES (Cotypes)—There are four-
teen specimens of winged females but none perfect enough to
be designated as type. Length 1.8 mm., width 0.5 mm. Prevail-
ing color pale yellowish green. Body covered with large and
small spines. Head whitish with a number of long stiff spines
arising from short tubercles. Antenne pale green with
the apices of III, IV and V and the middle and tip of VI
black; articles I and II each with one, and III with 4
to 6 large, curved, knobbed, black spines which are very
conspicuous; lengths of articles: I, 0.05 mm.; II, 0.05
mime, O50) mms DVe-/0!30" mms Ve O27 mma VIE
0.43 mm. (base 0.16 mm., filament 0.27 mm.) ; total 1.6 mm.
Sensoria on ITI, large, circular, in a row, confined to the basal
half and from two to six in number, the majority having four.

cotypes

W an. plate’

EOE del.

Figure 27—Myzocallis capitata, new species

90 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

Rostrum reaching to the 2nd coxze. Prothorax with two pairs
of large dorsal finger-like tubercles and one pair of large
lateral ones, all supporting a number of spines; mesothorax
with many small tubercles supporting each a spine, those on the
metathorax, if present, very obscure. Front wings 2.6 mm.
long with venation and markings as shown in the accompany-
ing drawing. Legs pale green with the tips of the tarsi dusky
or black. Abdomen with three pairs of large finger-like tuber-
cles on the dorsum near the base, two pairs of small ones just
behind these and three or four pairs of large somewhat trun-
cate ones along the sides. All of these tubercles are pale dusky
and each has a number of spines. Cornicles pale, widest at base,
somewhat constricted in the middle and 0.1 mm. long. Cauda
green, distinctly knobbed, with quite a long stipe, 0.1 mm. in
length. Anal plate pale and deeply constricted in the middle.

Nympus—Pale-yellow and green with the bodies covered
with long capitate hairs.

Host prant—On the underside of the leaves of Kunugi,
Quercus serrata Thunb.

Locatity—Tokyo.

DaTE OF COLLECTION—May 26, 1913.

COLLECTION NUMBER—63.

RemMArks—Named from the conspicuous knobbed or capi-
tate hairs on the antenne.

Myzocallis macrotuberculata, new species

Figure 28

WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Type)—Selected from thir-
teen good specimens. Length 1.5 mm., width 0.6 mm. Pre-
vailing color green with dark abdominal tubercles. | Head with
a number of long stout spines arising from small, somewhat
dusky tubercles. Antenne pale-green with the apical portions
of III-VI dusky or black, with many long hairs; lengths of the
articles: I, 0.07 mm.; II, 0.05 mm.; III, 0.42 mm.; IV, 0.30
mm. ; V, 0.21 mm.; VI, 0.25 mm. (base 0.13 mm., filament 0.12
mm.) ; total 1.30 mm. Sensoria on III circular, in a row the
full length of the article, 9 on left member and 8 on the right.
Paratypes show a variation of from 7 to 11, the majority hav-

Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDIDZ 9

W hind t.

W an. plate
EOE del.

Figure 28.—Myzocallis macrotuberculata, new species

ing 8. Rostrum reaching to base of abdomen; prothorax with
three pairs of large, dusky finger-like tubercles, two pairs on
the dorsum and a lateral pair with several small smooth hemi-
spherical projections at the top, which appear not unlike ocelli,
the lateral pair of tubercles largest. On the mesothorax are
two pairs of tubercles, the first pair small and the hind pair
large, finger-like and located near the base of the wings. There
appears to be a pair of small tubercles on the metathorax but
they are not plain on the mounted specimens. From the large
tubercles arise several spines and from the small ones but a
single one. Coxe and trochanters green, the remainder of the
legs dusky. Wings rather slender, the veins of both pairs with
clouded borders. The front wings have venation as shown in
the illustration and are 2.5 mm. long. Abdomen pale green
with dark tubercles as follows: three pair of large black finger-
like ones on the middle base of the dorsum, the first pair the

92 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H SER.

smallest and the last pair largest; five pairs of large truncate,
mostly faintly bilobed yellow or pale dusky ones, on the sides,
many of which are as large as the cornicles. From each of
these tubercles arise a number of hairs or spines. Cornicles
pale green, widest at the base, somewhat constricted near the
middle; the length, 0.10 mm., greater than the width. Cauda
knobbed with only a slight basal constriction, pale green, 0.10
mm. long. Anal plate distinctly bilobed.

Nympus—Pale green, the bodies thickly beset with long
hairs which are not knobbed at the tips.

Host pLANT—On the underside of the leaves of Kashiwa,
Quercus dentata Thunb.

LocaLtiry—Tokyo? (not given).

DATE OF COLLECTION—May 19, 1913.

COLLECTION NUMBER—4/.

REMARKsS—The species is named from the large tubercles on
the dorsum.

Myzocallis kuricola ( Mats.)
(Nippocallis kuricola Mats. )
Figure 29

WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE—Thirty-two good specimens.
Length 1.2 mm., width 0.55 mm. Prevailing color pale green,
the body covered with a whitish powder. Head pale green to
amber with several pairs of small tubercles from each of which
arises a single long straight spine. Antennz pale, furnished
with a few long hairs, with the articles [, I] and the extreme
base of III and the apices of III-VI dusky or brownish; lengths
of the articles: I, 0.05 mm.; II, 0.06 mm.; III, 0.39 mm.; IV,
0.18 mm.; V, 0.17 mm.; VI, 0.18 mm. (base 0.09 mm., filament
0.09 mm.) ; total 1.03 mm. Sensoria large, circular and in a
row. On III there are 6 on each member, the paratypes show-
ing a variation of from 5 to 8; articles V and VI have the usual
ones. Rostrum reaching to the second coxe. Tubercles on
the thorax small, with single spines arising from each. Legs
pale green with the distal ends of the tibiz and the tarsi
faintly dusky. The veins of the wings are heavily clouded, the
borders being specially wide in the front wings as shown in the

Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDID& 93

W ant. iii

11)
W an. plate

Figure 29.—Myzocallis kuricola (Mats.)

drawing ; radial sector vein so very faint as to appear entirely
absent ; length of the front wings 2mm. Abdomen pale green
with three or four pairs of large black tubercles on the sides in
front of the cornicles (the number is difficult to make out on
the mounted specimens on hand); these tubercles bearing
several spines. Cornicles dusky, widest at the base, somewhat
constricted before the mouth which is slightly flared, 0.08 mm.
long and 0.10 mm. in diameter at base. The paratypes also
show that the diameter of the base is usually as great or slightly
greater than the length. Cauda distinctly knobbed, dusky, 0.06
mm. long. Anal plate normal.

Nympus—Pale green, the bodies covered with long hairs
some of which have small knobs at the ends.

Host PLANTS, LOCALITIES, ETC.—The material was collected
in two lots as follows:

1. On Kuri, Castanea sativa Mill. (listed as C. vulgaris
japonica A. DC.), and on Kunugi, Quercus serrata Thunb.,
Nishigahara, Tokyo, June 5, 1913. Collection number 76.

94 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

2. On Kuri, Castanea sativa Mill., Nishigahara, Tokyo, Oct.
2, 1913. Collection number 106. In this lot were a large
number of specimens which were apparently mature, but
their wing pads, while almost perfect in structural details,
were very small and rudimentary as if the development
had been suddenly and permanently retarded.

Myzocallis, species

Of the five winged viviparous females of this very interesting
species not a single one possessed a complete antenna necessary
to complete determination. The species is pale green, small,
about the size of Myzocallis quercus (Xalt.) which it resembles
in wing venation. The four or five pairs of abdominal tubercles
are concolorous with the abdomen; there are four very long
spines on the front of the head and five or six shorter knobbed
spines on the inside margins of antennal articles I-III ; basal half
of III with three sensoria. A single apterous viviparous female
shows the filament of the antennal article VI to be about twice
as long as the base. The body is covered with long knobbed
spines.

Host prAnt—Taken on the undersides of the leaves of
Kunugi, Quercus serrata Thunb.

Locatity—Nishigahara, Tokyo.

DATE OF COLLECTION—May 15, 1913.

COLLECTION NUMBER—41.

Myzocallis, species*

A single winged viviparous female with parts of both an-
tennz missing. The color is pale green with the antenne pale,
the legs green with the tips of the tibiz and the entire tarsi
dusky. The antennz of a nearly matured winged nymph has
the base of VI 0.10 mm. and the filament 0.4 mm. long;
article III, though partly missing, has 11 sensoria on the full
length. Wings pale with a noticeably short radial sector.

4The species on bamboo described as Takecallis bambuse Mats. appears to be
ais species described as Myzocallis arundicolens (Clarke). It is common at Berkeley,
al.

Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDID#& 95

Cornicles pale dusky, with wide mouth, 0.06 mm. long and
about the same basal diameter. Taken on Honoki, Magnolia
hypoleuca S. & Z., Nikko, June 9, 1913. Collection num-
ber 83.

Chromaphis celticolens, new species

Figure 30

WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Type)—Selected from 7
good specimens. Length 1.6 mm., width (paratype) 0.65 mm.
Prevailing color yellow; antennz pale with dusky area near
the middle of III and black on the tips of III-VI. These black
areas, when examined closely under high magnification, have
pale irregular areas mosaic-like or not unlike conventional

wings
type

W ant. typ
ra aes

W cauda
W an. plate

/,

W an. plate

Figure 30.—Myzocallis celticolens, new specie

n

96 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47TH SER.

flowers; lengths of the articles: I, 0.10 mm.; II, 0.07 mm. ;
III, 0.62 mm.; IV, 0.30 mm.; V, 0.29 mm.; VI, 0.25 mm.
(base 0.21 mm., spur 0.04 mm.) ; total 1.63 mm. Sensoria on
III transversely oval and occurring in a row near the middle
or slightly toward the base from the middle, the number being
7 on the right and 8 on the left member. Paratypes have from
5 to 8, a majority having 6. Articles V and VI have the usual
number. Rostrum extending to the 2nd coxe. Thorax dark-
yellow or amber. Legs pale with the apices of the femora and
the tarsi dusky. Wings having venation and markings as
shown in the accompanying illustration, length of the primary
wings 2.9 mm. Abdomen yellow or greenish with dusky
dorsal spots. Cornicles pale dusky, little more than pores,
about 0.025 mm. diameter at the mouth. Cauda pale, faintly
knobbed, 0.09 mm. long. Anal plate deeply constricted at the
middle.

APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Paratype )—A single speci-
men which may not be fully mature. Length 1.85 mm., width
0.7 mm. Prevailing color yellow? (no color notes). Antenne
with dusky markings on the tips of articles II-VI; lengths of
the articles: I, 0.05 mm.; II, 0.06 mm.; III, 0.28 mm.; IV,
0.15 mm.; V, 0.15 mm.; VI, 0.14 mm. (base 0.13 mm., spur
0.04 mm.) ; total 0.83 mm. The body is clothed with a few
simple hairs.

NympuHs—Somewhat paler than the adults.

Host pLANT—Enoki, Celtis sinensis Pers. (listed as Cetis).
LocaLity—Tokyo.

DATE OF COLLECTION—Aug. 1, 1913.

COLLECTION NUMBER—98.

Phyllaphis, species ?

What appears to be a species of this genus was represented
by a few apterous females. The color is dark reddish purple,
the body being covered with white powder. The cornicles are
short, dark and wider than long. The cauda is conical with a
constriction near the middle, giving the apical part a knobbed
appearance, and with a conical base. The anal plate is bilobed.

Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDID& 97

Taken on Maki, Podocarpus macrophylla maki Sieb. (listed as
P. chinensis Wall.), Nishigahara, Tokyo, May 24, 1913. Col-
lection number 57.

Trichosiphum kuwanai Pergande

Only apterous viviparous females were taken on Kunugi,
Quercus serrata Thunb., Nishigahara, Tokyo, May 15, 1913.
Collection number 40.

Eutrichosiphum, new genus
Type: Trichosiphum pasanie Okajima

This new genus has been erected to embrace the type named
above, which differs from the other members of the genus
Trichosiphum in having but 5-articled antennee.

Eutrichosiphum pasanie (Okajima)

Figure 31

A number of winged and apterous viviparous females were
in this lot. All of the winged females have five articles as
given by Okajima in his original description of the species’.
Inasmuch as the apterous form has not been described, the
following brief notes may be of interest:

APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALES—Length 1.3 mm., width
0.8 mm. Prevailing color shiny black. Body entirely cov-
ered with rather long stiff hairs. Antenne pale dusky with
tips darker and with few long hairs; lengths of the articles:
f, 0:05)mm. -T O05 mn WE O:25) mms TV, 0.11 mm.:-V;
0.24 mm. (base 0.09 mm., filament 0.15 mm.) ; total 0.7 mm.
As will be seen the antennz are 5-articled as in the winged
form. Rostrum long, reaching beyond the base of the abdo-
men. Legs short, dusky, hairy. Cornicles black, somewhat
swollen in the middle with both ends small, recurved, 0.35 mm.
long, their entire surface closely beset with very short, scale-like

~ Bul. Col. Agric., Tokyo Imp. Univ., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 23-26, pls. iv and v, Sept.

98 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

EOE del.

Figure 31.—Eutrichosiphum pasanie@ (Okajima)

hairs and with many long hairs. Cauda and anal plate dark,
hairy and broadly rounded.

Host pPLANT—Shii, Castanopsis cuspidata Schot. (listed as
Pasania cuspidata Oerst.).

Locatity—Nishigahara, Tokyo.

DATE OF COLLECTION—Sept. 14, 1913.

COLLECTION NUMBER—104.

Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDIDZ 99

Lachnus pinidensiflore, new species
Figure 32

WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Type)—Selected from four
individuals. Length 2 mm., width 0.7 mm. Prevailing color
dark-brown to black. Body hairy; head black. Antenne
dusky throughout with the apical portions of III-VI black,
covered with long hairs; lengths of articles: I, 0.07 mm.; II,

wing

EOE del,

Figure 32—Lachnus pinidensiflore, new species. Wing reduced from
scale.

100 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

0.09 mm.; III, 0.46 mm.; IV, 0.21 mm.; V, 0.22 mm.; VI,
0.15 mm. (base 0.12 mm., spur 0.03 mm.) ; total 1.20 mm.
Sensoria large and circular, distributed on the left member as
follows: III, 7 in a row; IV, 2; V, 2; VI with the usual
number. Paratypes have on III, 10-12; IV, 0-3; V, 0-3.
Rostrum long, reaching to the middle of the abdomen. Tho-
rax black. Coxee, trochanters and tarsi black, femora pale
with black tips, tibia pale in middle with both ends black.
Wings narrow, venation as shown in drawing; length of
front wings 4.3 mm. The alcoholic specimens have the
wings stained a deep-wine color. Abdomen dark reddish-
brown with black markings. Cornicles black, hairy, wide at
base and with slightly flaring mouth, 0.09 mm. long and 0.19
mm. diameter at the base. Cauda black.

APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALES (Paratypes)—Four ma-
ture and several immature specimens. Length 3.5 mm., width
2mm. Prevailing color dark reddish brown with silvery
markings on the dorsum due to white wax. Body hairy.
Antenne dusky with the apices of III-VI black; all articles
hairy; lengths of articles: I, 0.09 mm.; II, 0.10 mm.; III,
0.43 mm.; IV, 0.17 mm.; V, 0.18 mm.; VI, 0.13 mm. (base
0.10 mm., spur 0.03 mm.); total 1.10 mm. Sensoria large
and distributed as follows: III, none; IV, 0-1; VI, 1-2;
VI normal. Abdomen with many small black spots, especially
at the bases of the numerous hairs. Cornicles black, hairy,
very wide at base and small at the mouth which is slightly
flared; length 0.2 mm., diameter at the base 0.57 mm.

Host prant—Ahu-matsu (Japanese red pine), Pinus
densiflora S. & Z.

LocaLity—Nikko.

DaTE OF COLLECTION—June 10, 1913.

COLLECTION NUMBER—80.

Lachnus, species

Only apterous forms of this species were taken. The length
averages 3.8 mm., the width 2.3 mm. Prevailing color black
with reddish-brown markings on the back. Antenne black
and pale brown, about one-third as Jong as the body; the
large circular sensoria distributed as follows: III, none; IV,

Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA--SOME JAPANESE APHIDIDZ: 101

Q-1; V, 2-3; VI, 1-3 (not counting the usual ones in the
process). Cornicles black. On Kara-matsu, Larix leptolepis
Murr., Nikko, June 9, 1913. Collection number 78. (The
color notes were given under number 82?).

Lachnus, species

Represented only by apterous specimens. Length 5 mm.,
width 3 mm. Prevailing color shiny black with white dorsal
markings. Antenne pale-brown and black, hairy, half as
long as the body, with the large circular sensoria distributed
as follows: III, none; IV, 1-3; V, 2-3; VI with the usual
ones. Cornicles black, hairy and very wide at base. On
Tsuga, Tsuga sieboldi Carr., Nikko, June 12, 1913. Collec-
tion number 79.

Pterochlorus tropicalis Van der Goot

(Pterochlorus japonicus Mats. )
Figures 33 and 34

WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE—Selected from nine good
specimens. Length 2.8 mm., width 1 mm. Prevailing
color shiny black throughout. Body very hairy. Antennz
black, covered with short hairs; lengths of the articles:
(another specimen) I, 0.13 mm.; II, 0.10 mm.; III, 0.78
mm.; IV, 0.34 mm.; V, 0.34 mm.; VI, 0.20 mm. (base 0.13
mm., spur 0.07 mm.); total 1.89 mm. The sensoria are
circular and distributed in a row as follows: (selected speci-
men) IIT (right) 11, (leit) 8; IV (right) 3, (left) 3; V
(right) 1, (left) 2; VI with usual number; others have the
following: III 13-20, IV 5-9, V 2-4. Rostrum long, reach-
ing beyond the middle of the abdomen. Wings infuscate
with light areas in the front pair as shown in the accom-
panying drawing. Hind wings with a white line just below
radius vein; a decided network of small lines on the front
wings. Length of front wings 4.5 mm. Cornicles wide at
base, hairy, black, length (one example) 0.25 mm., diam-
eter at the base 0.58 mm. Cauda black, rounded and very
hairy.

APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALES—Five good specimens.
Length 4.2 mm., width 2.5 mm. Prevailing color shiny

(Proc. 4tH Sep.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

102

‘PP TOF

SLEW} SNOIEDIAIA PoBUl MA

1A— A ‘Jue M

'JOOX) ‘PULA SYVIIGOA] SNL01YIOAIZY— FE INI]

7 pury AY

Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDIDZ 103

EOE del

Figure 34.—Pterochlorus tropicalis Van d. Goot. Apterous viviparous female

black. Body hairy. Antenne black, hairy; lengths of ar-
ticles: I; 0.13: mm.: IT, 0115 mm; 10D, 1210) mm}; TV, 0:36
mm.; V, 0.32 mm.; VI, 0.24 mm. (base 0.15 mm., spur
0.09 mm.) ; total 2.30 mm. Sensoria large, circular and ar-
ranged as follows: III, 1-15; IV, 2-5; V, 1-2; VI with usual
number. Cornicles black, hairy, 0.36 mm. long and 0.74 mm.
wide at the base. Cauda black, hairy and rounded.

Host pLtants—On Kunugi, Quercus serrata Thunb.,
Kashiwa, Quercus dentata Thunb. and Shii, Castanopsis cus-
pidata Schot. (listed as Pasania cuspidata Oerst. ).

LocaLtity—Tokyo.

DaTE OF COLLECTION—May 15, 1913.

COLLECTION NUMBER—39.

104 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4rH Sea,

REMARKS—This species is so close to Pterochlorus tropi-
calis Van der Goot® that it is without hesitancy so determined
here. The sensoria show a slight variation in number, there
being in the Japanese species many more on article III of
both the winged and apterous forms and more than the usual
1 on V of both forms. In Van der Goot’s description the
cornicles are described as “nearly reduced pores,” while on
the species from Japan they are not only distinct but might
well be considered large.

Prociphilus crategi Tullgren
Figure 35

The winged viviparous females were collected on Sanzashi,
Crategus cuneatus S. & Z. (listed as Mespilus cuneata S. &

N

OO W head
ee, pip wax pl.

W wax pl.
Figure 35.—Prociphilus crategi Tullgren

® Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. 12, pt. 1, no. 1, pp. 3-4, fig. 2, Feb. 1916. (Orig. desc.).

Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDID2Z: 105

Z.), Tokyo ? (locality not given), June 10, 1913. Collection
number 88. This material was checked up with specimens
received from P. Van der Goot (through John J. Davis), taken
in Holland, and from Prof. F. V. Theobald, England.

Prociphilus osmanthe, new species
Figure 36

WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Type)—Selected from nine
good specimens. Length 3.3 mm., width 1.6 mm. Prevailing
colors black and dark olive-green. Head dark. Antenne
black with the bases of ITI-VI pale; lengths of articles: I, 0.07

type

Cerro COU UTM OTH NYY

W ant.

W wax pl.
ECE del.

Figure 36.—Prociphilus osmanthe, new species. Wing greatly reduced
from scale

106 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

mm.; II, 0.10 mm.; III, 0.64 mm.; IV, 0.265 mm.; V, 0.265
mm.; VI, 0.30 mm. (base 0.25 mm., spur 0.05 mm.) ; total
1.64 mm. Sensoria transversely narrow and distributed as
follows on the left member: III, 29; IV, 10; V, 9; VI with
the usual number. Paratypes show the following variation:
III, 27-31; IV, 9-12; V, 8-12. Rostrum reaching to the base of
the abdomen. Wax plates of the mesothorax oval and lo-
cated just back of the middle. Legs black with the bases of
the femora pale. Wings infuscate along the costal margin
and at base; veins narrowly border with darker; length of
the front wings 6 mm. Abdomen dark, with the ventral sur-
face olive-green. Mounted specimens appear pale.

Nympus—Dark with abdomen transparently brownish,
thorax pale-green, the wing pads dusky. In other respects
much like the adults.

Host pLANT—Hiiragi, Osmanthus aguifolium B. & H.

LOCALITIES, DATES, ETC.—Taken as follows:

1. Yamaguchi-Ken, May 24, 1913. Collection number 58.

2. Tokyo, May 29, 1913. Collection number 67.

REMARKS—This species is close to P. crategi Tull., but it
has many more sensoria on the antennz and infuscated wings
are characteristic. No apterous females were collected.

Prociphilus pyri (Fitch)
Figure 37

The winged and apterous females of this species were
taken from pseudogalls formed on the edges of the leaves of
the Japanese pear and opening beneath, Nishigahara, Tokyo,
May 8, 1913. Collection number 7.

Prociphilus populiconduplifolius (Cowen) ?

The apterous females taken agree very well with deter-
mined material from the United States. Collected on Hi Ki-
no-Kasa, Ranunculus ternatus Thunb., Nishigahara, Tokyo,
May 13, 1913. Collection number 54.

107

APHIDIDZ

KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE

&

ESSIG

Vor. VIIT]

(447)

wid

Snp1y ido

d—Le 24n81

108 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tH Ser.

Aneecia piri ( Mats.)
(Nippolachnus piri Mats. )
Figure 38

WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE—Selected from twelve good
specimens. Length 2.8 mm., width 1.35 mm. Prevailing
color dark yellowish brown with black and white (wax)
markings on the dorsum. Head dark yellowish brown. An-
tenne short, hairy, black with articles I, II and all but the
tip of III pale-brown; lengths of the articles: I, 0.07 mm.;
II, 0.08 mm. ; III, 0.35 mm.; IV, 0.13 mm.; V, 0.16 mm.; VI,
0.16 mm. (base 0.11 mm., spur 0.05 mm.) ; total 0.95 mm.
Sensoria circular or nearly so, very large, a few only small;
distributed as follows: III (left) 10, (right) 11; IV (left) 4,
(right) 1; V (left) 2, (right) 2; VI with 1 very large and
from 3 to 4 small secondary ones. Other specimens show the
following variations: III, 7-9; IV, 1-4; V, 2. Rostrum
reaching to, or nearly to, the 3rd coxe. Prothorax dark,
other segments yellowish-brown. Wings long and narrow.
Front wings 4.4 mm. long, with venation as shown in the
drawing. Hind wings with two media. Legs black with the

EOE del

Figure 38.—Anecia piri (Mats.). Wing reduced from common scale

Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDID& 109

bases of the femora and tibie pale. Abdomen yellowish
brown with black markings and two prominent white wax
bands on the dorsum. Cornicles black, hairy, very wide at the
base, length 0.20 mm., width or diameter at the base 0.35 mm.,
diameter at the mouth 0.12 mm. Cauda, yellow with black
margin; rounded and faintly constricted at base, hairy. Anal
plate pale at base with black margin; rounded and hairy.

Host prant—Along the midribs on the undersides of the
leaves of pear.

Locatity—Nishigahara, Tokyo.

DATE OF COLLECTION—Oct. 2, 1913.

COLLECTION NUMBER—105.

Nipponaphis distylii Pergande

Figure 39

This very interesting species was received in considerable
numbers, among which were several apterous females; the
latter oval in shape, 0.8 mm. long, with 5-articled (sometimes
appearing as 4+) antenne. The winged forms were taken from
the leaf galls of Isu, Distylium racemosum S. & Z., Tokyo,
June 2, 1913. Collection number 71. The apterous females
were taken from oval galls on the same plant at the same
time and given the collection number 7la. The specific name
given by Mr. Pergande’ was distychii, derived from Disty-
chium, the supposed host plant. This is clearly an error in
spelling, as the host plant is Distylium. The specific name
has therefore been corrected to distylii.

The genus Nipponaphis is, indeed, very close to Cerataphis,
and except for the horns on the apterous forms of the latter
could hardly be considered as separate. The absence of cor-
nicles is usually given as a characteristic of Cerataphis, but all
of the author’s specimens of a large series of the type species,
C. latanié (Boisd.), have cornicles as large as those found in
Nipponaphis. The peculiar aleyrodid-like form of the ap-
terous female is lacking in N. distylii Perg.

7 Entomological News, vol. 17, p. 205, June, 1906.

110 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tH Ser.

W corn. detail W ant.

Figure 39.—Nipponaphis distylii Pergande

Nipponaphis cuspidate, new species

Figure 40

WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Type)—Selected from thir-
teen specimens. Length 1.35 mm., width 0.9mm. Prevailing
colors from black to dark-purple. Head very dark. Antenne,
short, 5-articled, as shown in the drawing; lengths of articles:
T, 0.04 mm.; IT, 0.05 mm.; III, 0.46 mm.; IV, 0.19 mm.; V,
0.15 mm. (base 0.13 mm., spur 0.02 mm.) ; total 0.89 mm.
Sensoria narrow ring-like, nearly equidistant from each other
and numerous on all articles except the first two. Rostrum

Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDID& 111

W hind t.

EOE del.
Figure 40.—Nipponaphis cuspidate, new species

reaching just beyond the 3rd coxe. Thorax dark-purple and
shiny black. Front wings as shown in the drawing, with the
costal border and base infuscate and 3.1 mm. long. The hind
wings are also somewhat infuscate, especially along the veins.
There are 2 media veins. Legs dusky throughout, the tarsi
with four large knobbed digitules. Abdomen very dark purple.
Cornicles indistinct, little more than pores. Cauda hairy, blunt
at tip, 0.11 mm. long and 0.15 mm. wide at base. Anal plate
hairy and distinctly bilobed.

112 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Serr.

APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALES (Paratypes) — Several
specimens. Length 1.7 mm., width 1.3 mm. Prevailing color
dark-purple ; body slightly covered with white powder; nearly
hemispherical in shape with the sides perpendicular and the
surface somewhat depressed on the dorsum. In general appear-
ance these females somewhat resemble the nymphs of certain
aleyrodids, but are usually more robust. The epidermis, when
cleared, shows a mosaic-like structure. All of the appendages
are very small. Antennz minute, indistinctly 3-articled and
held close to the body. Legs small and appear attached to the
sides of the body. The cornicles, if present, are not visible on
any of the specimens although many were thoroughly cleared
(in clearing in KOH the bodies literally went to pieces so that
only fragments could be studied). Cauda broadly rounded.
Anal plate indistinctly bilobed.

Nympus—Dark purple and covered with white powdery
wax (color notes do not specify whether these are the nymphs
of one form or of both winged and apterous forms).

Host pLANT—Shii, Castanopsis cuspidata Schot. (listed as
Pasania cuspidata Oerst.). The apterous females are clustered
along the twigs in a more or less fixed position as specimens
remained on the twigs after the long trip across the Pacific.

Locatity—Nishigahara, Tokyo.

DATE OF COLLECTION—May 12, 1913.

COLLECTION NUMBER—27.

REMARKS—This species is certainly close to Cerataphis,
where it would have been placed except for the fact that it does
not have the characteristic horns of that genus.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FourTH SERIES

Vor. VIII, No. 4, pp. 113-156, pl. 3-6 Jury 19, 1918

IV

GEOLOGY OF THE NORTHERN END OF THE
TAMPICO EMBAYMENT AREA

BY
E. T, DUMBLE
Consulting Geologist, Southern Pacific Company

INTRODUCTION

The attention of the writer was first directed to the eastern
coast of Mexico as an oil field in 1890, during which year Mr.
Josiah Owen, then of Eagle Pass, Texas, and later an asso-
ciate for many years in coal and oil investigations for the
Southern Pacific Company, made a reconnaissance trip through
the region between Tampico and Tuxpam, and sent samples of
heavy oil and asphalt for examination, together with a general
statement as to the oil conditions, which he considered highly
favorable.

In 1899 the matter was brought to the attention of Mr. C. P.
Huntington as well worth investigation by the Southern Pacific
Company, but it was thought at that time to be too far removed
from other interests of the Company.

In 1908 the subject was again placed before the management,
and an examination was ordered. Prof. W. F. Cummins, who
was well acquainted with the geology of the coastal oil fields of

July 19, 1918

114 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

Texas, and who had had a year’s experience in connection with
artesian water investigations in northeastern Mexico, was
placed in charge of the work, which began with an effort to
connect the known geological section of the Texas side of the
Rio Grande with the formations of the Mexican oil fields. The
results of this work, as given in a paper entitled “Tertiary
Deposits of Northeastern Mexico”? show that the Gulf Coast
Tertiary deposits which carry the Texas oil are not represented
in the Tampico-Tuxpam oil fields, but that the oil formations
there are a continuation of the Cretaceous.”

During the years which have followed, the geologists of the
Southern Pacific Company have continued work in this area
under the direction of the writer and much information has
been accumulated regarding the stratigraphy and some good
collections of fossils have been made, the most of which were
placed in the hands of Dr. R. E. Dickerson, Curator, Depart-
ment of Invertebrate Paleontology, California Academy of
Sciences, for identification.

It is proposed in this paper to give briefly the results of our
work and, based on Dr. Dickerson’s and Dr. W. S. W. Kew’s
determinations of the fossils, to show as nearly as possible the
ages of the formations encountered. Descriptions of the col-
lections have been made by Dickerson and Kew in a separate
paper’.

THE AREA

The region under consideration is a narrow belt of country
on the eastern coast of Mexico, beginning just north of the
twentieth parallel and extending to the twenty-fourth. From
Nautla to Tampico it comprises the entire coastal strip lying
between the Cordilleras, or Sierra Madre Oriental, and the
waters of the Gulf of Mexico. North of Tampico it is bounded
on the west by the Cordilleras and on the east by the Tamauli-
pas range, thus forming the valley through which runs the
railway between Tampico and Monterey.

This area is the northern portion of what has been called the
Tampico Embayment.* It is economically important because

1 Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4th Series, Vol. V, No. 6.

2 Dumble, ‘‘The Occurrences of Petroleum in Eastern Mexico as Contrasted with
those in Texas and Louisiana.”” Trans. A. I. M. E. August, 1915.
vor vie Tereany Fauna from Northeastern Mexico. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 1917,

* Some Events in the Eogene History of the Present Coastal Plain of the Gulf of
Mexico in Texas and Mexico. Journal of Geology, Vol. XXIII, No. 6, p. 481 et seq.

Vor. VIII] DUMBLE—GEOLOGY TAMPICO EMBAYMENT AREA 115

of the vast quantity of petroleum that has been developed in it
during recent years. It is geologically important not only on
account of the oil, but also because it furnishes the key to cer-
tain heretofore unsolved problems regarding the relationship
of adjacent land areas to continental growth.

This area, some 300 miles in length, will not average 50
miles in width. Its greatest breadth, which is less than 100
miles, is found along the course of the Panuco River and its
tributaries, whence it narrows both to the north and to the
south.

PHYSIOGRAPHY

Topographically, the area as a whole is a plain sloping gently
gulfward. Along its western border are low ranges and ridges,
rarely exceeding 300 meters in height, caused by the strong
folding and faulting of the Cretaceous rocks together with
some of those of earlier Tertiary age which form its basement.
To the east of these its undulating surface is broken by hills
of erosion and by peaks of intrusive basaltic rocks. North of
the Panuco River these interruptions are less numerous than
they are to the southward. The most prominent remnantal
elevations are found in a series of peaks, mesas and ranges be-
ginning at Chicontepec and stretching northeastward to the
Otontopec range which ends near Tantima. This forms the
divide between the drainage of the Panuco and that of the
Tuxpam River.

Between these two rivers are two intermediate coastal basins
which have been carved out and are drained by the Cucharas
and the Tancochin and a like service is performed by the
Cazones and Tecolutla for the area between Tuxpam and
Nautla.

The principal drainage system north of the Panuco is the
Soto la Marina and between it and the Conchos River, along
which we found exposures of typical Gulf Coast Tertiaries, lie
the mountain masses of the Sierra de San Carlos and the
Sierra Cruillas of the Tamaulipas range. These mountains
extend westward to within 15 miles of the railroad south of
Linares, greatly narrowing the valley at that point.

Much of the surface is covered by the dense vegetable
growth of the semi-tropics and for the most part the so-called

116 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4rH Sez.

roads are only trails. Good exposures of the rock materials
are, therefore, scarce except along drainage channels and cer-
tain hillsides, making it difficult to trace the continuations of
any of the formations over any considerable area. If we add
to this the fact that fossiliferous horizons are comparatively
few and frequently discontinuous, the difficulty of accurate
correlation of the beds of separated areas will be readily appar-
ent. It is for this reason, doubtless, that some confusion has
arisen.

PUBLICATIONS

The publications bearing directly on the geology of this
area are not very numerous.

Among the earlier papers relating to the eastern coast of
Mexico, those by Deshayes, Heilprin and Sapper give only the
results of their observations on the Pliocene of Yucatan.

The first definite statement regarding the geology of this
particular district is that of Bése in his itinerary of the trip
from San Luis Potosi to Tampico, published in the Guide
Book for the excursions of the International Congress of
Geologists in 1906.

Bose regards that part of the massive limestones with rudis-
tes near Tamasopa and Micos, and which is last seen between
El Abra and Taninul, as Meso-Cretaceous and equivalent to the
Cenomanian or Vraconian. These include the limestones now
called Tamasopa. The shales and marls with limestone bands
which overlie these and are well exposed between Valles and
El Abra he classes as Neo-Cretaceous, although no fossils
were found inthem. The yellow to gray argillaceous shales in
the plain east of Taninul he says probably belong to the Ter-
tiary, although he found no fossils, and states that they re-
semble the Pliocene of Tuxpam and Papantla.

This was followed and added to by Villarello in his Report
on the Oil Regions of Mexico’, which gives clear and satisfac-
tory descriptions of the various geological formations of the
region, although later discoveries may necessitate a different
reference as to the age of some of the deposits there described.

Villarello refers the massive grayish limestones along the
front of the Sierra Madre Oriental to the Meso-Cretaceous,

5 Bull. 26, Inst. Geol. Mex. 1908.

Vor. VIII] DUMBLE—GEOLOGY TAMPICO EMBAYMENT AREA 117

and the overlying shales and sandstones, which extend from
near Victoria to the zone embraced between Valles and Taninul,
to the Neo-Cretaceous. He describes these beds in the vicinity
of Valles as shales, marls and occasional slates with intercalated
limestones and sandstones with calcareous cement and says
they are unconformable with the massive limestone. With
these he also includes the interbedded limestones and sand-
stones occurring south and southwest of Tantoyuca.

The yellow nummulitic rocks of the San Jose de las Rusias
range he refers to the Eogene, but considers all of the yellow
argillaceous shales, marls, and calcareous beds south of the
Tamaulipas range as Neogene and equivalent to the beds at
Tuxpam and Papantla. He suggests the name Papantla for
these beds. He includes in these Neogene beds the argillaceous
shales east of Las Palmas and Tamuin which form the greater
part of the Mendez of Jeffreys.

The Neogene to the south of the Panuco River, as described
by Villarello, comprises yellowish fossiliferous calcareous
rocks, such as are found outcropping in the neighborhood of
Papantla, Coazintla and elsewhere, overlain by sandstones,
bluish gray shales and slaty marls and reddish clays. These
Neogene deposits rest upon interbedded limestones and sand-
stones similar to those near Tantoyuca and are overlain in
places by Quaternary sediments.

These Neogene beds are broken and in places overlain by
basaltic rocks and tuffs.

In 1910 Engerrand and Urbina of the Mexican Geological
Commission made a preliminary survey of the Yucatan penin-
sula. They record Miocene fossils from Tizimin*, but regard
all others as Pliocene or Pleistocene.

Bose, in Bulletin 20 of the Mexican Geological Commission,
reports on the geology of Chiapas and Tabasco. No Cre-
taceous was observed later than the rudistes limestone (Tama-
sopa?). Extensive deposits of shales, clays, sandstones and
limestones were found carrying a fauna composed almost alto-
gether of nummulites and orbitoides. These he refers to the
Eocene. Overlying them, he finds a series of dark shales, clays,
and limestones which he describes under the name of the Semi-
jovel division. He states that this division may embrace beds
of both Oligocene and Miocene age, but that the greater part
Sra niaMan Go Soo VoINVIn ROR ET hs i

118 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tH Ser.

of the fossils appear to belong to the Miocene. Near Macus-
pana and elsewhere in Tabasco he found beds containing fossils
which he referred to the Marine-Pliocene.

Engerrand describes the fossils from Zuluzum near Palenque
in Chiapas, which he regards as Miocene.

The beds occurring on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (outside
a small exposure of the rudistes limestone) carry an abundant
fauna, but the specimens are not well preserved. The deter-
minations of species by Dall, Toula, Bose and others and their
conclusions as to age, while appearing to agree on the Pliocene
or later age of these deposits, seem to indicate that a portion
of them may be older than this reference. This is apparently
sustained by Bose®, who found similar beds at Santa Maria
Tatetla, northwest of Veracruz, from which he described a
number of species as Pliocene but later states that since larger
and more careful collections have been made he considers the
age to be Miocene.

It will, therefore, be seen that while Eogene fossils were
recognized north of the Tamaulipas range in the district of San
Jose de las Rusias, and both Eogene and Neogene sediments
found south of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, nowhere within
the area of the Tampico Embayment were Tertiary deposits
observed which were referred to horizons earlier than the
Miocene.

This was the condition when the oil geologists began opera-
tions.

In Science of February 10, 1911, Dumble, reporting on the
results of two years’ work in Northeastern Mexico, reports
the discovery of Oligocene deposits at San Fernando on the
Conchos River and in the San Jose de las Rusias region and
suggests the probable Cretaceous age of the blue shales under-
lying the San Fernando beds of the Oligocene in the Panuco
district, which in turn were succeeded by later beds as seen at
Tuxpam.

In 1910 Jeffreys made a report on the geology of eastern
Mexico which, while it may not have been published, has been
the basis of much that has been written by others. In this re-
port he takes the same view of the age of the deposits in this
area as that stated above.

* Bull. 22, Mex. Geol. Comm.

Vor. VIII] DUMBLE—GEOLOGY TAMPICO EMBAYMENT AREA 119

He describes the lower members of his Cretaceous under the
names of Tamasopa and San Felipe, corresponding closely to
the Tamasopa and San Juan of our classification. To the
Mendez he refers the entire series of blue shales succeeding the
San Felipe and extending eastward to and beyond Mendez.
He gives these a thickness of 3000 to 3500 feet. In his section,
which is reproduced by various authors, he shows the Mendez
shales involved in the folding of the other Cretaceous rocks be-
tween Valles and San Felipe and states that the San Felipe beds
grade upward into the Mendez and downward into the Tam-
asopa.

The base of the Mendez of Jeffreys is the equivalent of our
Papagallos, but the top is probably Tertiary.

To the Tertiary he refers the fossiliferous beds around Tan-
lajas on the extreme western border of the area, the beds
around Ozuluama, which he considers practically their time
equivalent, and the overlying Temapache series.

In Science for June 7, 1912, Dumble reported the discovery
of Eocene fossils at Alazan, northwest of Tuxpam, and gave
further details of the occurrence of the San Fernando and Tux-
pam beds (Miocene?) in this region.

Garfias, in his article on The Oil Regions of Northeastern
Mexico’, reviews the descriptions of the various formations as
given by different geologists, adds his own observations of the
region, and gives in tabular form a tentative correlation which
embodies the facts brought out after Jeffreys’s report by the
finding of Eocene fossils at Alazan. This shows the Mendez
shales as originally described, including shales of both Upper
Cretaceous and Eocene age.

De Golyer* uses the names Tamasopa, San Felipe and
Mendez for the formations found in the Furbero field, but re-
fers both his San Felipe and Mendez to the Eocene, because
of the fossils found at Alazan. He also claims an uncon-
formity between his San Felipe and the beds he considers Cre-
taceous.

Huntley’ also uses the same names for the same formations,
but regards the entire Mendez of Jeffreys as Eocene.

7 Economic Geology, Vol. X, p. 195.
® Trans. A. I. M. E., LII, pp. 266 et seq
®* Trans. A. I. M. E., LII, pp. 275 et seq.

120 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES __ (Proc. 47H Ser.

I. C. White’ quotes the opinion of Dr. C. W. Hayes, sug-
gesting a Laramie age for the San Felipe and Valles beds.

A number of the geologists who have worked in this area
and collected valuable data have been unable to publish it be-
cause of the character of their engagements. The writer
thankfully acknowledges the assistance through co-operation
and criticism of a number of these gentlemen.

GENERAL FEATURES

At first appearance the geology of this area does not seem at
all complicated, but some misunderstanding and confusion have
arisen from the fact that through the entire area the predom-
inating material entering into and forming the floor of this
Tampico embayment is blue shale. At its northern end the
shale was proved to be Cretaceous by its position and as it was
unfossiliferous and little physical change was observed, this
interpretation was applied to cover all similar shales found
south of these. But, it transpires that in addition to these
Cretaceous blue shales there are also blue shales of Eocene and
Oligocene age and these predominate south of the Tamesi
River.

The eastern face of the great plateau is composed of lime-
stones of Meso-Cretaceous age and the Rudistes limestones of
Micos canyon are found as far south as Chiapas. The dis-
turbed area at the foot and immediately in front of the main
mass shows the Meso-Cretaceous limestones folded, faulted, and
overlain by later beds which are also folded. From the San
Juan Hills in Coahuila to Aquismon in San Luis Potosi these
overlying beds appear to belong to the upper or Neo-Cre-
taceous.

The beds found overlying the Meso-Cretaceous of the hill
country south of Aquismon have few of the characteristics of
the Neo-Cretaceous of the region northward and represent
such different conditions of sedimentation and fauna as to make
such a reference of them impossible. Fossils are scarce in
these beds but in the deposits overlying the Meso-Cretaceous in
Chiapas Bose found orbitoides and nummulites that were
clearly of Eocene age and similar forms occur south of Aquis-
mon. It is, therefore, probable that in the hill country be-

2 Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. 24, p. 253.

Vor. VIII] DUMBLE—GEOLOGY TAMPICO EMBAYMENT AREA 121

tween Aquismon and Chiapas, the greater part of the San Juan
and Papagallos which constitute the Neo-Cretaceous of the
northern basin are either overlapped or replaced by these
Eocene-Tertiary beds, outcrops of which extend eastward
almost to the margin of the Gulf.

The Coastal Slope lying east of this disturbed or foothill
zone is largely occupied by deposits of Oligocene age as far
north as the Tamaulipas Mountains and these Oligocene de-
posits extend along the eastern face of this range as far as the
Conchos River. The only other sedimentary deposits noted are
deposits of the Quaternary and Recent which are not very ex-
tensive.

Basalts and other rocks of igneous origin occur as intrusive
peaks, dikes, and flows.

CRETACEOUS

The Mexican geologists have divided the Cretaceous, of
which they have a very complete section, into Eo-Cretaceous,
Meso-Cretaceous and Neo-Cretaceous in place of the two di-
visions, Lower Cretaceous and Upper Cretaceous, recognized
in the United States.

The Meso-Cretaceous of the Mexican authors includes the
upper portion of our Lower Cretaceous and the lower portion
of our Upper Cretaceous.

It will appear from a comparison of the fossils that the line
between our Lower and Upper Cretaceous—that is, between
the Vola or Buda limestone and the Woodbine or Dakota sands
—would be represented in the Meso-Cretaceous by a line drawn
below the Tamasopa limestone.

While, therefore, the heavy limestones below the Tamasopa
may be properly correlated with our Comanche, it would not
seem allowable to include the Tamasopa in such reference.

MESO-CRETACEOUS

The Meso-Cretaceous limestones of the Tamasopa gorge, as
described by Bése**, are considered by him to represent the
Cenomanian, Turonian, and possibly the Vraconian, but the
Tamasopa limestone of the various reports on this region, as

1 Guide Book Geological Congress. XXX, p. 10.

122 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4ru Sez.

generally used, is restricted to the beds of the portion of the
section which are characterized by the presence of rudistes.
These are typically seen in Micos canyon and at the Choy
grotto which also illustrates the cavernous condition so preva-
lent in this limestone.

The Tamasopa limestone is rather fine-grained, compact,
creamy to gray in color, and most usually massive. It is often
crystalline in structure and in places it is dolomitic.

Between the Tamesi and the Tuxpam rivers the Tamasopa
limestone appears to be the principal oil producing formation,
while south of the Tuxpam valley it has not been found in any
of the producing wells drilled up to this time.

Villarello, describing the beds of the Meso-Cretaceous lying
north of the railroad line between Tampico and San Luis
Potosi, says:

“The Meso-Cretaceous is made up of limestones of a gray-
ish color in heavy beds with a strike about 18 deg. northeast
and dip of 31 deg. to the northwest. These limestones are
strongly folded and faulted and constitute a great portion of
the Sierra Madre Oriental which extends from the Tula dis-
trict passing through the western portion of the southern and
central districts of the State of Tamaulipas and afterwards
enters the State of Neuvo Leon.

“The Tanchipa range rises to the west of Ebano and.....
is made up of limestones and shales of Meso-Cretaceous and
Neo-Cretaceous age. These beds extend toward the south
and are exposed in nearly the whole of the petroliferous region
of Aquismon.”

Of the continuation of these deposits south of the railroad
he says:

“The older sedimentary rocks (of the Aquismon region)
are heavy beds of a grayish colored limestone, fossiliferous in
some portions, especially in the neighborhood of Choy grotto

“These limestones constitute the Meso-Cretaceous of the
region, and only the limestones in the vicinity of Xilitla prob-
ably belong to the Eo-Cretaceous.

“The Meso-Cretaceous outcrops at the following places,
from the northwest of Xilitla through Tampachal and Pubuche
in the Temapache Mountains, to the west of Tocomon, Aquis-

Vor. VIII] DUMBLE—GEOLOGY TAMPICO EMBAYMENT AREA 123

mon, and Micos and in the Colmena or Abra de Cabelleros
mountains. To the east of these outcroppings and to the east
of Valles the Meso-Cretaceous outcrops from the Rancho
Nuevo and fraction of the Pujal on the Tampaon River to Abra
and Las Palmas stations on the Mexican Central Railroad and
from there extends to Tanchipa Mountains. In this range the
Meso-Cretaceous limestones are covered in various places by
shales and marls of Neo-Cretaceous age which come in between
Valles and Abra.....

“The Meso-Cretaceous ..... is highly folded forming anti-
clines and synclines sometimes very close and in general un-
symmetrical.”

Jeffreys describes a section in the San Dieguito Range in this
region as showing at the base four feet of a dolomitized lime-
stone with minute particles of petroleum, overlain by three feet
of gray crystalline limestone which had a distinct petroliferous
odor, while the overlying bed of about one foot thickness is a
dark gray to almost black limestone well saturated with oil.
The limestone is more or less fossiliferous throughout, hippu-
rites and various lamellibranchs seeming to predominate.

Similar impregnations are found in heavily bedded and
folded Tamasopa limestone on the eastern slopes of the Tema-
pache mountains.

The Tamasopa limestone has been subjected to heavy fold-
ing which has formed anticlines and synclines sometimes very
close and, in general, unsymmetrical, and strikes vary from 30
to 60 deg. N. of E. in the region along the railway.

Except the statement that the Meso-Cretaceous limestone
forms the main body of the Sierra Madre toward the south,
there is almost nothing said about it in the region between
Aquismon and Orizaba.

Cummins, in his work between the Panuco and Tuxpam
rivers, did not get far enough west to reach the Tamasopa lime-
stone and saw no exposures of limestones similar to the San
Juan. The most westerly exposures he observed were of ma-
terials which he believed to be Tertiary.

De Golyer, in writing of the Tamasopa south of Tuxpam,
says that the main mass of the outcrop is in the Sierra Madres,
the front range of which passes 28 miles west and 16 miles
south of the Furbero field. The Tamasopa limestone has not
been reached in any well yet drilled in this field.

124 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

He says that it “consists of hard gray, pure, compact porce-
lain-like limestone bedded in layers less than a foot thick and
is characterized in its upper part by the occurrence of an abun-
dance of black to dark gray and green chert nodules interbedded
with the limestone..... The uppermost member of the lime-
stones which are massively bedded in the northern Veracruz
and Valles region are somewhat porous and contain great solu-
tion caverns.”

From this I understand that he considers the uppermost
member, or Rudistes limestone of the Tamasopa, missing in
this region, in which case these beds may be related to the
Maltrata limestone of Bése’s Orizaba section.

The Orizaba limestone (Meso-Cretaceous) of Bose consists
of two divisions: The Maltrata or lower member and Es-
camela or upper. He describes them as follows:

“The Maltrata limestones constitute an important division,
which is often of great thickness. The greater part is com-
posed of limestones in thin beds, is without fossils, and of a
clear dark gray or black color. The limestones contain numer-
ous segregations of flint in the form of lenses. In the upper
portion the flint occurs in the form of nodules and irregular
bodies. In the lower part of the limestones there occur in
many places intercalated argillaceous slates which are yellowish
and lustrous like silk, but these never form heavy beds. In the
upper part toward the boundary with the Escamela limestones,
there occur gray limestones and dolomites in heavy beds in
which the stratification is scarcely recognizable: Above these
follow dark compact limestones which represent the passage
to the Escamela limestones and which may better be considered
a part of the latter. In some places there occur above the
dolomites flinty limestones, and in that case the line between
them and the Escamela limestone is sufficiently well marked.

“The Escamela limestones are composed of a clear gray to
a dark gray limestone, in some places but slightly stratified
and elsewhere in clearly distinct beds. Cherts occur only in the
lower portion. There are no intercalations of slates or marls.
The limestones resemble in their characters very often the
Cretaceous limestones of southern Italy. They are petrograph-
ically very uniform and may be recognized with ease.”

Still farther south in Chiapas he describes the Meso-Cre-
taceous beds thus:

Vor. VIII] DUMBLE—GEOLOGY TAMPICO EMBAYMENT AREA 125

“This division is much the most important in Chiapas... . .
It consists of limestones and dolomites which generally occur in
. quite thick beds and only occasionally as intercalated lenses.
Occasionally beds of limestone of brecciated structure are
found. In the lower part there sometimes occur beds of lime-
stone with chert concretions, but the upper part consists gen-
erally only of gray limestone with interbedded dolomite. It
may be said that these strata everywhere contain rudistes,
especially radiolites.”’

He adds that he himself has never observed beds in this
vicinity which might with certainty be assigned to the Neo-
Cretaceous.

NEO-CRETACEOUS

The upper members of the Cretaceous section (Neo-Cre-
taceous series of Mexican authors) as determined by Cum-
mins from their occurrence in Northeastern Mexico’® com-
prise a series of thin to medium-bedded limestones, with ino-
cerami and ammonites, called by him the San Juan lime-
stones, overlain conformably by a great thickness of dark
shales, without fossils, called the Papagallos.

The San Juan Hills are made up of a series of thin to
heavy-bedded limestones interstratified with thin beds of yel-
lowish clay. Toward the base the limestones are shaly, dark
gray in color and weather gray to whitish. Toward the sum-
mit the limestones are of bluish shade, weathering white. The
uppermost beds are sandy and weather to a reddish or rusty
brown color. They carry numerous impressions of ammon-
ites, oysters and inocerami which are of forms referable to the
Taylor or Austin Chalk.

The Papagallos cousists of a series of very fine-grained
blue or black limy clay shales, leaching brown, yellow or
white. At their northern end, the type locality, and for some
distance south, they carry both selenite and barite and break
up into slaty particles. When broken down and fully weath-
ered, they form a black clay which when wet makes a very
stiff mud like the black waxy soils of central Texas.

The Cretaceous age of the San Juan was fully proved by
its fossils and that the Papagallos shales, at the type locality,
were also of Cretaceous age was evidenced by the fact that

12 Tertiary Deposits of Northeastern Mexico, pp. 170 to 174.

126 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES _ [Proc. 4tu Ser.

while they were conformable with the San Juan they had
been folded and eroded prior to the deposition of the suc-
ceeding sands and limestones of the basal Eocene. This is
shown on the Salinas River at Ramones where there is a bed
of sandstone lying in discordant stratification directly upon
the crumpled and folded Papagallos shales. In this sand-
stone were found:

Venericardia alticostata
V. planicosta

Ostrea pulaskensis
Cucullza macrodonta

These fossils are characteristic of the Midway, the lowest
stage of the Gulf Tertiaries. There can, therefore, be no
question as to the Cretaceous age of the Papagallos shales at
the type locality.

Similar limestones and shales were found at San Felipe and
Valles, west of Tampico, but here they were without fossils.
Jeffreys called the former the San Felipe beds and applied
the term Mendez to the overlying shale and its upward con-
tinuation east of the Sierra del Abra. With the idea that
these were the continuations of the San Juan and Papagal-
los, Cummins traced the beds from the Papagallos Hills to
Mendez and Valles.

It is about 10 miles from the Papagallos Hills where both
San Juan and Papagallos formations occur, to San Juan on
the railroad between Tampico and Monterey. Over that dis-
tance the shales are exposed in all the ravines and are the
surface rocks except where covered by superficial drift. On
the south side of the San Juan River, south of the town of San
Juan, there is a fine exposure of the beds in a railroad cut.
From San Juan to Montemorelos is 26 miles. The shales
are seen at numerous places between these points, and only
at such places as are drift-covered was the shale not seen.
East of Montemorelos there are hills that are composed en-
tirely of the shales. <A trip of 9 miles was made west of the
town toward the Sierra Madres, and after getting out of the
river valley the road was continuously on the shales. Be-
tween Montemorelos and Linares, a distance of 32 miles, out-
crops of the shales are numerous and they are also shown in

Vor. VIII] DUMBLE—GEOLOGY TAMPICO EMBAYMENT AREA 127

the floor of the valley for 25 miles southeast of Linares to
the foothills of the San Carlos Mountains, in the elevation
of which the San Juan is again brought up.

The San Carlos and Cruillas mountains, lying between the
Conchos and Sota la Marina rivers, are composed of heavy-
bedded, compact limestones (Tamasopa ?) overlain by thin-
ner bedded fossiliferous limestones of the San Juan series
followed by the Papagallos shale. On the northern or Con-
chos River face of the mountains the Cretaceous is overlain
by the sandstones and clays of the Fayette substage of the
Eocene which are last seen on the Choreras arroyo east of
Cruillas; the Fayette is overlain in places by the San Rafael.
On the southern face of the mountains the Sota la Marina
drainage, on the contrary, shows the yellow sandy clays of
the San Rafael directly overlying the Papagallos or earlier
members of the Cretaceous.

Between Linares and Cruz the Papagallos shales were found
exposed at Summit, Carrizo, and other points, and simillar ex-
posures are found in the valley for 25 miles eastward. At
Cruz they are exposed in the bed of Purificacion River and in
the same river northwestward to Hidalgo, just west of which
are hills composed of the San Juan limestone. The valley
between these hills and the Sierra Madres shows the upturned
edges of the shales which are finally cut out by the scarp
of Tamasopa limestone. Between Cruz and Victoria the sur-
face is largely covered with drift or Reynosa, but these sur-
face deposits are cut through in many places and the under-
lying hardened blue shales can be seen dipping at a strong angle
to the west. These shales were also seen just south of Victoria
and in numerous gulches between Victoria and San Francisco.
At San Francisco there is a well 90 feet deep in these shales
and they are exposed at many different places between San
Francisco and Gonzales where a well 1,500 feet deep was
in the shale its entire depth. To the east of the railroad
similar shales were found at Los Esteros and Mendez.

From this it will be seen that the valley between the Sierra
Madre on the west and the Tamaulipas Mountains on the
east from San Juan to Gonzales and Los Esteros is under-
lain throughout by a body of blue shales.

At Mendez a well was drilled which passed through a
thousand feet of shale before entering the platy limestone of

128 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

the San Juan. From Mendez the shales were traced west-
ward around the south end of El Abra Hills to Micos and
San Dieguito, where they hold the same relation to the Tam-
asopa limestone that they do west of Cruz. They lie against
the upturned edges of the limestone and extend to consider-
able heights above the valley.

The section along the railroad between Micos and Las Pal-
mas is typical, showing the Tamasopa, San Juan, and Papa-
gallos in their usual relations but disturbed and faulted, and
a kilometre west of Las Palmas the Papagallos shales come
in sight resting against the massive Tamasopa limestone with
its rudistes fossils.

There can, therefore, be little doubt that the beds be-
tween the scarp of Tamasopa limestone at Micos and the
El Abra Hills are the direct continuation of the San Juan
and Papagallos of the north. East of El Abra Hills, how-
ever, later beds may also be present.

Bose says of this locality:

“On leaving San Mateo the road turns again to the east
to descend to the large plateau of Valles. This plateau, cov-
ered by small hills, represents a broken up scale of Neo-Cre-
taceous shales. . . . . . Above Valles the structure be-
comes very simple. The Neo-Cretaceous beds are slightly in-
clined toward the east and between Valles and El Abra the
shales rest almost horizontally upon the Rudistes limestone.”

From the San Juan Mountains in Coahuila to the railroad
line at Valles is nearly 400 miles, and throughout this entire
distance, along the face of the Sierra Madres the San Juan
and Papagallos formations preserve their lithological charac-
teristics and their general relations to the Tamasopa lime-
stone. Numerous exposures in the valley between the Sierra
Madres and the Tamaulipas range show materials apparently
identical with the Papagallos, and both San Juan and Papa-
gallos (and probably Tamasopa) occur east of the valley in
the San Carlos Mountains. Wells drilled at Ebano, Topila,
and Panuco also prove that the same relations continue along
the floor of the valley in that vicinity, as platy limestones en-
tirely similar to the San Juan are found overlying the Tam-
asopa and underlying the blue shale.

Vor. VIII] DUMBLE—GEOLOGY TAMPICO EMBAYMENT AREA 129

At the greater number of places where shales were ob-
served north of the railroad they have a considerable dip to
the north or west. The principal exceptions to this are cer-
tain hills lying around Victoria and Cruz, which, while com-
posed of similar materials, are horizontally bedded. This
apparent discordance of stratification may indicate that these
hills are not Papagallos but outliers of the Eocene sedimen-
tation occurring south of the Panuco River.

No fossils have been reported from the Papagallos shales
but they are thought to contain foraminiferal remains and
should have microscopic study.

In the Aquismon region south of the railroad line Villa-
rello classes all of the materials lying between the Tamasopa
and Quaternary as Neo-Cretaceous, which classification
would include both San Juan and Papagallos, and says of
them:

“Unconformably upon the Meso-Cretaceous lie shales and
marls and sometimes slates between which are interpolated
limestones and sandstones cemented with calcareous material.
All these beds belong to the Neo-Cretaceous and .....
outcrop over a great extent of country.

“The Neo-Cretaceous outcrops on the north of Xilitla from
the Huichihuayan Hacienda through the Tierras Coloradas,
Tocamon, Huihuitlan, Tampamolon, Tancanhuitz, Aquismon
and Tanquin to Valles. It extends on the west as far as the
base of the Temapache and Colmena mountains and east-
ward as far as the Tanchipa or Boca del Abra mountains.

“The Neo-Cretaceous shales have a strike varying from
North 25° E. to N.E. with dips of 10 to 20° to the west of
northwest. These shales are slightly folded and sometimes
form cross folds, the arches of which are little raised and of
very gentle slope.

“At Huihuitlan and Tierras Coloradas sheets of coal 5 cm.
thick are found interpolated with the beds of sands and
shales.”

While some of the deposits of the Aquismon district are
Neo-Cretaceous, they cannot all be so referred. Jeffreys re-
fers the beds east of Aquismon, which he described as his
Tanalajas formation, to the upper Tertiary on the evidence

130 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

of the fossils, and states that they le in front of the Tam-
asopa limestone outcrop here and to the south. He makes
no mention either of Valles or Mendez in this area.

Huntley’s map shows the Tanlajas beds as upper Tertiary
and separated from the Tamasopa limestones lying west of
them by belts of Mendez and San Felipe deposits as far
southward as the map extends.

Jeffreys says his San Felipe beds are transition beds be-
tween the underlying Tamasopa limestone and the overlying
Mendez shales. Limestones predominate toward the base
giving place to blue shales toward the top. He estimates
their thickness at not more than 500 feet. It is the equiva-
lent of our San Juan.

Huntley describes his San Felipe formation as follows:

“This may be described as a transition series between the
upper Mendez marls and shales and the underlying massive
Tamasopa limestone. It begins with an occasional thin lime-
stone shell. These increase with depth in number and thick-
ness, being interbedded with blue shales which conversely de-
crease in thickness downward until the series gives place to
massive limestone. These beds apparently vary in thickness
from about 300 to as much as 800 feet.”

It corresponds approximately to our San Juan, and on his
map is confined to the eastern face of the Boca del Abra
Mountains, the valley west of them, and a belt along the face
of the main range.

The Mendez of Jeffreys, named from the Mendez east of
Ebano, and which includes the Papagallos and probably some
part of the Tertiary, is thus described:

“This formation consists of a very uniform deposit of gray
to blue shales, which, in the higher levels, verge into an in-
durated clay or semi-marl, with a bolder fracture instead
of the fine shaly appearance ..... From top to bottom
of this Mendez marl there is practically no change in the
lithological character, save some irregular beds, varying from
two inches to two feet thick, of a sandy limestone.”’

The Mendez of Huntley is the same as that of Jeffreys,
but he refers it as a whole to the Eocene. He says of it:

Vor. VIII] DUMBLE—GEOLOGY TAMPICO EMBAYMENT AREA 131

“The Mendez marls consist of a very uniform deposit of
gray to blue shales and marls. In regions of steep folding
these often show bold jointing near the surface. There is
practically no change in their lithological character from top
tobottom ess. = They average from 2,000 and 3,500 feet
in thickness. A few irregular beds of sandy limestone are
reported in this formation, but they are not persistent.”

So far as can be judged from the reports now available,
south of these exposures between Micos and Valles, beds hav-
ing the characteristics of the San Juan formation have only
been observed as narrow detached bodies lying along the
border of the Sierra Madres.

In a great many places through the region south of the
railroad blue shales are found underlying the yellow clays,
sands, and limestones of the Oligocene, and prior to the dis-
covery of Tertiary fossils in such a shale at Alazan, this en-
tire series of blue shales was supposed by us to be a continu-
ation of those of the valley to the north and to be of similar
age to the Papagallos.

The only blue shales which were originally thought to be
later were found by Cummins in the region about Chiconte-
pec and while no fossils were found, on account of the litho-
logic similarity of the interbedded limestones and sandstones
to those on the Salinas River, these beds were tentatively re-
ferred to the Eocene.

While there is a similarity of color existing between the
Alazan and Chicontepec beds on the one side and the Papagallos
on the other, they differ both in composition and in weath-
ering.

The Papagallos is prevailingly clayey, weathering first into
slaty particles and finally to very black sticky soil, while the
others are usually more sandy, are frequently micaceous, and
often weather to grayish or yellow sandy soils or loams. The
prevailing dips of the Papagallos are northward and west-
ward and in places at rather steep angles, while the Tertiary
usually dips eastward at lower angles.

South of Aquismon the scarp of Tamasopa limestone bends
sharply eastward nearly to the Tempoal River, a distance of
over 40 miles. It there bends southeastward again. The

132 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4tH# Ser.

continuous body of Neo-Cretaceous deposits have certainly
been traced into this Aquismon Bay, and, so far as our pres-
ent information goes, have not been certainly recognized in
the valley south of the scarp which forms its southern boundary,
except in remnantal areas.

They have been observed in a narrow outcrop stretching
southeastward from Tamazunchale and in scattered areas as
far south as Tecualontepec on the upper part of the Rio Espi-
nal-Tecolutla. To the south of this they seem to have been
entirely eroded.

Since the Papagallos of Aquismon Bay is identical with
that farther north and shows no indication of approach to
shore conditions, nor any reason to look for its immediate
discontinuance, the sudden change in character of the mate-
rials southward, the Tertiary fossils of the Tanlajas beds and
the finding of Eocene fossils at Alazan and of fossils of sup-
posedly Eocene age in the underlying beds at Sabanita, gives
support to the idea that a large portion, if not all, of the
shales south of Aquismon belong to the Eocene, and are,
therefore, of later age than the Papagallos and that the
Papagallos, if it formerly extended over this area, as it most
probably did, was eroded or is now covered by the beds we
have called Chicontepec.

The Alazan shales are definitely proved by their fossils to
be of Eocene age and are also known from similar fossils
found in a well at Topila on the Panuco River. They are
apparently unconformable on the underlying blue shales.
Just how far these Alazan shales extend northward and what
portion of the beds on the Panuco River belongs to the Papa-
gallos and what to the Alazan or other Tertiary horizon, is
unknown.

Prof. Cummins found what seemed to be the Papagallos
type of shales exposed at a few localities north of the Tux-
pam River, but, until better information and criteria for iden-
tification are at hand, it will be safer to treat the unfossilifer-
ous beds of shales, clays, and sandstones, with occasional
beds of limestone, which, in the region south of Panuco
River, occur between the Tamasopa or San Juan and the
Oligocene, as undifferentiated Chicontepec, which is referred
to the Eocene.

Vor. VIII] DUMBLE—GEOLOGY TAMPICO EMBAYMENT AREA 133

AGE OF THE CRETACEOUS

The Tamasopa, San Juan, and Papagallos seemingly rep-
resent a long period of practically continuous sedimentation
as the Tamasopa grades upward into the San Juan and the
San Juan into the Papagallos, with no evidence whatever of
unconformability.

While the exact contact between the Papagallos shales and
the Escondido beds was not seen, the relations of the two
formations in the valley of the Salado River east of the San
Juan Mountains warrant the statement that the Papagallos
underlies the Escondido, which is the uppermost stage of the
Cretaceous of Texas.

According to Bése™ the upper portion of the Meso-Creta-
ceous, here represented by the Tamasopa is of Cenomanian
age and he correlates it on the basis of its paleontology with
the Lower Cross Timber or Woodbine sands of the Texas
region. The few fossils found in the San Juan prove it to
be the equivalent of the Austin or Taylor and the Papagallos
underlies the Escondido. It would, therefore, seem fairly
well determined that the Tamasopa, San Juan, and Papa-
gallos are the time equivalents of the Upper Cretaceous of
the Texas section from the Woodbine to the Taylor, inclu-
sive, and that so far no uppermost Cretaceous corresponding
to the Escondido or Webberville has been observed south of
the Tamaulipas barrier.

TERTIARY

EOCENE

The Eocene deposits of the Tampico Embayment area are
quite different from those of the region north of the Tamauli-
pas range. In the latter the beds are very fossiliferous and
both lithologically and faunally are identical with the various
subdivisions of the Lower and Middle Eocene which have
been recognized in Texas.

While the Chicontepec beds somewhat resemble the beds
of the Lower Eocene of Texas lithologically, no fossils have
yet been found corresponding to those of the Midway, Wilcox,
or Lower Claiborne. The principal forms occurring in them

38 Neue Beitrage zur Kentniss der Mex. Kreide.

134 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

are nummulites and orbitoides, with a few undetermined mol-
lusks.

In the northern portion of the area, west of the Tamaulipas
Range, no beds were found which, because of their fossils, could
be positively referred to the Tertiary. However, certain sandy
shales were seen along the railroad north of the Panuco River,
and on the San Antonio River west of Cruz there are hills com-
posed of shales which lie nearly horizontally, while the under-
lying shales have a strong dip northwest. These shales closely
resemble the Chicontepec in composition, and Cummins con-
siders them of that age.

Near Padillo, which is at the junction of the Purificacion
and Pilon rivers, east of Victoria, similar sandy shales were
observed, and these may possibly be Chicontepec also. It is not
thought probable that any of the shales west of El Abra Moun-
tains are later than Papagallos, but, from Las Palmas eastward
to Mendez, part or all of the shales are probably Chicontepec,
and this condition continues southward.

Chicontepec

The Chicontepec beds are best seen in the extreme western
portion of the Embayment area south of Aquismon, and
especially in the hills lying just east of the great Cretaceous
escarpment.

In places they are strongly folded as in the Chicontepec
Mountain and almost everywhere show much stronger dips
than the overlying Oligocene.

The Chicontepec beds proper seem to have been folded and
eroded prior to the deposition of the Alazan shales.

From a locality in the Aquismon district, some 25 miles south
of Valles, Jeffreys describes the following deposits, which he
names the Tanlajas formation.

The Tanlajas series, as a whole, averages probably about
1100 feet in thickness. It consists, in the main, of marine de-
posits of rapidly alternating sandy limestones and shales. The
base is composed of 250 feet of alternating beds of thin, sandy
limestones, calcareous sandstones, and gray shales. The upper
portion of these beds has one or two beds of calcareous blue
sandstone, weathering to dark brown, which average, in places,

Vor. VIII] DUMBLE—GEOLOGY TAMPICO EMBAYMENT AREA 135

three feet thick. Some of the sandy beds have a strong petro-
leum odor while tarry black residues are frequent along frac-
tures and fault planes. This residuum is of a brittle texture and
disintegrates on burning. In other places it will take the
slickenside markings of the surrounding walls, thus assuming
an extreme similarity to lignite.

Overlying this there is a long stretch of coarse limestones
about 450 feet thick. This limestone is brown in color, is fos-
siliferous in places, showing Nummuulites, sp. Turritella, sp.
and Cardium, sp. It also contains some sandy beds and carries
small pebbles of rounded black chert and sandstone.

Overlying this we have another series of alternating cal-
careous sandstones and shales which carries some conglomer-
ates locally. The harder beds in this series seem to have a
predominance of ripple marks.

Jeffreys states that the Tanlajas formation follows south-
ward from this point, along the front of the Tamasopa lime-
stone outcrop, through the State of San Luis Potosi into Vera-
cruz and Hidalgo.- He says nothing whatever of its relation
to the San Juan (San Felipe) or Papagallos (Mendez) and, as
he was fully familiar with those formations a few miles to the
north, it can be taken for granted that he considered this en-
tirely different and later. While Jeffreys refers this to the
Oligocene, it is probably the northward extension of the Eocene
beds existing in like relation to the Tamasopa farther south-
ward. Cummins considers it of similar age to the Chicontepec
beds west of El Xuchil.

Apparently, these beds become more arenaceous as we go
south from Tanlajas and San Pedro, and the limestones dis-
appear. The most of the beds reported are marls overlain by
flaggy sandstones and bluish shales with few fossils except
nummulites.

Sixty-five miles southeast of Aquismon, and some fifty miles
west of Tuxpam, Cummins and Sands found a series of beds,
the lowest members of which were seen at the crest of an anti-
clinal ridge on Chicontepec Mountain, a mile and a half east of
the town of Chicontepec, at an elevation of about 3,200 feet.
The beds are composed of yellowish brown sandstones, some
being two feet in thickness and containing weather-worn boul-
ders, inclusions, or segregations of a very hard steel gray sand-
stone. The boulders seemed to carry some carbonaceous mat-

136 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

ter and lignitic matter was found in the cleavage planes of the
sandstones. No leaves or fossils of any kind were found.
While the sandstones greatly predominate at the base they
are interbedded with yellow clays and the sands become thinner
and the clay bands become thicker higher in the section. Half-
way down the mountain the sandstones carry boulders of con-
cretionary clay ironstone, some of which are as much as two
feet in diameter. Succeeding these beds the clays gradually
give way to shales and the lower portion of the mountain was
composed of bluish gray shale interstratified with fine-grained
yellowish brown sandstone in layers three to six inches in
thickness, while the shale beds are as much as a foot thick.

As there was no Tamasopa limestone observed in the area
where we found the Chicontepec beds the relation of the two
was undetermined.

From the strong resemblance of the Chicontepec beds to
those of the Eocene at Ramones, Professor Cummins was in-
clined to refer them to that horizon.

It will be noted that while the upper beds are very largely
made up of blue shales the basal beds, instead of being lime-
stone like the San Juan, are sandstones.

The same shales and sandstones are well exposed in the hills
south of El Xuchil, and numerous seepages of chapapote occur
in these blue shales in the vicinity of the basaltic dikes which cut
them at many places. Carmelita Ranch lies five miles north of
El Xuchil, and a mile to the eastward the bed of an arroyo
shows a dike of basaltic material coming up through blue shales
which have been hardened on both sides of the basalt. The
shale has been impregnated by asphalt, and, away from the
dike, carries masses of clay ironstone in banded nodules. At
Pedernalis Ranch, which is northwest of Carmelita, a similar
bed of asphaltic shale was found, and the surrounding hills
were made up of gray and blue shales. At one place the shales
showed several thin bands of hard sandstones with fucoid-
like impressions.

The beds, described by De Golyer as succeeding the Tama-
sopa southwest of Tuxpam and to which he applies the name of
San Felipe Beds, apparently differ considerably from the San
Juan (San Felipe of Jeffreys and Huntley) of the Valles-
region. He says of them:

Vor. VIII] DUMBLE—GEOLOGY TAMPICO EMBAYMENT AREA 137

“Overlying the Tamasopa limestone and resting uncon-
formably (?) upon it is a series of alternating impure thin-
bedded limestones and gray, red, and green shales and marls
Seta The entire formation is somewhat sandy and contains
locally beds of tuff of variegated colors which contain decom-
posed mica and are finely porous..... With the exception of
one or two doubtful inliers the outcrop of the formation is
confined to a narrow strip adjoining the outcrop of the Tama-
sopa limestone in the mountain front. The thickness of the
formation varies from 600 to 1000 feet..... The formation
bra Src is apparently Tertiary if one may judge from the few
fossils which have been secured from drill cuttings. If such is
true it is of lower Eocene age. The formation grades imper-
ceptibly into the overlying shales series, the limestones becom-
ing gradually more argillaceous and impure and grading finally
into hard shale and in turn into soft shale.”

His description of his Mendez follows :**

“Grading from the underlying San Felipe beds is a thick
series of gray to green shales, marls and clays containing rarely
thin shaly sandstones and limestones and red shales..... 7

“This formation outcrops, for the most part, over the entire
floor of the Sabanita basin. It is the surface rock of the Fur-
bero field proper, extending from the Oligocene hills on the east
to the lava flows at the foot of the hills of the Sierra Madre on
the west. The thickness of this formation at Furbero is ap-
proximately 4000 feet. No fossils have been found in this
region.”

“Both the altered and unaltered shales of the Mendez forma-
tion, a series of blue and gray, medium soft, fine-grained shales,
more or less calcareous in places, and (when not metamor-
phosed) a fairly constant lithological character throughout.”

The Sabanita Valley, from which De Golyer describes his
Mendez and San Felipe, is 60 miles southeast of Chicontepec.
Aquismon is 65 miles northwest of Chicontepec.

At Aquismon the blue shales and clays, with “practically no
change in their lithological character from top to bottom”,
gradually pass downward into limestone interbedded with simi-
lar blue shale.

4 Trans. A. I. M. E. LII, p. 275.

138 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4tH Ser.

At El Xuchil the blue and brown clays and shales are inter-
bedded with brown sandstones, carry clay ironstone nodules in
places, and gradually pass downward into sandstone.

At Sabanita the upper beds are gray to green shales, marls
and clays with shaly sandstones and limestones grading down-
ward into impure thin-bedded limestones interbedded with
similar shales and with beds of tuff of variegated colors.

The materials of De Golyer’s San Felipe, however, are ap-
parently unconformable on the Tamasopa, and are very differ-
ent from those found in the San Juan farther north, and if, as
he suggests, such fossils as it contains are of Eocene age, his
San Felipe can not possibly be correlated with the San Juan,
which is undoubtedly Cretaceous. Furthermore, his overlying
Mendez differs materially from that north of the Panuco River,
and agrees more nearly with the upper portion of the Chicon-
tepec beds of which we believe it to be the southern extension.

Similar shales appear in many of the exposures examined
between the Panuco and Tuxpam rivers.

On the Tlacalula Ranch, northeast of El Xuchil, there are
many exposures of beds similar to those between Chicontepec
and El Xuchil. In many places the shales are standing at high
angles and are cut by basalt dikes and frequently are impreg-
nated with asphalt. They are blue to gray in color, interbedded
with brown sandstones, and occasionally have bands of clay
ironstone.

These are found in the beds of such creeks as Puente, Palma,
and Coyote, and near the river Tamozus.

They are also found in the base of Mount Santo Domingo
and between it and Cerro Tultepec. To the eastward they are
found around Horcones and on the Buena Vista River at Ala-
zan. Jeffreys reports them as underlying his Oligocene section
at Temapache, six miles southeast of Alazan.

Southeast of Tamiahua, on the San Marcos River, Sands
found good exposures of them and furnishes the following de-
scription:

“The beds are composed of bands of very hard light blue-
gray, fine-grained calcareous shale which in places becomes
almost a shaly limestone and varying in thickness from two
inches to a foot, interbedded with softer bands of thicknesses
varying from a few inches to fifteen feet. Some of these softer

Vor. VIII] DUMBLE—GEOLOGY TAMPICO EMBAYMENT AREA 139

bands are fine-grained clay shale, dark blue gray to red in color,
and seeming to carry little or no sand in its composition.
Others, on the contrary, are very sandy, and in some places,
grade into a shaly sandstone with calcareous cement. No fos-
sils were found here.”

These shales occur here in gently undulating beds with pre-
vailing dips of one to four degrees a little west of south.

These are apparently very similar to the shales called Mendez
by De Golyer.

Blue shales were also observed on the Tuxpam River, west of
Tumbadero, and near the coast as far south as the Arroyo
Hondo, between Tecolutla and Nautla, and at many other
localities in this region.

Just how far south these Chicontepec beds extend cannot be
told at present, but they probably skirt the foot of the Cordil-
leras as far south as Nautla.

Bose does not appear to have recognized any beds referable
to them in his Orizaba section.

In Chiapas, however, he finds similar beds, and states that
the fossiliferous Eocene there consists of sandy shales, sand-
stones, clay shales, calcareous shales and limestones. The pre-
vailing colors are red and yellow, although sandstones, shales,
and limestones are occasionally gray or blue.

The Eocene fauna of this region, like that of the Chicontepec
beds, appears to be almost altogether foraminifera—nummul-
ites and orbitoides. The nummulites are found scattered over
a considerable area, but the orbitoides were only found in a few
localities. Dr. Paul Oppenheim, of Berlin, identified them as
Orbitoides orthofragmina, a typical Eocene form.

Therefore, so far as our present observations go, Lower and
Middle Eocene deposits such as occur in the Texas Gulf Coast
region are not found on the Mexican coastal region south of the
old barrier now represented by the Tamaulipas Range. Such
deposits as do occur in the Mexican region, and which may
represent the time equivalents of these Texas beds, are charac-
terized by an entirely different fauna.

The succeeding Eocene beds as seen at Alazan are, appar-
ently, unconformable on the Chicontepec. The fauna is a
commingling of species occurring in the Tejon formation of the
Pacific Coast with those of the Upper Claiborne and Jackson,
or Upper Eocene, of the Gulf region. It has only been recog-

140 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tH Ser.

nized at a few localities so far, but even these remnantal de-
posits are of great value as proof of the direct connection of the
waters of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans during the final
stages of the Middle Eocene and in the Upper Eocene.

A large number of wells have been drilled in the area between
the Panuco and Tuxpam rivers and from such logs as are avail-
able, it appears that all the wells which have proved good pro-
ducers are drilled into the Tamasopa limestone which is encoun-
tered at depths from 1700 to 2400 feet.

The identity of the Tamasopa is fully proved by fragments
of the limestone which have been blown out of the wells, in
some of which fragments the rudistes are clearly present.

The drilling also shows that the Tamasopa, throughout most
of this area, is overlain by the San Juan beds, but the irregular
thickness of the beds so referable, showing, in place of the 800
feet usually attributed to this formation in this area when un-
disturbed, only 70 to 150 feet in places and occasionally seem-
ing to be missing entirely, indicates that the San Juan was
subjected to strong erosion prior to the deposition of the over-
lying shales. Since there is no such unconformity between the
Papagallos and San Juan anywhere as is found between the
limestones and shales in this area, it is evident that these shales
are not Papagallos and therefore whatever thickness of Papa-
gallos may have originally overlain the San Juan in this region
was entirely removed together with a large portion of the San
Juan prior to the deposition of the shales now covering them.

It is probable that a part of this shale belongs to the Chicon-
tepec, especially in the western portion of the area, but it is also
certain that a large part of it belongs to the Alazan, since
samples of the drillings are identical in physical character with
the typical shales and at times carry fragments of lamelli-
branchs like those of the Alazan. It is also possible that some
part of it may belong to the San Rafael.

Just what part belongs to the Chicontepec and what to the
San Rafael is as yet undetermined.

It is probable that a careful microscopic study of the drillings
of the materials overlying the San Juan in connection with
similar study of Chicontepec, Alazan and San Rafael sediments
would enable us to draw the line between the two formations as
found in the wells with some exactness.

Vor. VIII] DUMBLE—GEOLOGY TAMPICO EMBAYMENT AREA 141

The thickness of the Chicontepec probably exceeds 2,000
feet. De Golyer® cites fossils from the Tamijuin well from
depth of 3150 feet which are said by Hopkins and Belt to have
a decided Tertiary aspect and fossils from 2900 feet in Ganahl
Well No. 1 at junction of Moctezuma and Tamuin rivers which
were pronounced Tertiary by Dr. Hart. While the fossils are
not named it is known that nummulites occur in the blue gray
marls on the Tempoal River, as in other places in the Chiconte-
pec, and it is, therefore, probable that the shales penetrated in
these two wells are Tertiary, as stated,—but they are not
Papagallos.

It has been suggested that in this region these Tertiary beds
occupy a deep synclinal, none of the wells having reached the
Cretaceous beds which are found so much nearer the surface to
the east and west.

Alazan

Whether the fossiliferous shales at Alazan are an integral
part of the lower hard blue shales or are unconformable upon
them, has not yet been fully determined, but they are probably
later and are certainly Upper Eocene.

The type locality of the Alazan shales is on the Buena Vista
River at the crossing of the road between Alazan and Moyutlan.

At this place the stream has cut down to the blue shales and
exposed that formation along its western bank and in the bed
of the river for a distance of more than half a mile. Overlying
the shales to the west is a hill of yellowish clay, probably Oligo-
cene. On the east side of the river there is a broad valley
covered to a depth of 20 feet or more with recent deposits.

The general body of blue shale seems to have been but little
disturbed ; for the most part it is smooth and evenly bedded and
has a low dip to the southeast. Three hundred yards below the
crossing there is a limited area which shows the surface of the
shale more or less disturbed and broken, and it is here that the
fossils occur. In places it appears as if small basins or potholes
8 to 10 feet in diameter had been eroded in the underlying shale
and the fossil-bearing blue clays laid down in them. At other
places the fossiliferous beds seem broken and piled together in
every direction. The entire fossil-bearing area is not more than
200 feet in length and a few hundred yards below this the main

15 Trans, A. I. M. E. LII, p. 266.

142 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tH Ser.

body of shales ends abruptly as though faulted and the water
plunges into a deep pool.

The material in which the fossils occurs is very similar to
that of the main body of the shales, but the fossils here are
entirely confined to the disturbed and eroded area and not a
single fossil was found elsewhere in this exposure and none
at all was found in the main body of shale.

The fossils are fragile and while abundant in this limited
locality are hard to separate from the shale.

A mile west of this locality on the Horcones road a small
stream with high banks affords another exposure of the fos-
siliferous Alazan shales. These shales are evenly bedded and
have not been folded or broken as at the first locality. They are
immediately overlain by recent material so that relations were
not seen. The material here is a bluish shale which weathers
white, differing in appearance from the great body of shale to
the north which belongs to the Cretaceous and resembling very
closely beds found at Tlacolula Ranch, 18 to 20 miles west of
this locality on the Arroyo Puente.

The fossils from the Alazan shales were submitted to Dr. R.
FE. Dickerson, who reports that they are of Upper Eocene age,
containing some forms characteristic of the Tejon of California
and others of the Upper Eocene of the Gulf Coast.

The following forms have been identified from these beds :

Orbitoides, sp.
Cristellaria, sp.
Corbula, sp.
Nucula (Acila), sp.
Nucula monreensis Aldrich
Chione, sp.
Pecten promens De Gregorio
“ (Pseudamusium) calvatus Morton
sp.
Tellina cf. subtriangularis Aldrich
Glycimeris, sp.
Mactra ?, sp.
Spisula, sp.
Dentalium, sp.
ie stramineum Gabb
Cadulus subcoartatus Gabb

“

Vor. VIII] DUMBLE—GEOLOGY TAMPICO EMBAYMENT AREA 143

Conus remondii Gabb

“* sauridens Conrad
alveatus Conrad
sp.
Cylichna, sp.
Epitonium, sp.
Drillia, sp.

= Sp:
Eulima lugubris Lea

=) USP
Haminea, sp.
Galeodea, sp.
Lunatia, sp.
Mitra, sp.
Murex migus De Gregorio
Neverita cf. secta Gabb
Nyctilochus, sp.
Natica, sp.
Olivella near mathewsonii Gabb
Ringicula biplicata (Lea)
Sinum, sp.
Sinum striatum (Lea)
Surcula, new sp.

o sp.

Tritonium, sp.
Turritella cf. caelutura Conrad
Turris childreni (Lea)

“-nupera (Conrad)
acutirostra (Conrad)
cf. suturalis Cooper
cf. monolifera Cooper (Lea ?)
sp.
cf. mediavia equiseta Harris
Cerithium, sp.
Schizaster, sp.

“cc

a“

The cuts of the Tampico and Panuco Valley Railroad in the
vicinity of the Topila Hills show the Alazan marls underlying
sandstones belonging to the San Rafael beds. If the Meson
stage is present it has not been recognized. The Alazan marls
at this locality carry fragments of a Schizaster and a few small

144 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4ra Ser.

lamellibranchs. Similar marls with apparently the same Schi-
zaster are found at Los Naranjos, Tempoal, Zacamixtle and
elsewhere, proving in some measure the extent of the Alazan
beds in this region.

Taken altogether, therefore, it would now appear that the
section south of Aquismon probably corresponds closely with
that described by Bose from Chiapas and Tabasco, but is
more extended. The Tamasopa limestone, with occasional
remnants of San Juan and Papagallos, is followed by Eocene
deposits characterized by nummulites, orbitoides, etc., succeeded
by Upper Eocene (Jackson) and this by Lower and Upper
Oligocene.

OLIGOCENE

After the deposition of the Eocene sediments they were ele-
vated and folded and, in this area, were base-levelled so that at
the present time they form a comparatively level floor, the gen-
eral surface of which is not far below the water-level of the
region.

Upon this floor of Eocene sediments are found those of the
Oligocene, which includes the greater part of the materials
forming the various mountains, hills, and mesas of the region
as well as those portions of the intervening valleys in which
erosion has not reached the underlying Eocene. In many places
they are penetrated by dikes and necks of basalt, and, at others,
are covered by basalt flows. Some sedimentary deposits of
Quaternary age also occur overlying them.

The Oligocene deposits consist of sands and sandstones,
clays, marls, shales, with more or less calcareous matter, and
limestone. These, where unaltered, are brown, gray, or blue,
but are usually weathered yellow, which is their prevailing color
throughout the region. By far the greater part of the beds are
clays with more or less sand, the shales and limestones being
most abundant in the middle portion of the beds.

These deposits were first studied by us on the lower Conchos
River near the town of San Fernando, and that name was used
to designate them’®. Finding that the name was already in use
the name San Rafael was adopted as a substitute’’.

pent Senet, Deposits of Northeastern Mexico, E. T. Dumble. Science, No. 841, pp.
232-4. 1 A
5 rertiary Deposits of Eastern Mexico, E. T. Dumble. Science, No. 910, pp. 901-8.

7 A Medial Tertiary Fauna from Northeastern Mexico. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 1917.

Vor. VIII] DUMBLE—GEOLOGY TAMPICO EMBAYMENT AREA 145

On the Conchos River and along the eastern face of the
Pomeranes Mountains to the north of that stream the only
beds recognized were those belonging to the uppermost part
of the formation. To the southward in the Martines and San
Jose de las Rusias ranges to the vicinity of Tordo Bay lower
beds than those of the Conchos predominate. South of the
Tamaulipas Range in the Panuco River drainage area a con-
siderable part of the fossil-bearing deposits seem to be of this
same age, while south of the Otontopec divide we find, in con-
nection with these deposits toward the coast, a considerable de-
velopment of later beds similar to those on the Conchos.

The San Rafael, as here described, includes both the Eogene
and Neogene of Villarello’s report. Of the former, he says:

“The Sierra San Jose de las Rusias is made up of yellowish
colored nummulitic calcareous rocks which belong to the
Eogene and which extend to the north as far as the vicinity
of Santa Maria de las Ovejas. To the west they extend to the
plain of San Jose. To the east they pass under the Quaternary
and Recent formations of the Coast, and south they reach as
far as the same Sierra of San Jose..... These beds belong
to the Eogene and form slight folds; sometimes cross-folding.
The general structure is monoclinal.” (P. 12.)

The overlying beds, or “Neogene,” are made up in this vicin-
ity of argillaceous shales, while around Ebano the beds he cor-
relates with these are thus described:

“The Tertiary of this region is made up of yellow clay shales
and blue or bluish gray marls. Interpolated in these marls and
shales are sandstones with a clay and sometimes calcareous
cementing material. These rocks outcrop chiefly, although to a
very small extent, toward the west from Ebano and some por-
tions of the plain where generally they are covered by the
Quaternary and Recent formations of the Gulf Coast.”’

Jeffreys’ section of the Tampico Tertiaries shows at the base
semi-crystalline fossiliferous limestone with some shales, also
a coarse crystalline limestone and the blue calcareous sandy
marl. This is overlain by a soft calcareous sandy material
interbedded with white nodular forms. The succeeding beds
consist of coarse limestone weathering to yellow and carrying
oysters. The top bed is of sandy turritella limestone with cal-
careous sandstone beds containing white nodular forms.

146 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tH Ser.

Jeffreys, speaking of the Ozuluama and Temapache regions,
says:

“These Tertiaries chiefly consist of coarse limestones, fossil-
iferous as at Ozuluama and Topila; there are also strata of
bluish limestones weathering to yellow, and some soft coarse
blue sandy silt deposits underlying the former; nummulites are
present in most of the limestones, but more abundant in certain
sections, especially near by Ozuluama. The so-called Tema-
pache limestones are decidedly of a higher horizon than that
of the Ozuluama Series, but are very similar in lithological
character. They are somewhat thicker, however, and probably
ostrea are more abundant in the southern series. There are
also a few more or less localized conglomerates in the Tan-
cochin area.

“The whole series throughout are interbedded with a softer
calcareous yellow sandy material, full of small white calcareous
forms.

“Under what conditions these Tertiaries were deposited is
difficult to estimate, but they were probably laid down in not a
very deep sea.

“The Tertiary beds on the eastern side, moreover, are not
homogeneous throughout. That is to say, we have beds in the
southeastern and central portion which are not represented
with a similar bed at the same horizon in the northeastern sec-
tion.”

In the vicinity of Tuxpam we find shales, marls, and sand-
stones overlying fossiliferous yellow limestones. Similar beds
are found southward along the Cazones River and eastward
almost to the Gulf shore at Nautla.

De Golyer’* says of the beds in this region:

“Overlying the Mendez shales is a thick series of sandstones,
shales, impure fossiliferous limestones and occasional conglom-
erates of Oligocene age. The various strata making up this
formation are lenticular and grade laterally into each other.
Near the front of the Sierra Madre occur beds of shale so thick
that their outcrops are hardly distinguishable from those of the
Mendez shales.”

48 De Golyer, A. I, M. E., p. 1906.

Vor. VIII] DUMBLE—GEOLOGY TAMPICO EMBAYMENT AREA 147

The comparatively superficial character of these beds is well
shown in the Topila district. Here the Topila Hills, several
hundred feet high, seemingly show a section of more than 1000
feet of clays with interbedded sandstones and limestones carry-
ing fossils of San Rafael age, and yet wells drilled along their
western foot show none of them.

In places these beds are very fossiliferous and based on the
fossil fauna they may be divided into three stages, although
possibly the two lower may be ultimately combined into one.
These, beginning with the lowest, will be called the Meson, San
Rafael and Tuxpam stages.

Meson

The type locality of the Meson beds is in the valleys lying
between Moralillo and Meson on the trail leading from Tamia-
hua to Alazan. These beds consist for the most part of yellow
sandy clays with some lime and sandstone. It is characterized
by the large foraminifer Orbitoides papyracee, Bou. These
fossils occur here in great number, but they have not been ob-
served higher in the series. These beds, with their characteristic
fossils, are also found near San Jose in the San Jose de las
Rusias region underlying the San Rafael.

San Rafael

The San Rafael, from which these beds are named, is located
on Zarzizal Creek, 65 miles north of Tampico. Four miles east
of the town a range of hills 300 to 400 feet high is composed
of beds of yellow clay alternating with bands of clayey lime-
stones’*®. The fossils are abundant and include corals, mollusca,
echinoderms and foraminifera. The corals, echinoderms and
forams are quite distinctive and through them the beds of this
stage are easily distinguished for a considerable distance to the
north and south of the type locality.

While considerable stress seems to be placed on the limestones
of this division, they are not the predominant materials, which
consist of gray, blue, and yellow clays, shales, and marls, with
occasional beds of sandstone. The limestones are more or less
local in their development.

** Tertiary Deposits of Northeastern Mexico, Cal. Ac. Sc. Vol. 5, No. 6, p. 189.

148 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Beds of San Rafael age occur in the vicinity of Tampico,
both to the west of the city and between the city and the Gulf.

Among the best exposures of these deposits in the region
under discussion are those found in the Topila Hills, 15 miles
southwest of Tampico, where there are many good exposures
of beds of limestones with characteristic fossils. There are also
numerous exposures to the south, although where the limestones
and fossils are lacking the identity of the beds is not so easily
determined.

Jeffreys, in describing his Temapache section, which seems
to belong to this stage, states that succeeding what he calls the
Mendez series, there is a dark bituminous sandstone containing
sharks’ teeth and nummulites, overlain by limestones and occa-
sional conglomerate carrying ostrea, pectens, nummulites, and
turritella. Above this comes a hard, coarse to fine-grained
limestone, replaced upwards by a hard, coarse yellow limestone
with calcareous sandstone, as in the Ozuluama beds, carrying
turritella, ostrea, and pectens. The top of this section is the
hard Temapache limestone. Still another section is given in
the Cuchares River area which shows limestones and thin beds
of shale overlain by calcareous sandstone, and this by Le Pena
gray limestone with nummulites. Above this there are beds of
semi-crystalline limestone, some of them being highly fossil-
iferous, while the top is formed of turritella limestone inter-
bedded with yellow calcareous sandstones.

The fossils found in the San Rafael stage include the fol-
lowing:

Foraminifera :”°

Orbitoides epphippium
Nummulites radiata ?

@orals:**

Orbicella cellulosa Duncan

Orbicella, n. sp.

Maeandrina, n. sp.

Acropora, sp. ?

Favites ? polygonallis Duncan

Goniastrea antiguensis Duncan

Goniopora, sp. very similar to, or identical with, an
Antiguian ae

20 Determinations by R. M.
21 Determinations by T. Wavlant Vaughan,

Vor. VIII] DUMBLE—GEOLOGY TAMPICO EMBAYMENT AkEA 149

Echinoderms :**
Clypeaster concavus Cotteau
i sp. a Dickerson & Kew
sp. b - SSM ck
Eupatagus, sp.
Lovenia dumblei Dickerson & Kew
Macropneustes mexicanum Dickerson & Kew
Schizaster scherzeri Gabb.
Mollusca :**
Ostrea, sp.
Pecten gatunensis Toula
“ oxygonum-optimum B. & P.
Turritella altilira Conrad

“cc

oe “ “ce

Tux pam

Following the clays, shales, and limestones of the San
Rafael, we find another series of clays and shales which is also
very fossiliferous-in places as in the vicinity of Tuxpam, which
place gives them their name.

The Tuxpam beds comprise yellow clays and sandy clays,
blue sandy shales and bands of calcareous sandstone. For the
most part, the beds seem to lie nearly flat and show little dis-
turbance, even in the vicinity of volcanic necks.

They are well exposed around San Fernando, on the Con-
chos River, have not been definitely identified at Tampico, but
form a large part of the surface material around Tuxpam and
southward to Larios and Nautla. While the contact of the
Tuxpam and San Rafael beds has not been positively observed,
we may conclude that a decided unconformity exists because
there are numerous small anticlinals to be seen in the San
Rafael, while the Tuxpam beds seem to show little or no dis-
turbance of this character. A further study will probably dem-
onstrate that south of the Otontopec divide the Tuxpam beds
overlap the San Rafael in many places, as they certainly do in
the region north of Tordo Bay.

While certain molluscan forms seem to be common to the
San Rafael and the Tuxpam, the number of species occurring
in the Tuxpam is very much greater. The echinoderms of the

Determinations by Dickerson & Kew.
3 Determinations by Dickerson & Kew.

150 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tH Ser.

Tuxpam seem to be specifically distinct from those of the San
Rafael, corals are much scarcer and there is no such number
or variety of foraminifera as in the lower beds.

The following list of fossils of the Tuxpam stage is from
the report of Dickerson & Kew:

Echinoderms :
Agassizia clevei Cotteau
Cidaris cf. loveni Cotteau
Clypeaster cubensis Cotteau
Macropneustes antillarum Cotteau
Metalia cumminsi Dickerson & Kew
Scutella cazonesensis Dickerson & Kew
Molluscs :
Astarte, sp.
Arca, sp.
Antigona glyptoconcha Dall
Cardium, sp.
gatunense Toula
lingua-leonis Guppy
Clementia cf. dariena Conrad
Chione cf. ballista Dall
Glycimeris, sp.
Meretrix, sp.
Mya, sp.
Macoma ? sp.
Ostrea haitiensis Sowerby
“ trigonalis Conrad
sp.
Paphia, sp.
Panope, sp.
Pecten gatunensis Toula
oe Clee 2
“~~ condylomatus Dall.
levicostatus Toula
sp.
Tellina
Architectonica, sp.
Amphissa, sp.
Conus interstinctus Guppy
7 SD:

oe

“ee

oe

Vor. VIII] DUMBLE—GEOLOGY TAMPICO EMBAYMENT AREA 151

Cypraea, sp.
Ficus, sp.
Malea ringens Swainson
paSP:
Melongena, sp.
Natica, sp.
Olivella, sp.
Sinum, sp.
Turritella, sp.
Urosalpinx, sp.
Xenophora, sp.

Bose states that the Semijoval division which overlies the
Eocene deposits in Chiapas may possibly include both Oligo-
cene and Miocene deposits. This division consists of argil-
laceous shales, blue clays, gray sandstones, and limestones.
The fauna, which was not carefully studied, embraced ostrea,
sp.; pecten, sp.; turritella, sp.; strombus, sp.; conus planiceps,
echinolampas, sp.; clypeaster cf. meridianus, etc. in the shales,
with some corals and pectens in the limestones. From this it
would appear that there is seemingly a strong resemblance be-
tween the Semijoval and the San Rafael, just as there is be-
tween his Chiapas Eocene and the Chicontepec.

NEOCENE

North of the Tuxpam River sedimentary beds of later age
than the Oligocene seem to be confined to those of late Pliocene
or Pleistocene age.

In the northern portion of the Embayment area, lying be-
tween the Tamaulipas Range and the Cordilleras we find, rest-
ing directly on the Papagallos shales, beds of materials cor-
responding in every way to the Reynosa of Southwest Texas
and Northeastern Mexico. It consists of conglomerates,
gravels, and sands, with some clays and more or less calcareous
cementing material, which, in many places, takes the form of
caliche.

Similar beds are found east of the Tamaulipas Range and
southward throughout the area.

East of the Tamaulipas Range we find overlying the Oligo-
cene clays and sands, in a number of localities, a rather heavy

152 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

bed of broken shells, making a true coquina. In places this is
found well up in the hills or forming the tops of hills. Just
how it is related to the Reynosa is not known.

The Reynosa, as shown by its relations to fossiliferous beds
above and below it, is Upper Pliocene and our idea is that the
Coquina is of similar age.

Going southward we find, around Tampico and the Laguna
Viejo, beds of sandy clay with Ostrea virginica and a few other
shells of like recent affinities. Similar deposits occur in the
area between Tampico and Tuxpam and to the south of the
Tuxpam River.

All of these deposits are more or less local in their distribu-
tion, and have not been studied sufficiently to permit a fuller
description.

While no fossiliferous beds of Miocene or earlier Pliocene
age are known within the area here discussed, they do occur
farther south and more detailed work may discover extensions
of them in this region also.

The nearest locality at which such fossils have been collected
and identified is Santa Maria Tatetla, Veracruz, about sixty
miles south of Nautla. This was described by Bose in Bulletin
22 of the Mexican Geological Institute. Both Bose and Vil-
larello state that a similar fauna is found in deposits occurring
near Actopam and Tezuitlan which lie between Santa Maria
Tatetla and Nautla.

The following is from Bose’s description:

Santa Maria Tatetla is a native town in the Canton of
Huatusco and 25 or 30 miles northwest of the city of Veracruz.
It is situated in the bottom of a deep barranca at an elevation
of 349 meters on the bank of the Rio Santa Maria, which, after
uniting with several arroyos, forms the Rio Antigua and enters
the gulf near Antigua. The general character of the region is
that of an extended mesa almost perfectly flat, somewhat in-
clined towards the east and cut by numerous barrancas. To-
wards the north and west the mountain rises in sierritas made
up chiefly of Middle Cretaceous limestones and modern eruptive
rocks. The upper part of the mesa is mostly a conglomerate
of eruptive rocks horizontally stratified and in all probability
an upper Pliocene and Post-Pliocene Marine formation. Be-
neath these conglomerates there are outcrops of the Escamila

Vor. VIII] DUMBLE—GEOLOGY TAMPICO EMBAYMENT AREA 153

division of the Middle Cretaceous, one of these being to the
south of Apasapan, and another near Santa Maria Tatetla,
where there are limestone beds carrying Rudistes, Act@onella,
Nerinea, etc. At Palmer the limestones carry Caprina and
other Cretaceous fossils. On top of these come calcareous con-
glomerates, marls, and sands somewhat consolidated and sand-
stones carrying the fauna described as Pliocene. Above the
fossiliferous beds come a conglomerate of modern eruptive
rocks.

The Tertiary fossiliferous bed occurs at an altitude of 280
meters above the sea-level, and, in the bottom of the barranca,
about four kilometers below Santa Maria. The bed extends
eastward and the same fossils are found in a somewhat harder
limestone at an elevation of 150 meters at Puente Nacional.
That the beds dip to the east may be seen from the altitude of
the fossil localities.

The sandstones and sand in the Barranca Santa Maria admit
of two divisions: Ostrea, Ammussium and Encope are the more
abundant in the lower division and in the upper there are
numerous bivalves of other genera and gasteropods, but, with
the exception of Ammussium, the species are rather scarce.
Both divisions carry many forms in common and are un-
doubtedly of the same age.

The fauna found in this region comprises the following :

Encope Tatetlensis, n. sp. (frequent)
Pecten Aztecus, n. sp.
““santarosanus Bose
Ammussium mortoni Ray. (frequent)
Pinna serrata Sow. (frequent)
Anomia simplex D’Orb.
Ostrea virginica Gmelin (frequent )
“sculpturata Conr.
Arca taeniata Dall.
Lucina quadrisuleata D’Orb.
“ pectinata Gmelin
Laevicardium sublineatum Conr. (frequent)
in serratum Linnzeus (frequent )
Dosinia elegans Conr. (frequent)
“acetabulum Conr. (frequent)
Venus ebergenyii Bose (frequent)

154 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tH Ser.

Solecurtus cummingianus Dunk.
_ gibbus Spengl.
Semele perlamellosa Heilpr.
Panopaea floridana Heilpr.
Xenophora conchyliophora Born.
Sigaretus cfr. multiplicatus Dall.
Turritella Aguilerae Bose.
Cerithium caloosaense Dall.
Strombus pugilis Linnzus (frequent)
Pyrula papyratia Say (frequent)
Dolium cfr. galea Linnzeus
Oliva litterata Lam. (frequent)
Balanus eburneus Gould.

Nearly all the fossils occur in the form of casts and it is
not possible to determine a number of the species on account of
the absence of ornamentation or because, being new species,
they cannot be determined for want of better preserved ma-
terial.

This fauna appears to be a littoral or at least comparatively
shallow water one and many of the species or their kindred are
still living in the adjacent sea. The Santa Maria Tatetla,
Santa Rosa, and Tuxtepec species appear to belong to the same
fauna and same age, which, although given as Pliocene, in the
publication quoted, is now regarded (so Bose says) on account
of larger and more complete collections, as Miocene.

IcNgeous Rocks

The igneous rocks occurring in this area are nearly all
basaltic.

They occur as dikes of various widths, as plugs or bosses,
and in beds forming the tops of hills and mesas.

The great number and extent of the dikes suggest that the
lavas which form the caps of the hills and mesas came up as
sheet flows rather than through craters.

Huntley** gives two maps showing the location of a number
of these dikes running in different directions, together with sur-
face flows and states that the peaks and plugs of basalt are
usually found at the intersection of such dikes.

* Trans, A. I. M. E. LIL, pp. 302, 310.

Vor. VIII] DUMBLE—GEOLOGY TAMPICO EMBAYMENT AREA 155

Garfias”” has described the mushrooming of these plugs in
sending out sills of basalt through the bedded limestones.

De Golyer®® expresses the opinion that the lava cap was
originally continuous over a very large part of the area, and
that the flow occurred after the deposition and folding of the
entire series of marine sediments.

The largest single body now remaining in this area is prob-
ably that of the Otontopec Range or Mesa, but there are many
other detached mesas and hills which still show their lava
covering resting upon the yellow, sandy clays of the Oligocene.

HIstTory

The movement, which, during the later portion of the Austin
Chalk period, caused the formation of the Sabinas barrier in
northern Mexico, was probably the beginning or directly con-
nected with the one that began the deformation which has re-
sulted in the present conditions of our area.

East of the Sabinas barrier the Taylor, with its coal beds
and the overlying Escondido, were laid down with little, if any,
interruption, and are followed by the basal Eocene without
any evidence of an erosion interval between.

One hundred and sixty miles south, at Ramones, on the
Salinas River, where we found the contact of the Papagallos
(which represents the Taylor, in some part, at least), and the
same basal Eocene, we see that the Papagallos has been
strongly folded and eroded prior to the beginning of Eocene
deposition. Similar folding is evident in the San Felipe-Valles
region.

The initial movement in this area was, therefore, immedi-
ately following the deposition of the Papagallos and the fact
that between the Panuco and Tuxpam rivers not only the entire
thickness of Papagallos, but, in places, that of the San Juan
was removed prior to the submergence which permitted the
beginning of the deposition of the Eocene, indicates that the
erosion was very active. Farther south it was even more
active as the Rudistes limestone also seems to have been carried
away.

The Midway or basal fauna of the Gulf Coast Eocene is
found as far south as the Tamaulipas Range but has not been

26 Journal of oeolery: Vol. XX, No. 7, p. 666.
* Trans. A. I. M. E. LIt, p. 275:

156 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4tu Ser.

observed again north of Venezuela, 2,000 miles away. Fossils
of the Lower Claiborne occur along the Conchos River not
more than 30 or 35 miles from the upper end of the Embay-
ment area, near Linares, but are not known farther south.

The waters of the Eocene sea covering the Tampico Em-
bayment area probably came in from the south and were either
entirely separated from those of the Gulf or their connection
was such that the faunas did not mingle.

Toward the close of the Middle Eocene further elevation
and folding took place. This is shown in the Pomeranes
Mountains north of the Conchos River, in the mountains east
of Burgos, south of that stream, at Alazan, and at Chicontepec.
This movement is also evidenced on the Texas coast by the ab-
sence of the Upper Claiborne and the erosion of a part of the
Lower Claiborne prior to the deposition of the Upper Eocene
or Jackson.

The succeeding submergence clearly shows a connection in
the Embayment area of the waters of the Pacific and those of
the Atlantic by the commingling of the Pacific and Gulf types
of fossils at Alazan where Tejon forms of the west are mingled
with Jackson and possible Upper Claiborne forms from the
Gulf.

The close of the Eocene was marked by further folding, ele-
vation, and erosion.

The Oligocene submergence, which followed, seems to have
affected not only the entire Gulf region, but the Carribean as
well, and since almost identical faunas are reported from the
west coast of Mexico, it is probable that the passage between
the Oceans was still open.

With the final emergence of the Oligocene* important sedi-
mentation in our area seems to have ceased, and was succeeded,
probably during the Miocene, but, seemingly, before any great
erosion had taken place, by the vulcanism which gave us the
dikes, necks, and caps of basalt.

To the north and south of this area the coast was subjected
to further submergence and deposits of Miocene and Pliocene
age were laid down, but such Post-Oligocene submergences as
may have occurred in this portion of the Tampico Embayment
area seem to have been relatively unimportant.

—*The nummulitic limestones of the San Rafael beds are ample warrant for their
reference to the Oligocene. The Tuxpam beds were included in the Oligocene because
of the identity of certain ferns. Some of these ferns, however, seem to indicate a

later horizon and closer collecting may necessitate a reference of the Tuxpam beds
to the Miocene.

‘OOnJOIIT, Ivou ep}}enNdIzyINyD ‘spaq Jadajuod1yD

€ aield [J1Gwnd) INA “19A “S8H8S Yip “IOS ‘dVOW ‘1VO ‘d0U'd

“Joeyuos sojjesedegq yseoyys u

by eld [JIEawnadl IIA “1A “S8H2S Uy “IOS “GVOV “TWO ‘90Ud

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. VIII { DUMELE] Plate 5

Fig. 2. Papagallos beds 12 miles from Linares, showing cleavage
and jointing.

CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. VIII

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CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

FourTH SERIES

Vot. VIII, No. 5, pp. 157-179, text figs. 1-10 SertT. 16, 1918

Vv

THE KELP-FLIES OF NORTH AMERICA
(GENUS FUCELLIA, FAMILY ANTHOMYID)

BY
J. M. ALDRICH
Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture

The genus Fucellia was established in 1841 by Robineau-
Desvoidy (Annales Soc. Ent. France, x, 269), with the single
species arenaria. The type specimens are lost, and the descrip-
tion contains at least two palpable blunders; but from the
account of the habits of the adult on the French coast, it is
undoubtedly identical with Haliday’s Halithea maritima, pub-
lished in 1838 (Annals Nat. Hist., 11, 186). The generic name
Halithea is preoccupied, so maritima becomes the type of Fucel-
lia, and is so given by Coquillett (Type-Species, 1910, 545).

The species of Fucellia live in the larval stage in brown sea-
weeds (kelp, Fucus, etc.), cast up by the waves along ocean
beaches; the adults can be found all summer long on these
masses, often in immense numbers. Only maritima and
fucorum have been reported at any distance inland; their larval
habits in these situations are unknown.

Stein has published an excellent monograph of the species
of the world, 14 in number, in Wiener Ent. Zeitung, xxix,

September 16, 1918

158 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

11-27, January, 1910. Johnson closely followed this with a
review of the species of our Atlantic coast and Greenland, four
in number, in Psyche, xvii, 76-78; April, 1910. As the rich
fauna of our west coast was only partly known to Stein, and
as his paper is not very accessible, I offer a new treatment of
our species, both east and west.

Generic characters.—Maritima shows the following charac-
ters in both sexes: front wider than one eye; a single large pair
of cruciate bristles on the front; fronto-orbitals 6 in a single
row, the upper 3 somewhat outcurved, the lower incurved ;
verticals two pairs; ocellars large, two smaller pairs behind the
triangle; parafacials narrow, bare; antenne short, with bare
arista; eye small, bulging, bare, nearly round; bucca fully one-
half the eye-height, bare except a single row of bristles below ;
epistoma slightly produced, vibrissee above the lower edge of
head, only a single small bristle above them; palpi ordinary ;
proboscis short, with a pair of long hairs below beyond the
elbow; labella ordinary; back of head bulging, with sparse
hairs. Thoracic chetotaxy’: postsutural dorsocentrals 3 (a
rather large hair behind the third), anterior dorsocentrals 2,
humeral 2 or 3, interhumeral 1, presutural 1, notopleural 2,
intraalar 2, supraalar 1, a small prealar, postalar 2 (the hind
one very large), anterior acrostichal 3 pairs rather large and
no small hairs, posterior acrostichal 5 or 6 small pairs and 1
larger prescutellar, sternopleural 2 in front and 2 behind, pro-
thoracic 1, mesopleural 5 behind and 1 at front lower
corner; scutellum bare below with 1 marginal near base,
1 pair long apical close together, 1 smaller discal, the disk
without hairs except at sides; pteropleura and metapleura bare.
Front calypter projecting far beyond the reduced hind one.
Hind tibia with a row of 3 or 4 erect bristles on the extensor
side, the lowest subapical. Venation ordinary, costal spine
present, third and fourth veins parallel, ant cv at middle of
wing, the cross-veins separated by almost the length of the
last segment of the fourth; last segment of fifth short, sixth
slender but reaching the margin; costa setulose.

In listing the preceding characters, it is not intended to in-
timate that a species must have them all in order to be con-

1The names of the thoracic bristles are given in full here, but are generally
abbreviated farther on; they are explained in Williston’s Manual, my Sarcophaga

and Allies, also in a valuable and easily accessible paper by Walton, Ent. News,
xx, 307-314,

Vor. VIIT) ALDRICH—KELP-FLIES OF NORTH AMERICA 159

generic with maritima; for instance, in the known species the
costal setules may be much larger than in maritima (costalis)
or absent (evermanni); the lower hind stpl may be absent
(bicruciata and evermanni); a few very minute hairs may
occur underneath the scutellum (in some but not all specimens
of separata, costalis, and fucorum); and so on. The head
structure, venation, and chetotaxy, however, vary but little,
and the group is decidedly homogeneous, although the species
are easily separated.

Down to 1893, the genus had been uniformly referred to the
family Scatophagide (or Scatomyzide), so far as I have been
able to trace its history. In the year mentioned, Girschner
(Berl. Ent. Zeitsch, xxxviii, 304) referred it to Ccenosiinz;
but as he included Scatophaga, Cordylura, etc., in the same
group, this has not much significance. Becker (ibid, xxxix,
80) in the following year first definitely separated the Fucellias
from Scatophaga and its allies. ‘They are,” he wrote, “Antho-
myids, clearly excluded from this family by having a four-
segmented abdomen, cruciate frontal bristles, and a pair of
costal spines at the end of the auxiliary vein.” Stein accepted
this disposition of them in the Palearctic Catalogue (1908),
where they stand as a subfamily, Fucelliinze containing but the
one genus.

Malloch, in a recent analysis of Anthomyid subfamilies
(Canadian Ent., xlix, 408; Dec., 1917) separates Fucelliinze
from Ccenosiinz in the possession by the former of cruciate
frontal bristles and a spine below on the hind basitarsus, the
sternopleurals being never in the form of an equilateral
triangle.

Schnabl and Dziedzicki, Die Anthomyiden, 1911, p. 123,
proposed the genus Fucellina for Fucellia griseola Fall., signata
Zett., and pictipennis Beck. The principal character is that the
tronto-orbital bristles are single-rowed in Fucellina, and
double-rowed in Fucellia. This I must regard as purely a mis-
take, as they are single-rowed in all that I know. Several
other characters are mentioned, but they do not remain grouped
in our species, but split in all directions. Hence Fucellina ap-
pears to be only another in the long list of unsuccessful attempts
to improve Anthomyid genera.

160 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Srp.

TABLES OF SPECIES

MALES

. Femora largely yellow (Southern California) .rejecta, new species

Fremiosa blac: eects cetera tata eiscerars ais cavorae tote ere see acrobats ere Pe a reresmcetata atarax

. Front with two or three pairs of cruciate bristles................

Front‘with: a:single pair <0: <j sccve-s5 2 steteyors eis crore. >. alsin: s' aeisisyeunsere%s

. Front with three pairs, the lower farther apart; ant acr with

scattered minute hairs between (Bering Straits).............
sip aaaace, and raltie Cormnahe WYovs. ais) avers she Davart eRe aaR er eve te ae bicruciata Stein.
Front with two pairs, the lower farther apart, ant acr without
scattered minute hairs (California)....evermanni, new species

. Hind femora beneath at extreme base with a tuft of short spines. .

Flind:femiora plain eco. e:2jaces tc atsra severe sicleerasscsiare- spots a/atera arevetstehsteve rues

. Middle tibiz on inner front side with one or two distinct bristles

Middle tibie without bristles on inner front side (Atlantic coast;
EurOpeé)) tccda sade a abneunte me sare sacs ceases maritima Hal.

. Hind femur at base close to the tuft of bristles with a knoblike

protuberance turned toward the body, which is also beset with
short spines (Greenland to Bering Straits, and down the Pacific
Coast: Europe) 3 s.aé.ee.e14,cusva saree waisiaus ac al scoseapeprele.s fucorum Fall.
Hind: femur’ with only the tft. 220. 1.2.5.0. ¢ee sewers iccaees =

6!4.Head square in profile, the front flattened, protuberant anteriorly

10.

1.

1:

(Greenland; Arctic North America)...... aricuformis Holmg.
Head globular, front as usual; front of wing clouded beyond mid-
dle (Kodiak Island, Alaska)................. hinei, new species

. With a large dark spot in apical half of wing (Greenland; Arctic

North. America) s.2s<'s.2 Jc.ctaaae esaimecisescer pictipennis Beck.
WVidtige ITE OLEECS. <lets a jareyeiesecara loess eyarororais. stasis eis ere atte Severna autey yest

. Middle femur with stout bristles below, which on the apical half

are short and comblike; costa with long spines (California)...
Sb c Giepatare anes ere tye lara ciapeiare eG eue ore Gees oer costalis Stein.
Middle femora without such bristles, costa with short spines

. Hind femora beneath on apical half with a close-set row of about

14 slanting bristles (Alaska) ................. antennata Stein.
Hind femora with only three to five bristles beneath ..........
Prealar absent, bucca as high as eye (California)..separata Stein.
Prealar present, bucca not so high ...........c.sccceccceesseess
Tibie red, hind ones with only two or three bristles on outer

front side (California; Washington)............ rufitibia Stein.

Tibie black, hind ones on outer front side with a row of about

8, the upper small (British Columbia)..... @stuum, new species
FEMALES

Femora yellow (Southern California) ....rejecta, new species

Femotas black: 31 4s0 otic acedatimmmeisica aytas Zanmancne easements

2. Front with two or three pairs of cruciate bristles ..............

Front with: a Single: pair astwicsc seine cadmas eae tiioen ainaeomes tes

10

Vor. VIII] ALDRICH—KELP-FLIES OF NORTH AMERICA

3:

on

sale

in estuum.
sex, but there is a chance of error.

Front with three pairs, the lower farther apart; ant acr with
scattered minute hairs between them (Bering Straits)........
SgSrane size ene Vaneaiele eaves clotevaseletet sravelssevevenerece cusberaeiel sheiolece bicruciata Stein.

Front with two pairs, the lower farther apart, ant acr without
scattered minute hairs (California)..... evermanni, new species

. Tibie mostly or wholly reddish-yellow ...........00ccesecesees

Tibiz black, or paler only at the extreme base ................-.-

. Middle femur below with two or three scattered bristles below

from base to middle; middle tibia with two small sete on front

inner side (California; Washington)........... rufitibia Stein.
Middle femur without bristles below, middle tibia without sete
on front inner side (Atlantic Coast; Europe)....maritima Hal.

. Wings distinctly infuscated on apical half (Greenland)..........

foo fos fei ste] fos or eiace lOc Mis term aisterous apekovorerernistatsverssteiye pictipennis Beck.
Wingsenotuiniiscated sapicall yam seem accieteeslretsat seein srer cies

. Third antennal joint elongated, almost twice the second. (Alaska)

para yshapehet cl deatansper saaidhnaidiovatereuaiele stersreyaie aces tamecoeten ae antennata Stein.
Third antennal joint but little longer than second ..............

. Bucca (below the eye) as high as the eye (California) ........

Spelaper ala babe aiasoje eiaya stalk dies Scars] Manners er lawe reste eieio stata separata Stein.
Bucca hardly over half the eye-height ...............ccecceeeees

. Numerous small hairs between the two rows of the ant acr ....

aS See AH EO A aA BOA TOT Ue or tine Monten Ones costalis Stein.
Ant acr in two rows without small hairs between ..............

. Head nearly square in profile, prominent at antenne; sterno-

pleural hairs long and abundant (Greenland; Arctic North
AMeTICa,)) Cserreitrtransine oeetorstsentere eee eee aricuformis Holmg.
Head not so square; hairs of sternopleura small, sparse ........
Palpi wholly black (Arctic; Pacific, etc.)........... fucorum Fall.
Palpi with basal half red (British Columbia) ..................
PSavcverniclnsleisnts eiatetlele ali sieitie PR Ee era @stuum, new species

161

10

11

Note.—The male is unknown in rejecta and bicruciata, and the female

not ventured to place.

I have placed these in the tables by analogy with the known
The unknown female of hine? I have

162 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4H Ser.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES

1. Fucellia maritima Hal.
(Figs. 1, 2, 3)

Haliday, Annals of Natural Hist., ii, 186, 1838 (Halithea).
—FEurope.

Macquart, Annales Soc. Ent. France, vii, 424, 1838 or 1839
(Scatophaga marina).—Europe.

Robineau-Desvoidy, ibid, x, 272 (arenaria).—Europe.

Lundbeck, Dipt. Greenl., ii, (Vidensk. Meddel., 1900) 291,
f. Ib. (intermedia). —Greenland. [Stein.]

Stein, Wien. Ent. Zeit., xxix, 1910, 18.—Entire European
coast, North Africa, North and South America on Atlantic
side; sometimes inland (Genthin and Berlin) ; seems unknown
from shores of Pacific.

Johnson, Psyche, xvii, 1910, 77 (marina).—Labrador to
Florida.

Winn and Beaulieu, List of Quebec Diptera, 1915, oc. at
East Bolton, Que.

Johnson made marina prior, but accepted the date of the
séance as the date of publication.

In addition to the characters listed as generic, the species shows the fol-
lowing (in both sexes unless the contrary is indicated): General color
brown-gray, pollinose; front red in middle, yellow toward antenne, brown
at vertex; a circle of pale pollen, interrupted behind, around the ocellar
prominence; gena and bucca brown in ground color; palpi yellow; tips
brownish; proboscis blackish; antenne black, second joint sometimes
brown, over half as long as third; arista straight, short, thickened for
2-5 its length. Thorax indistinctly brown above; humerus dark brown on
the side, below which the pollen suddenly becomes whitish, making a pale
spot which includes the lower half of the spiracle; mesopleura hairy on less
than the upper-posterior half; calypters pale yellow, rim and its hairs the
same; halteres yellow.

Abdomen tessellated, opaque brown-gray; in the male the first segment
is longest, in the female the fourth; the male has a small and retracted
hypopygium, the fifth sternite with a broad emargination behind and a
narrow lobe each side. Cox, femora, and tarsi black, the trochanters and
tibie yellow; front tibie with two small sete on outer hind side; middle
tibia with one on outer front, three small on outer hind side; hind femur
with an upper-outer row of bristles double toward tip, and a sparse row
below that begins about the middle; in the male there is at base below
a protuberance against which the tip of the tibia closes, which bears a
bunch of black spines. Hind tibia with the row behind as already men-
tioned, three on outer hind side, four on outer front side. Hind basitarsus
with spine below. Pulvilli short, the front ones a little elongated in the male.

Wing hyaline or very slightly grayish, veins brown to yellow; setule
on costa beginning before the tip of auxiliary and extending nearly to
tip of second, but not very large.

Length 5 to 5% mm.

Notr—The figures in this paper are not drawn toa uniform scale. Wings and profiles
were made with camera lucida.

Vor. VIII] ALDRICH—KELP-FLIES OF NORTH AMERICA 163

Fig.1. Fucellia maritima, head in profile, male.

#9900 2800 eee cere cone gene gettet ee

Fig. 2. Fucellia maritima, wing.

164 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

Fig. 3. Fucellia maritima, inner side of base of hind femur, male.

Eleven specimens, both sexes; one pair European without
locality, determined as fucorum by Strobl many years ago;
seven from New Bedford, Mass., determined as fucorum by
Stein in 1897; one from Woods Hole, Mass.; one from Falls
Church, Va., collected by Nathan Banks. I have determined
and returned other Atlantic coast specimens of this common
species, without making a note of the localities’. Mr. Malloch
informs me that he has taken the species in southern IIlinois.

2. Fucellia fucorum Fall.
(Fig. 4)

Fallen, Scatomyzides, 5, 1819 (Scatomyza).—Europe.

Meigen, Syst. Beschr., v, 253, 1826 (Scatophaga).

Curtis, Insects of Ross’s Polar Exped., 1831, Ixxx, oc. in
Arctic America (Scatophaga).

Macquart, Hist. Nat. Dipt., ii, 395 (Scatophaga), 1835.

Haliday, Annals Nat. Hist., ii, 186 (Halithea), 1835.

2In the Osten Sacken material in the Museum of Comparative Zoology are a pair
of maritima labeled “S. Barbara. O. Sacken,’’ evidently indicating Santa Barbara,
Cal., as the place at which they were collected. I had never seen the species from the
Pacific coast, and in July, 1917, I improved an opportunity to collect closely for a
couple of hours at Santa Barbara, endeavoring to confirm the occurrence of the
species. I was entirely unsuccessful, and am obliged to conclude that the label is
probably erroneous, as I think is also the one which would represent a female of ever-
manni as occurring on ‘Summit of Sierras.”” That such mistakes can easily occur
when collections from several places stand unlabeled for a time is also illustrated by
one of my 1917 specimens of separata, which I find labeled Jacumba Springs, Cal.,
gee 100 miles inland from San Diego, where I collected the day before my arrival
at the coast.

Vor. VIII ALDRICH—KELP-FLIES OF NORTH AMERICA 165

Zetterstedt, Ins. Lapp., 722, 723, 1838 (Scatomyza fucorum
and musceformis) ; Dipt. Scand., v, 1982 (Scatomyza) viii,
3293, 1849 (Aricia brunnea).

Steger, Greenl. Antliater. 366, 1845, oc. in Greenland
(Scatophaga ).

Schiner, Fauna Austr., 11, 15, 1864.

Boheman, Kong, Vet. Akad. Forhandl., xxii, 572 (Scato-
mysa hyperborea).

Meade, Ent. Mo. Mag., 1899, 219.

Lundbeck, Dipt. Greenl., ii, 291, 1900, oc. in Greenland, with

fig.

Vig. 4. Fucellia fucorum, inner side of base of hind femur, male.

Pandellé, Rev. Ent. France, xix, 270, 1900 (Chortophila).
Coquillett, Dipt. of Commander Islands (The Fur Seals,
1899, pt. iv, p. 344), oc. on Commander Islands; Proc.
Wash. Acad. Sci., ii, 1900, 453, oc. Sitka, Kukak Bay, Popof
Island, and Saldovia, all in Alaska.

Stein, Wien. Ent. Zeit., xxix, 16, 1910, full discussion.—
Seacoast of northern Europe, rare as far south as Ger-
many; Bering Straits; St. Paul Island; Friday Harbor, Wash.

Johnson, Psyche, xvii, 76, 1910, not seen from east coast of
North America; must be limited to the far north.

This species was not satisfactorily separated from maritima until Stein’s
1910 paper, and the latter was generally named fucorum in collections until
that time; hence we have several references in our literature to fucoruim

occurring in Georgia, Porto Rico, New Jersey, and Florida, now believed to
refer to maritima.

166 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Serr.

Fucorum possesses the generic characters given above for maritima, as
well as most of the specific characters of that species. The general color
is darker; the palpi and legs are wholly black and the front dark brown;
front wider, almost half the head; parafacials wider, and with a change-
able dark pollinose spot beside the base of antenna; vibriss higher above
lower edge of head; bucca wider, about 24 the eye-height; middle tibia with
a seta on inner front side, one or two on outer front, and two on outer hind
side; middle femur with an even row of about 12 short bristles along upper
front side; hind femur of male with a basal meso-ventral protuberance
which is slightly enlarged at tip and bears very minute spines; just laterad
of it is a tuft of larger stout hairs or small bristles. Hypopygium small;
a male from Douglas, Alaska, shows the parts somewhat protruded; in
this the second segment of the hypopygium has a deep median groove
behind, dividing it into two lobes; the lateral lobe of the fifth sternite is
angular and slightly notched mesially near its base, the median emargina-
tion of the sternite yellow, with a small yellow point in the center. In a
I'riday Harbor specimen the emargination and point are brown, the rest
retracted.

Length 4.3 to 6 mm.

Forty-five specimens, both sexes; eight from Douglas,
Alaska (Eldred Jenne); 27 from Vashon Jsland, Wash.
(Melander) ; one from Seattle, Wash. (O. B. Johnson) ; one
from Tokeland, Wash. (R. W. Doane) ; and eight from Friday
Harbor, Wash. (Aldrich).

I have also seen a long series collected at Kodiak Island
and Katmai, Alaska, by Professor Hine in 1917.

3. Fucellia costalis Stein
(Fig. 5)

Stein, Wiener Ent. Zeitung, xxix, 21, 1910.—Monterey.
Cal.

Cole, I'irst Report Laguna Marine Laboratory, p. 156, 1912,
oc. at Laguna, Cal., and notes.

Male: Front black with thin brown pollen, as wide at vertex as one eye,
narrower toward antenne; two verticals, one ocellar, two small behind
ocelli, three frontals curving outwardly, five smaller below curving to the
middle; lower part of the narrow parafrontal with a few small hairs in a
row; parafacial and bucca silvery pollinose, the former 4 as wide as the
length of the third antennal joint, the latter 2/5 as high as the eye and
bearing one row of bristles at lower edge; antenne black, third joint 114
times the second and rather tapering, arista thickened on basal fourth;
vibrisse rather high above lower edge of head; palpi black; proboscis
short, black, fleshy; back of head with numerous black hairs, the occiput
however conspicuously bare.

Thorax as in maritima except that the acrostichals are small and
irregular, some outside the two rows, and the dorsal surface is quite
generally covered with small hairs among the bristles, not present in
maritima; prescutellars distinct; prothoracic three, mesopleura hairy ex-

Vor. VIIT] ALDRICH—KELP-FLIES OF NORTH AMERICA 167

cept behind the spiracle, several bristles below the latter; calypters white,
the upper edge of the hind one projecting a little; lower part of sterno-
pleura with coarse, abundant bristles.

Abdomen tessellated, with rather distinct median black stripe; first seg-
ment almost as long as the next two; a fifth segment visible dorsally as
a narrow edge before the hypopygium. Hypopygium of moderate size, the
first segment densely set with straight spiny bristles; fifth sternite with a
long brown lobe each side of the excision.

Legs entirely black; front tibia with one seta in front, one or two slender
on hind side; middle tibia with one on outer front, two on outer hind side;
middle femur with the hind lower row becoming short and comblike near
tip; hind tibia with three on hind (extensor), three on outer hind, four
on outer front side; hind basitarsus with a conspicuous stout spine on
lower surface near base; front and middle coxe very bristly; pulvilli all
enlarged and elongated.

Wing subhyaline; beginning at apex of auxiliary the costa bears seven
or eight stout sete, much larger than in the other species, diminishing
toward the end of the series (fig. 6).

Length 6.8 to 7 mim.

Female: Front wider, 1% times as wide as one eye; width of parafacial
equal to length of third antennal joint; bucca fully half the eye-height; acr
rather distinctly four-rowed; anterior tibia with one in front and two

_Fig.5. Fucellia costalis, costa.

stout on outer hind side; middle femur with only hairs in place of comb;
mid tibia with one or two small on inner front side; one large on outer
front, two or three irregularly placed on outer hind; hind basitarsus as in
male; pulvilli not enlarged.

Length 7 to 7.8 mm,

Twenty-three specimens of both sexes; two from Laguna,
Cal. (Cole) ; 20 from San Diego, Cal., June 29, 1917; and one
from Santa Barbara, Cal., July 6, 1917.

The largest species of the genus. Cole (loc. cit.) says of it:
“This species is quite common on decaying kelp. They are
large, quick flies. They seem to be at least partially predaceous
in habit, as I have seen them pounce upon weakened sandhop-
pers and by their numbers soon overcome them.”

4. Fucellia pictipennis Beck.

Becker, Meddel. om Greenland, xxix, appendix, 411.—East
Greenland.

Neilsen, ibid, xliii, 32, oc. in N. E. Greenland, lat. 76° 46’.

Stein, Wien. Ent, Zeit., xxix, 26, types redesc.—Hecla
Havn, East Greenland.

Johnson, Psyche, xvii, 76, note.

168 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4rH Ser.

_ Male: General color deep black, with thin light-gray pollen; frontals
five, the two upper turning out, the rest inward; antenne notably large
and broad, reaching the oral margin, which is not much above lower edge
of head; bucca almost as high as the eye, bare except the usual row below;
back of head bulging, nearly bare; palpi black, long and broad; proboscis
short; one pair cruciate bristles on front, one pair ocellars and two small
behind; arista short, thick at base.

Thorax with two or three pairs of ant acr, no hairs among them;
chetotaxy as in maritima (prealar not noted); stpl 2-2, but the lower
ones hardly more than hairs, especially the hind one; calypter small with
dark rim but pale fringe, hind calypter very small; halteres sordid dark
yellow, almost brown.

Abdomen showing five segments above, the first elongated, the fifth very
narrow; hypopygium not very large; fifth sternite black, the lobes long,
black, with a few long bristles on outer edge.

Legs entirely black; front tibia with one seta on front (extensor) and
one on outer hind side; middle tibia with two on outer front, two on
outer hind, and one on inner hind side; hind tibia with the usual three
erect long ones on hind (extensor), the outer hind with two near middle
and some coarse hairs above and below; hind femora without a protuber-
ance but with a row of 12 bristles below, beginning at second third.

Wing whitish, apical half blackened, less so behind; first vein thick and
black at apex, crossveins black, costa with almost imperceptible setules.

Female: Palpi decidedly broadened toward tip, somewhat as in Lispa
ulignosa Fall., but black.

Length 3 mm.

Eleven specimens, both sexes, Bernard Harbor, Northwest
Territory, Canada, collected by the Canadian Arctic Expedi-
tion. TF saw this material in the Illinois State Laboratory of
Natural History, where it had been identified by Mr. Malloch,
who called my attention to it. It is to be deposited in the Cana-
dian National Collection in Ottawa. A single specimen in the
Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, is labeled, “82° n. Lat. On the
Beach at n. e. extremity of L. Hazen in the interior of Grant
Land. June 7, 1908. Peary Arctic Exped.” It was collected
by J. W. Goodsell, surgeon, along with two specimens of
Phorinia terre-nove RD., which bear the same label, and are
also in the Carnegie Museum. This record is probably as far
north as any fly has been collected. I have mentioned it in
Psyche, xxv, 33.

5. Fucellia rufitibia Stein.
(Fig. 6)

Stein, Wien. Ent. Zeit., xxix, 25, 1910.—Pacific Grove, Cal.
Cole, First Report Laguna Marine Laboratory, 1912, p. 156,
note and full-page figure—Laguna, Cal.

Vor. VIII) ALDRICH—KELP-FLIES OF NORTH AMERICA 169

This Pacific species is very closely similar to maritima of the Atlantic
coast; it is easily separated in the male sex, but pretty close attention is
required to distinguish the females, except by the locality labels.

Male: Compared with maritima, the male of rufitibia has black or
blackish palpi instead of yellow; the bucca is more than half the eye-
height; the hind femur has no protuberance on the under inner side at
base; the middle femur has a long bristle below at middle and one nearer
base, whereas there is none in maritima; the second, third and fourth
abdominal segments are shortened (retracted) so much that they are
together usually not much longer than the first segment; and the hypopyg-
ium is very much larger and more globose. Among these characters, the

Fig.6. Fucellia rufitibia, front view of head in female.

color of the palpi and the absence of the hind femoral tubercle are ample
to distinguish the species. The forceps are difficult to draw out, but are
found to be very slender and nearly straight, shining black, more like
needles than hooks.

Female: This sex is distinguished from maritima by the palpi, bucca and
middle femur, being as in the male; the setules of the costa are longer than
in the Atlantic species, and this is also true in the male.

Length 3 to 4 mm., noticeably less than in maritima.

Forty-five specimens, both sexes; Pacific Grove, Santa Bar-
bara, Laguna, Santa Monica, Long Beach and San Diego, Cal. ;

170 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

two Laguna specimens are from F. R. Cole, and two Santa
‘Barbara are marked “Dyar”, but I have had them many years.
I collected all the rest, including some at Santa Barbara. Dates
of collection are of almost no significance.
The species occurs in swarms on the castup seaweed of the
California seashore; I have had several thousands in my net at
once. It is the most abundant of the shore flies,

6. Fucellia separata Stein.

Stein, Wien. Ent. Zeit., xxix, 24, 1910.—Monterey, Cal.,
and Seattle, Wash.

Male and female: General ground color dark brown, with gray-brown
pollen. Front over one-third the width of the head, yellow above an-
tenne, bristles as in maritima; antenne black, small, third joint only a little
longer than second, arista short, a little thickened on basal third; para-
facial yellow-pollinose, narrow but very short on account of the peculiar
shape of the eye, which has its longest diameter almost lengthwise of the
insect and is short vertically, leaving a broad, yellow-pollinose bucca as
high as it is; vibrisse high above lower edge of head; palpi black, some-
times dark yellow at base; proboscis small, black; back of head bulging
and nearly bare.

Thorax brown, opaque, a lighter pollinose streak from the inner part
of humerus back to root of wing, and a pale spot on side just below
humerus; chetotaxy as in maritima, but with a few small, distinct hairs
bordering the humerus and suture and behind the latter, and stp] only 1-1;
calypters pale yellow, rim and fringe concolorous; halteres yellow.

Abdomen a little tessellated, in the female with no special characters; in
the male the hypopygium is large, the fourth segment wide and declivous,
the fourth sternite strikingly large, prominent but bare; first segment of
hypopygium dull brown, with numerous spiny hairs on hind part; second
segment concolorous, concave in profile to a bifurcated hump just before
the anus; forceps dark yellow, wide, flat, and arched toward the median
line.

Front tibia with one seta on front, generally one small on outer hind
side; middle tibia with one on outer front, one on outer hind, and in the
female there are also one or two each on inner front and inner hind, which
are generally absent in male; hind tibia with two on hind, two on outer
hind, three on outer front; middle femur in male with a row of small
bristles on lower front edge, showing but slightly in female; hind femora
plain in male, with row of bristles on outer upper edge in both sexes, and
one smaller on lower outer edge in male, which is but little developed in
female.

Wing subhyaline, costal spine rather distinct, other costal setules present
but small.

Length 4 to 44% mm.

One hundred specimens, both sexes; 65 collected by myself
at Pacific Grove, Santa Barbara, Long Beach, and San Diego,
Cal., and 35 by Professor Melander at Ilwaco, Wash., in 1917.

This is the second species in abundance on the California
coast, ranking next to rufitibia.

Vor. VIII ALDRICH—KELP-FLIES OF NORTH AMERICA 171

7. Fucellia rejecta, new species

Female: Black in ground color, but with legs, wing veins, and most of
the head yellow. Front almost half as wide as head, decidedly prominent
above antenne, bristles as in maritima; parafrontals brown above, yellow
below their middle; frontal stripe reddish, with an interrupted blackish
crescent anteriorly, beyond which it is yellow to the antenne; parafacials
and bucca yellow, with yellowish pollen, the former wider than usual, the
latter almost as wide as eye-height; eye almost perfectly round; antennx
dark yellow, third joint except the base dark brown, arista brown, thick-
ened almost halfway, pale in middle; palpi yellow, proboscis black; back
of head black in ground color above, yellow below, bulging, with few hairs,
those of metacephalon long.

Thorax with same chetotaxy as maritima, but the post de might be
counted as four, since the coarse hair behind the third is here fully half
as long as the latter; between and above the front coxe is a keystone-
shaped sclerite with a notch above, into which fits a rather striking, small
shining red sclerite; calypters white, rim and fringe concolorous; halteres
yellow.

Abdomen slightly tessellated, with an indefinite median dark stripe which
disappears at some angles of view; fourth segment yellow on apical third.

Legs yellow, including tarsi as much as halfway, but the latter are dark-
ened by the usual small hairs; front and hind femora slightly infuscated at
base; front coxz yellowish, the others black in ground color; front tibia
with one strong seta on front and one on outer hind side; middle tibia
with one (large) on outer front, 3 irregularly placed on outer hind; hind
tibia with three on hind (the third nearly one-third as long as the tibia),
four on outer hind; and two on outer front; middle femur with four
scattered bristles on lower hind edge; hind femur with a row above and
6 or 7 below on outer side.

Wings hyaline, veins yellow, third more brown; costal spines small, the
usual setules of the genus almost imperceptible.

Length 7 mm.

One female, Ocean Beach, a suburb of San Diego, Cal., June
1917. . Type in U. S. National Museum.

I do not hesitate to describe this well-marked species from a
single specimen, as it is not rare where the type was obtained.
I saw several specimens, distinguishing them readily at several
feet by their pale color; but on account of their activity and
wildness, I succeeded in capturing but one in the time at my
disposal. It is not unlikely that the males have somewhat
darker femora, judging from the slight infuscation at the base
of the front and hind femora in the type.

The nearest ally of rejecta is perhaps funifera Stein (W. E
Z., xxix, 22) of Chile and Peru; it has yellow legs, but ite
parafacials are hairy, and the scutellum has hairs on the disk
and lacks the usual pair of discals. Fumifera is the only species
of the genus known from the west American coast south of San
Diego.

72 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Sie.

8. Fucellia antennata Stein.
(Fig. 7)
Stein, Wiener Ent. Zeit., xxix, 23, 1910.—Sitka, St. Paul
Island, and IKarluk, Alaska.

Male and female: Black with opaque gray pollen, which has a glaucous
or bluish cast. Front in male, .483, in female .515 of head width (one of
each sex); frontal stripe brown, with brown pollen; bristles of head as in
maritima, but only two lower, incurved frontals; antenne black, the third
joint distinctly longer and wider than in other species, reaching almost to ~
the vibrisse; parafacials rather narrow, bucca almost as high as the eye,
which is nearly round; facial ridges yellowish, pollen of bucca smooth and
gray; palpi black, ordinary; proboscis black, small; back of head bulging,
with scattering hair.

Thorax with same chetotaxy as in maritima, except that the scutellum
has only a single very distinct row of hairs well down on the edge;
prealar distinct, but only a third as long as supraalar; behind the suture
are only a few hairs laterally; the pale spot below the humerus is indis-
tinct; lower stpls very small; calypters pale, rim and rather heavy fringe
concolorous; halteres yellow.

Fig.7. Fucellia antennata,
outer side hind femur of male.

Abdomen hardly tessellated, of ordinary structure; in the female the
fourth segment longer than the preceding; male hypopygium of moderate
size, black; fifth sternite rather erect, with large lateral lobes forming
more than half a circle, within them a deep cavity, in the single specimen;
second and third tergites together in male longer than first, fifth tergite
not visible.

Legs black, trochanters reddish; front tibia with one seta in front;
middle tibia witlt one on outer front, one on outer hind, on inner front the
male has one, the female two; hind tibia with three behind, four on outer
hind, female has two on outer front which are absent in male; middle
femur with erect row of about 7 small slender bristles on hind side below,
stopping just beyond middle, the same in both sexes; hind femur with
usual row above in both sexes, in the male a very characteristic row of
about 13 on lower outer edge, beginning before the middle, very straight
and even and close together; the last in the female are fewer, only about
7, and ordinary in appearance.

Wing hyaline, costal spines and setules very minute.

Length, of male 314 mm.; of female, 5 mm.

Twenty specimens, both sexes; five from Douglas, Alaska,
August, 1901 (Eldred Jenne); one from Katmai, Alaska, in
1917 (Hine) ; 13 from Ilwaco, Wash., in May and July, 1917
(Melander) ; and one from Tacoma, Wash.

Vor. VII) ALDRICH—KELP-FLIES OF NORTH AMERICA 173

9. Fucellia evermanni, new species
(Fig. 8)

Male: Opaque, gray-brown species; front .463 of head-width (in the
type), rather short and bulging; bristles of head as in maritima, except
that there is uniformly a second pair of cruciate frontals, slightly smaller
than the usual ones and standing about twice as far apart below them;
antenne small, black, second joint reddish on front side, third only as long
as second, arista short, shining black on the enlarged basal fifth; parafacials
opaque gray, front edge and down along facial ridge reddish; bucca
opaque gray, almost as high as the eye, which is small, roundish, slightly
elongated obliquely; palpi dark yellow, their tips a little infuscated; pro-

Fig.8. Fucellia evermanni, side view of hinder part of male abdomen with
genitalia drawn out, together with posterior view of the forceps.
St, fifth tergite.
if, inner forceps.
of, outer forceps.
ac, anterior clasper. (Penis and posterior claspers not shown.)

boscis short, black; back of head very bulging, with rather coarse and
numerous black hairs.

Thorax opaque gray with slight traces of brown pollinose spots above;
chetotaxy as in maritima, except as follows: in the ant de rows and
laterad of them are some noticeable hairs, and there are hairs on the
disk of the scutellum, as well as rather plentifully behind the suture;
prealar and lower hind stpl absent. Calypters white with yellow rim and
long, whitish fringe; halteres pure yellow.

174 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

Abdomen smooth, sub-opaque, dark gray, with slightly silky surface,
rather long and with parallel sides; second, third, and fourth segments of
equal length, each more than half the first; the hairs on hind edge are
longer and more numerous on each succeeding segment, very striking on
the last, yet so slender as hardly to be called bristles; fifth tergite con-
spicuous, half as wide in middle as the preceding, unsymmetrical in shape,
its left end shortened and exposed, the right passing out of sight under the
preceding segment; its hind part bearing long, rather appressed hair; first
segment of hypopygium rather large, with the same hair; second segment
large but more or less folded in out of sight, its hind part bearing an
unsymmetrical black hump or protuberance to the right of the middle; a
fringe of black hairs around the nearly circular anal space; the inner for-
ceps forming an oblong plate with only short projecting anterior outer
angles; outer forceps shining yellow to brown, very slender and nearly
straight, far apart at base but approaching apically, the tips slightly turned
up; anterior claspers a little larger than the outer forceps, shining yellow,
strongly curved forward, widened near apex; fifth sternite broadly shining
black in middle, the sides opaque, both parts hairy, lobes with longer hair;
fourth sternite large, prominent, hairy.

Legs entirely black; front tibia with one bristle in front; middle tibia
with two on outer front, two on outer hind, one on inner hind side; hind
tibia with three behind (the middle one long and tapering), three on
outer hind, four on outer front; middle femur with row of small bristles
on lower front edge and another a little larger but still small on lower hind
edge; outer side of hind femur with the usual row above, and a row of
about a dozen below, beginning near base. Claws large, pulvilli hardly en-
larged. Hind basitarsus without spine below.

Wi ings uniformly subinfuscated, veins heavy and dark; costa broken at
tip of first vein, which is pale for a short distance; first vein almost white
for a section near its middle, thence to apex heavy and black; some in-
distinct pale markings around the basal crossveins; costal spines very
minute, no setules before or beyond them.

Female: Front .461 of head-width (in allotype) ; ant acr in the middle of
the series coarser than in male; middle tibia with two on inner front, none
on inner hind, two on outer front, two on outer hind; middle femur with
the bristles on lower front edge larger than in male, second segment of ab-
domen shortest, fourth narrowing almost to a point, and bearing at hind
edge both above and below a close row of stout, appressed bristles, about
16 “above and 12 below; other abdominal bristles inconspicuous ; lateral and
lower surface of abdominal tergites and whole of sternites covered with
short, erect, spiny hairs of an unusual character. The rest as in male.

Length 5% to 6% mm.

Twelve males and four females, collected by Dr. Barton
Warren Evermann, Director of the Museum of the California
Academy of Sciences, for whom the species is named, on the
Farallon Islands off the Golden Gate, on July 6, 1917. “This
kelp-fly is excessively abundant on the Farallon Islands. On
July 6 and again on August 6, 1917, when I visited Southeast
Farallon Island, these flies simply swarmed by hundreds of
millions on and about the bird rookeries, particularly on the
areas where Brandt’s cormorants were nesting. One could not
move about these rookeries without being constantly covered
and surrounded by myriads of these pestiferous little flies.”
(Evermann.) One female from the Museum of Comparative

Vor. VIIL ALDRICH—KELP-FLIES OF NORTH AMERICA 175

Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., bearing the label, “Summit Sierra
Nevada, July 17. O. Sack,” in Osten Sacken’s handwriting.
This locality, so far from the seashore and elevated about 7000
feet above it, seems almost incredible for a Fucellia; it agrees,
however, with Osten Sacken’s statement on the first page of
his “Western Diptera’, that he spent two weeks in July, 1876,
in collecting about Webber Lake in the Sierras, this lake being
near the summit north of the Southern Pacific railroad.
Whether he did not accidentally incorporate a seacoast speci-
men with his summit material is the question.

Type and paratypes in Museum of California Academy of
Sciences; paratypes in U. S. National Museum.

See notes on relationship under Fucellia bicruciata Stein.

10. Fucellia bicruciata Stein.
Stein, Wien. Ent. Zeit., xxix, 20.—Miednaja, Bering Straits.

“Front very broad, above the antenne at least twice as broad as one
eye at the same level, with two pairs of cruciate bristles, one pair close
behind the other, equally strong and equally far apart, in front of which
is still a third pair which stand farther apart. The projecting part of the
front is in profile completely convex. Bucca very wide, fully equal to the
eye-height; back of the head very bulging. Antennz shorter than the
face, third joint hardly longer than the reddish second, arista thickened on
the basal fourth. Palpi black and bristly, quite stout. Thorax colored and
marked as in fucorum, acr in two rows, anteriorly with small, scattered
hairs between them; prealar entirely wanting, stp] two in front, one be-
hind, below the latter no trace of a small bristle. Scutellum on its upper
surface more bristly than in the other species. Abdomen of the usual
color, apparently with a median narrow dark stripe. Legs black, claws
somewhat elongated, pulvilli short. Front tibia without a bristle on the
side away from the body, only ciliated with fine hairs; middle tibia with
two on outer front, one on outer hind, three on inner front, the last on
the apical half, short but strong; hind femur on the lower outer edge with
about 8 bristles in the whole length, hind tibia with the usual bristles.
Wings dirty yellowish-gray, the base with whitish spots, all the veins strong,
especially the last third of the first vein, which is whitish just before this
part. Costal spine very small, no setules visible, both crossveins feebly
infuscated. Calypters very small, whitish with yellowish border, halteres
yellow.

“Length about 8 mm.

“The two specimens before me, which seem to be females, are from Mr.
Becker’s collection and were taken at Miednaja on Bering Straits.”

The above is a translation of the entire description. I have
seen no specimens agreeing with it in regard to the cruciate
bristles. It may be inferred that the type specimens were not
in good condition, as Stein was not sure of the sex. In many
details evermanni agrees, and must be a near relative. but has
so many strong characters not mentioned by Stein that 1t would

176 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER,

be assuming far too much to identify it as bicruciata, to say
nothing of the thousands of miles of coast line between the
Farallon Islands and Bering Straits which has so far yielded
nothing to connect the species.

Whether Miednaja is on the Asiatic or the North American
side of the Straits I have been unable to find out.

11. Fucellia ariciiformis Holmg.
(Eig. 9)
Holmgren, Kongl. Ventesk. Forhandl., 1872, 103 (Scato-

phaga ).—North Greenland.
Lundbeck, Dipt. Greenl., ii, 292, fig. (Vidensk. Medd.,

Fig.9. Fucellia ariciiformis, head in profile, male.

1900).—Several places on Greenland coast, bred from sea-
weed.

Stein, Wien. Ent. Zeit., xxix, 19, 1910, redesc. from Lund-
beck’s material; Arch. f. Naturgesch., Ixxix, 44, female in
table, 1913.

Johnson, Psyche, xvii, 77, 1910.

Male: Opaque dark gray, with three indistinct brown thoracic stripes.
Front prominent, .451 of head-width in the described male; face receding
more than usual; bristles of head as in maritima but generally longer,

especially the two pairs behind the ocelli; parafacials and bucca dark gray,
the latter fully half as high as the eye, with long bristles below; antenne

Vor. VIII] ALDRICH—KELP-FLIES OF NORTH AMERICA Vii

black, standing out prominently, second joint about half as long as third,
arista black, penultimate segment distinct, thickened for nearly a third of
fast segment, beyond with minute, microscopic pubescence; palpi black, with
long bristles below; proboscis short, black; back of head bulging, with a
few rather long hairs.

Thorax opaque dark gray, with an indistinct brown stripe on the acr,
one each side on the dc, and behind the suture a short one on the in-
traalars; chetotaxy as in maritima, but there are a few quite long hairs in
the dc rows, about the humeri, and laterally behind the suture; the hind
postalar is notably long; calypters dirty, whitish, rim and fringe indistinctly
brownish; halteres rather dark yellow.

Abdomen rather long, with parallel sides; second, third and fourth seg-
ments subequal, not much shorter than the first; a distinct fifth tergite
shows about % the length of the preceding one; hypopygium rather small,
its first segment with numerous smallish bristles directed backward, second
much imbedded, when viewed from behind showing a decided notch
posterior to the anal area; fifth sternite not in good condition in the
described specimen, but with long hairs on the sides; the preceding stern-
ites inconspicuous.

Legs wholly black, with long bristles; front tibia with one in front and
one on outer hind side; middle tibia with one on outer front, two on
inner front, one on outer hind, and two on inner hind but not far out of
line with the last preceding; hind tibia with three behind, four on outer
hind and four on outer front side. Middle femur with about four long
scattered bristles on lower front edge and a row on lower hind which are
long near the middle, but shorter and slanting toward tip; hind femur
with the usual upper outer row, and a lower outer one of about 8 long
ones, beginning near base; hind femur at base below with a tuft of small
spines situated upon a slight elevation; hind basitarsus with a spine below.
Pulvilli and claws small.

Wings slightly and uniformly infuscated; veins blackish, crossveins
not bordered; spines and setules distinct but small.

Female: Parafacial and bucca wider (or eye smaller); bucca over half
the eye-height, with very long bristles below; the specimen has four decus-
sate lower frontals, instead of three as in male; abdomen without any
striking bristles, the second and third segments shorter than the first and
fourth; tibial bristles same as in male; middle and hind femora as in male,
except that the latter lacks the spinous elevation on the base below.

Length 4% to 5 mm.

One male, one female. St. Paul Island, Bering Sea, August
16, 1915, in the collection of the U. S. Biological Survey; the
Survey has a series taken at the same time and place which I
have not seen; they were determined by Mr. Malloch. I have
seen a series of 25 specimens, taken by the Canadian Arctic
Expedition at Bernard Harbor, Northwest Territory, Canada;
these are the property of the Canadian National Collection, and
were also determined by Mr. Malloch.

Stein places some stress upon the bloodred color of the
halteres in both sexes, but I think it a variable character in
dried specimens, and it does not occur in what I have seen,
although they run to arictiformis in both sexes in Stein’s tables.
Existing descriptions say very little about the chztotaxy.

178 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

12. Fucellia zstuum, new species

Male: Very much like maritima, but the tibie black and the hind femora
plain. Front .426 of head-width (one specimen), brown, very little paler
at front edge; bristles as in maritima; antenne black, third joint less than
twice the second, arista bare, enlarged for a third its length; parafacials
and bucca gray, the former rather narrow and with a changeable spot
opposite antenna, the latter half the eye-height; palpi dark yellow, the
apical third blackish; proboscis black, small; back of head only moder-
ately bulging.

Thorax unicolorous dark gray above, a shade lighter on sides; ant acr
three stout pairs, no small scattered hairs before the suture, and only
four to six behind it; prealar distinct but less than half as long as the
bristle behind it; rest of thoracic characters as in maritima.

Abdomen with thin brown, changeable pollen, giving a tessellated effect,
in some lights showing a broad median dark stripe; bristles inconspicuous ;
fifth segment indistinctly marked off from the first of the hypopygium,
which is small and bears numerous bristles behind; second of hypopyg-
ium small, subshining black, with only small hairs; fifth sternite yellowish
brown, suberect, forming with its concolorous lateral lobes a raised rim
open behind, the central space hollow to some depth (probably not so in
all specimens, this is a single case) ; the lateral lobes bear only fine hair.

Legs black; front tibia with one bristle on front side; middle tibia
with one on outer front, two or three on outer hind; hind tibia with three
on hind, four on outer hind, and on outer front side with a row of about
8, smaller above; hind basitarsus with spine below; middle femur with a
few scattering bristles below on both front and hind edges, longer behind;
hind femur plain, its outer side bearing the usual row of bristles above,
while below it has a row of about 7, beginning before the middle.

Wings subhyaline, crossveins not infuscated, costal spines and setules
small but visible.

Female: Same as male except as to genital segments. The palpi being
red at base is a good character to separate these females from those of
fucorum, ariciiformis, antennata, and apparently hinet.

Length 4 to 4% mm.

Fifty specimens, both sexes: 46 (including type) from
Ilwaco, Wash., July, 1917 (Melander) ; two Vancouver, B. C.,
Aug. 8, 1917 (Melander) ; one Tokeland, Wash. (Doane), and
one Pender Island, B. C. (Aldrich).

Type and paratypes in California Academy of Sciences; sets
of paratypes in the United States National Museum, the Cana-
dian National Collection, in Professor Melander’s collection,
and in that of the writer.

13. Fucellia hinei, new species
(Fig. 10)

Entirely black, slender, with globose head, apical half of wing anteriorly
with distinct but ill-defined brown tinge.
; Male: Front .486 of head width (average of two—.500 and .471);
frontals 7, upper 3 inclined outwardly, lower 4 mesially; one large pair

Vor. VIIT) ALDRICH—KELP-FLIES OF NORTH AMERICA 179

cruciate in the front; ocellars large, with two smaller pairs behind them;
front, face, antenne and palpi entirely black; parafacials at narrowest as
wide as third antennal joint, the latter less than twice as long as second
joint; bucca over % the eye-height; back of head greatly protuberant, with
black hairs.

Thorax thinly pollinose, the mesonotum not showing the normal pollen
in either specimen; pleuree with faint white pollen, which becomes dense
in a spot just below the humerus at the side; chetotaxy as given for
maritima, except that the lower hind sternopleural is absent and there are
several of different sizes at the anterior end of msn and above front coxa;
calypters and fringe nearly white, rim more yellowish; halteres dark yel-
low, subinfuscated.

Abdomen narrow, black, with thin, dark tessellation; second, third and
fourth segments subequal, first longer; hypopygium small and much re-
tracted, wholly black; fifth sternite wholly black, its free and elevated
lateral lobes black, infolded.

Fig. 10. Fucellia hinei, outer side hind femur of male.

Legs wholly black; front tibia with one bristle in front at second third
and one on outer side at middle; middle tibia with 2 on outer front, 2 on
inner front, 3 on outer hind (of which the upper and lower are almost on
inner hind) ; hind tibia with 3 on hind, 4 on outer hind, 5 on outer front;
hind basitarsus with smallish spine below; middle femur with a row of
15 on the whole length of the lower hind edge, and nearly a dozen on
lower front edge, of which the stoutest are before the middle: hind femur
with the usual upper and lower row on outer side, and at base below with
a tuft of four to six small spines, which are variable and sometimes stand
on a distinct elevation.

Wings tinged with gray, and marked as stated with a vague brown spot
beyond the middle on anterior half; costal spines and setules rather smaller
than usual.

Length 5 mm.

Two males, Kodiak Island, Alaska. Collected by Prof. Jas.
S. Hine, after whom the species is named. Type and paratype
in Professor Hine’s collection.

a 1

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

FourTH SERIES

Vor. VIII, No. 6, pp. 181-270, pls. 7-17 OcTOBER 18, 1918
VI
THE GARTER-SNAKES OF WESTERN NORTH
AMERICA
BY

JOHN VAN DENBURGH
Curator, Department of Herpetology
AND

JOSEPH R. SLEVIN
Assistant Curator, Department of Herpetology

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

MntTOdUGtOLY. Hema kKss ste tocar ctaie cre ove rsiaior nas Reierervaneveeheh fetes ars woe erouae ae 182
[sistzohespeciescand) subspecte sir cer-vere crocs cteheereaereiale icles assis! «aise shoteaels 183
eyai'tor thes Vanlows fori sjactertyencesytrns osclseee cus le serSeaes oe VePOSIOUS coos c 8 a fhe byetaias 184
Me “Sirtalisy SrOup © sizyavs.o:cepaepevelsusecessten release ie eee ener ete palate ose! sis ogo aay betes 185
Generali discussiom: sijascisieh oom al icieweiras tists etapa ees , ares cveieraye stcrere 186
hamnophis- sistalis patietalistasasesce setae s+ sss oe neta 190
Dhamnophis: isirtalisw COMCiNmMUS eye ceeeaelere terete oke ee == \s 9 ans esanaieneisrere 192
(hamnophis-sirtaliseAmtermalish samrmentet etl ratee «(s+ «0 ce, eaves does 198
sMhamnophisvequesis = ai20 mite eer Chee rece resf.nlexe:suanarsFovanesons 204
MhesBleganSivenrou pees faatericiocucs-tereyeceretetereietcietecuesPete i perei= =! © 40 010 9) os ojeyevoienes 206
General ’discussion erry teiciee sitet ete terete ers os eva. sie eles oxeiarayecs 207
Thamnophissordinoides'/ordinoideSsemijscces cities «+ ie e's si8 dlore vies 215
‘Thamnophistordinoides\atratusts= uessce lie. << scromclatseu@insces 224
Thamnophisordinoideswelegans. «ens cianciieieisisee ss <6 vel'e'n weie oss 235
‘hamprophiss ordinoidesevastansie a. seetetters:s «. 2:15 oisisfelelereleisiers 240
Phamnophiswordinoides=biscutatusaaemesmesnetes os i= wees oe aoe 245
Thamnophis' ordinoideswcowchiiiss ccm wserelercie = = «a 8 oe ererece wereyore eve 251
Thamnophis ordinoides hammondii................ ee eeeeeeeeeeee 256
Phamnophis ;MArClanws| ways /acerserserecie ee eteaseeeeseio eee =) 2 e\sieieiessiere-s ee /eisys 261
iDhamnophisemesalops: hrs cseeese cere = #1a0) # slereiels Sleseserarerers 263
Mhamnophis Jangustirosthis yc. ctieieeiensco tes sens Clee sesisies acess 264
Ba bliograp liye cme aise cae ee oe TE ais oss citsyeiate'al a) Stereos 267

October 18, 1918

182 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

A number of years ago, in preparing an account of the rep-
tiles of the Pacific Coast, it became necessary to study with
great care the various species and races of garter-snakes of this
region. Cope had described and recognized some 17 kinds of
garter-snakes from these far-western states, and had left the
whole subject in most puzzling confusion. Critical study’ of
more than 300 fresh alcoholic specimens, in conjunction with
the material in the National Museum, including most of the
type specimens, showed that many of the forms recognized by
Cope were based solely upon individual variations, and as a
result of that study the species and races which seemed worthy
of recognition by name were reduced to seven.

A. E. Brown, in 1901 and 1903, adopted those conclusions
except that he held that Cope’s race vidua was identical with
T. leptocephala instead of with T. elegans, it having been based
upon the type specimens of Kennicott’s Eutenia atrata.

Some years later, Ruthven published an exhaustive account
of the garter-snakes. Unfortunately, much of the available
material from the Pacific states was not included in his studies.
It is probable that more abundant material would have changed
his views in several respects as to the relationship and distribu-
tion of our garter-snakes. Largely because Ruthven’s views
and our own have not been in complete accord, we have under-
taken to study anew the garter-snakes found west of the Rocky
Mountains, and for this purpose have gathered together about
1700 of these snakes from this region. Most of these are the
property of the Academy, but several hundred have been bor-
rowed for study from the collections of Stanford University
and the University of California. For this privilege we are in-
debted to Professors Charles H. Gilbert and John O. Snyder
of Stanford and Dr. Joseph Grinnell of the University of
California. The snakes in the collection of the University of
California are distinguished by the letter C prefixed to their
numbers; those from Stanford University, by the letter S.
When no letter is attached to its number the specimen is in the
collection of the Academy. In this renewed study of these
snakes Mr. Slevin has assisted in many ways and especially is
responsible for the counts of the scales of all the specimens.

1The Reptiles of the Pacific Coast and Great Basin, by John Van Denburgh. Occa-
sional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. V, pp. 1-236, 1897.

Vor, VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 183

The seven kinds of garter-snakes recognized in the earlier
study are here increased, through the recognition of additional
subspecies and the inclusion of the snakes of Arizona, to 14
species and subspecies. As regards the original area, however,
the increase is three subspecies.

Excepting certain species from Arizona, all of our garter-
snakes may be regarded as belonging to two groups or lines
of descent. These may be spoken of as the sirtalis and elegans
groups. The latter is much the larger. We are unable to fol-
low Ruthven in placing in it Thamnophis angustirostris, but
otherwise include about the same forms.

LIST OF SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES

The present study concerns itself with the following species
and subspecies :
Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis
Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus
Thamnophis sirtalis infernalis
Thamnophis eques
Thamnophis ordinoides ordinoides
Thamnophis ordinoides atratus
Thamnophis ordinoides elegans
Thamnophis ordinoides couchii
Thamnophis ordinoides biscutatus
10. Thamnophis ordinoides vagrans
11. Thamnophis ordinoides hammondi1
12. Thamnophis marcianus
13. Thamnophis megalops
14. Thamnophis angustirostris

SOOO EU OS OM EC Ne

These snakes usually may be distinguished by the characters
set forth in the following “key,” but it often will be necessary
to have series of specimens, since individual variation is so
great that a single specimen may not show the normal charac-
ters and may be referred to the wrong section. Thus, a speci-
men of T. s. concinnus having eight supralabials might be re-
ferred to T. eques, or one of T. o. atratus with seven labials
might cause confusion, whereas a series of three or four speci-
mens would immediately clear up the matter by showing these
counts to be abnormal ones.

184 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 414 Ser.

KEY TO THE GARTER-SNAKES.OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA

Lateral light stripe anteriorly not involving scales of the fourth row.
b.—Lateral stripe anteriorly upon scales of the second and third rows.
c.—Supralabials normally seven.
d—Eye large, posterior genials much longer than anterior,
infralabials usually ten, scale-rows 19—19—17.
e—Gastrosteges (146 to 170) and urosteces (66 to 95)
average fewer in number (156-166 and 76 to 85).
f—Coloration lighter, with broader light lines.
T. sirtalis parietalis ......... p. 190
f?—Coloration usually darker both above and below,
lines often narrower.
T. sirtalis concinnus......... p. 192
e’—Gastrosteges (156 to 177) and urosteges (74 to 97)
average more numerous (163 to 169 and 83 to 90), col-
oration lighter than in f*.
T. sirtalis infernalis.......... p. 198
d°—Eye much smaller, posterior genials about equal to anterior,

infralabials usually fewer than ten, scale-rows usually 17—
17—15.

a.

T. ordinoides ordinoides.....p. 215
c¢’.—Supralabials normally eight.

dd.—Scales usually in not more than 19 rows.
ee—Gastrosteges average more than 160, eye large, pos-
terior genials longer.

TO QUES Ia &, jocseieiata rete Sa, Pesta p. 204

ee’ —Gastrosteges average fewer than 160, eye small, genials
subequal.

T. ordinoides atratus......... p. 224

dd*—Scale usually in more than 19 rows.
eee.—Dorsal line present over most of body.
ff—Dorsal line very distinct with sharply defined bor-
ders not invaded by dorsal spots, little dark pismen-
tation on gastrosteges.
T. ordinoides elegans........ p. 235
ff’—Dorsal line with borders invaded by dorsal spots,
dark pigmentation of gastrosteges often present.
g—Preocular single, dorsal spots and dark pigmen-
tation of gastrosteges usually very prominent.
TO. VASTANSG! <<... 05500 aeremaecn p. 240
g’.—Usually two preoculars, dorsal spots and pig-
mentation of gastrosteges usually less evident.
'T) (0. DISCULATHS< . closes cee p. 245
eee? —Dorsal line usually absent, or short, or indistinct.
fff—Remnant of dorsal line usually present, preocular
single, infralabials often more than ten.
flO: COUCHIL 2 aeinetcectstetatoeers p. 251
fff_—No dorsal line, often more than one preocular, in-
fralabials rarely more than ten.
gg.—Lateral lines usually present, dorsal spots fewer,
or absent.
T. ©. hammondit......./j0..-0 p. 256
gg’—Lateral lines usually absent, dorsal spots very
numerous and prominent.
T. angustirostrisi.....2.. <ace p.
b?—Lateral stripe anteriorly upon scales of the third row only, light
postoral crescents present.
T. _marcianus cco casa arte eceneaavensteye

T;, megalops;.., sc... aictaretasleiete Dp. 263

Vor. VIII) VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 185

The following facts also will be of aid in the determination
of specimens :

1. Any red in the coloration indicates that the specimen be-
longs to one of the subspecies of T. sirtalis or to T. 0. ordinotdes
or T. o. atratus.

2. Red on the upper surface of the head seems to be peculiar
to the subspecies of T. sirtalis.

3. Red on the belly or in the dorsal line is distinctive of T. 0.
ordinoides and T. o. atratus.

4, The members of the sirtalis group have a much larger eye
and longer posterior genials than are found in the subspecies
of T. ordinoides, with the possible exception of T. 0. ham-
mondit.

5. The members of the sirtalis group practically always have
19—19—17 rows of scales and a single preocular.

6. In the subspecies of T. ordinoides 21 rows of scales are
almost always present, except in T. 0. ordinoides and T. o.
atratus.

7. Two preoculars are most frequent in T. angustirostris and
T. o. biscutatus, but are frequent in T. 0. hammondu and T. o.
ordinoides.

8. Absence of the dorsal stripe occurs only in four of the
subspecies of 7. ordinoides—viz., hammondit, couchit, ordi-
noides, and atratus,—and is usual in only hammondi and
couchit.

THE SIRTALIS GROUP

Garter-snakes of the sirtalis type have been found in nearly
every state of the Union. They have not definitely been shown
to occur in Arizona and New Mexico. Since these snakes are
distributed so widely, it is to be expected that racial differences
may be found to distinguish the snakes of various portions of
this territory. This has been found true, but the geographical
races are surprisingly few. Of these, the best known are sir-
talis and parietalis, which often have been regarded as distinct
species. Those who, with the most adequate material, have
studied the question, however, state emphatically that sirtalis,

186 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47m Srp.

of the eastern states, and parietalis, of the western, intergrade.
It is upon their authority that trinomials are used here. Inter-
gradation, it seems, occurs chiefly in the vicinity of the ninety-
fifth (90° to 100°) Meridian. Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis
ranges west from this area of intergradation. The snakes of
the northwest coast of Oregon and Washington have been
recognized by many authors as a distinct race, under the names
Thamnophis parietalis pickeringit or, more properly, Tham-
nophis sirtalis concinnus.

Several names have been based upon individuals of these
races. Thus, parietalis was originally described by Say in 1823
from material collected at Camp Missouri near Council Bluff.
Blainville’s Coluber infernalis, 1835, from California, is based
upon a garter-snake belonging to this group, and Cope’s
Eutenia sirtalis tetratenia, from Pitt River, California, also is.
Hallowell’s type of concinnus (1852) was from Oregon Terri-
tory. It represented the dark northwest-coast form which
Baird and Girard soon afterwards (1853) named Eutainia
pickeringii from material secured at Puget Sound. Cope, in
1892, proposed the name E. sirtalis trilineata for specimens
from Port Townsend, Oregon, and Fort Benton, Montana.

General Discussion

While the northwestern coastal snakes thus were distin-
guished from parietalis at an early date, and have since been re-
corded by most authors under a different name, no one has
claimed that these two races showed any distinctive characters
other than those of coloration. Ruthven states that “there is
no character which will constantly distinguish specimens of
concinnus from parietalis. The narrow dorsal stripe and lateral
interspaces of the former will usually do so, but these may be
exactly as in parietalis. Still, the fact that nearly all specimens
from Washington and northern Oregon, west of the Cascade
Range, are characterized by a marked predominance of black
pigment and a narrow dorsal stripe justifies their recognition
as a separate form.” This was the opinion reached as the result
of earlier studies set forth in “The Reptiles of the Pacific Coast
and Great Basin,” and now, with nearly 400 of these snakes
before us, this opinion is unchanged. Although there is much
variation in the amount of dark pigment and in the width of

Vor. VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 187

the dorsal line these characters are sufficiently constant to serve
for the recognition of concinnus as a subspecies distinct from
parietalis.

As we pass south and east from the range of concinnus in
California and southern Oregon we find a definite increase in
the number of ventral plates. The snakes from the northwest
coast have fewer gastrosteges and urosteges than the snakes
from farther south and east in California. The greater differ-
ence is in the gastrostege counts, and these might perhaps be
used alone, but the combination of gastrostege and urostege
counts helps to bury individual variation. In a comparison of
this kind it is, of course, necessary to separate the sexes, for the
females have much lower counts than the males.

The following table shows these counts in specimens from
many localities :

Table of combined gastrostege and urostege counts

Males Females
Locality a No. of No. of
Speci- | Average | Extremes | Speci- | Average | Extremes
mens mens
eon Coltim biareyerercisisieis ciate eieisis 2 249.5 248-251 7 229.9 226-234
aho.

TwinFallsand WashingtonCos. 3 245.3 241-248 8 235.9 229-247
Washington sos ic.scieccisieissts clelelsie'e il 242.5 239-250 10 230.1 227-238
Oregon.

Clatsop: Coma crclelecisleystetevelelelas 2 248 243-253 1 226 226

Dillamook:Coe/ces;c1c sees wee 5 250.8 246-254 9 2332 228-237

Vambill’ Comisjetsociesestervorterse Some ly sGemach| eRe Ase 1 240 240

TinCOlns CO ars vjovelspeceretalene ienciere ce || |PAceistatete tain |e oerapetess 1 236 236

Benton Corcilate seeieiaseteees 1 255 255 1 250 250

WANG CON ers iclerc/etermsinieiesleleare 3 246.3 243-248 1 239 239

CO0s Cont Nansen suc noat 11 247.4 240-253 8 237.6 231-243

Dotiglas‘Coseccnncsecvenees 9 248.3 242-255 5 23022) 224-237

Curry Cote nities doce 7 246.4 241-251 15 236.5 221-246

Wackson'iConne es wtecite sescwers OSiag || ieee horas aes 1 253 253

Marney\Col.. tin sictistesssnmsyenienye 1 248 248 ana (Mra el acess S

Klamathi Coney. cieitncceers 1 254 254 esec IHL sbvstfors,cr Pll [Perey seers
Utah aed scaccltoeect ener 4 251 249-253 4 2375.5 231-241
California.

DeliNortei Cog ices sive ss 5 246.4 237-256 8 233 230-238

Shasta) Coj tn sirevciers cl sremtente e 1 243 243 2 241.5 239-244

Humboldt: Cotmswissrecisisine clr 6 251.2 245-254 3 234.3 231-240

Mendocino Co : 6 249.7 231-258 5 2a 2 231-251

Sonoma Co, 1 251 251 3 229 215-233

Marin Co... 2 254 253-255 1 230 230

Lassen Co.... Bot Hi kadtons I eapeocad 1 237 237

Santa Clara C 10 258.6 251-267 9 243.7 236-248

Monterey Co. 5 260.4 253-267 3 244.6 236-252

Dake! Co: sis). 0) 85 iWliconooe: | liogcene 1 258 258

Alameda: Conan cetiinite n| 265 265 Dike Ni roetacctopan teretetertore

San Joaquin Co..........0.5 on Wi tadooo: he badqc 1 248 248

Merced iGo teietannicnicaehe cere porn eonctece ol uatceoge 1 240 240

Better. Cogn cisyese sicraiarsistovelette 4 260.5 258-266 8 244.3 237-253

Sitter Co: ssepeitseiciictee ene 1 255 255 1 254 254

IMariposaiCom seenctecnecnas 1 265 265 1 252 252

Bl’ DoradoiCorn.ccencscen araibbaodao. «| sopacor 2 249 245-253

Modoc’ Co 23.52): sjcie,sc/meteineisrs 5 259.2 251-269 8 246.5 240-258

Los Angeles Co.........0.055 2 263.3 254-270 1 245 245

San Bernardino Co.......... a6 ll cocoa! Ill oeaneue 1 248 248

188 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

It will be seen that while the average count in males from
Washington is 245.5, the average in males from central and
southern California ranges from 255 to 265; the extremes of
variation in the latter area being 251 and 270, while in Wash-
ington specimens they are only 239 and 250. Similar differ-
ences are found in the counts of female specimens, the Wash-
ington average being 230.1, as against central and southern
California averages of from 243.7 to 248. Intermediate locali-
ties show some intermediate counts, but in general it may be
seen that the difference is quite great and constant enough to
serve well for the separation of a southwestern race, T. sirtalis
infernalis, from the northern subspecies, T. sirtalis concinnus.
This difference in gastrosteges is clearly shown in Figure1. It
also is evident that T. sirtalis concinnus is not confined to the
extreme northwest, but, on the contrary, occupies a strip close
to the coast south nearly or quite to San Francisco Bay. In
the extreme north T. sirtalis concinnus ranges east far from the
coast, for the specimens from northern Idaho are of this dark
race and it very possibly may be that Cope’s type of trilineata
from Fort Benton, Montana, also belongs here. A little farther
south, however, concinnus does not range far from the ocean,
as is shown by the specimens from Klamath County, Oregon,
and Modoc County, California, which represent the race T.
sirtalis infernalis.

Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis agrees with T. sirtalis concin-
nus in having a smaller number of ventral plates than is to be
found in T. sirtalis infernalis. It differs from T. s. concinnus
and resembles T. s. infernalis in its lighter style of coloration.
Specimens at hand do not show where Thamnophis sirtalis
parietalis meets the other two subspecies, or whether there are
definite areas of intergradation between these forms. One
would expect to find such a state of affairs in Nevada, southern
Idaho, and perhaps in southeastern Oregon, but, unfortunately,
our specimens from these areas are very few. The Idaho
snakes are of the dark T. s. concinnus type, while those from
Utah are definitely T. s. parictalis.

We thus recognize from the territory west of the Rocky
Mountains three subspecies of Thamnophis sirtalis, as fol-
lows :—

Vor. VIIT) VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 189

1. Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis (Say)
2. Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus (Hallowell)
3. Thamnophis sirtalis infernalis (Blainville)

While these three are the only western races of T. sirtalis
recognized in this review, it is far from certain that this num-

ets 3's
EPPS

~

lg JKR /S0 152 15K 156 (/5B /60 /62%_ /64 166 168/90 [7b 17# 176 178

+ : : .

~beWs
MWD dO}S

Figure 1

Fig. 1. This chart shows the number of gastrosteges in specimens of
Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus, represented by a continuous line, and
Thammnophis sirtalis infernalis, represented by a broken line. The upper
half of the chart shows the counts in males, the lower half the counts in
females. The chart shows the percentage of the total number of speci-
mens of each sex having each number of gastrosteges, and brings out
clearly the fact that in T. s. infernalis these scutes are more numerous
than in T. s. concinnus.

190 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SEM

ber might not be largely increased if very much larger series
were at hand. We were able to distinguish easily, and with
but few errors, the snakes of Idaho from those of the Puget
region, and those of Palo Alto from those collected in the San
Joaquin Valley, as we picked them from a large pile of speci-
mens bearing numbers but no locality labels. The differences
are too intangible to describe, but they must exist, and may
become more evident when larger series can be studied. Some
of the color differences which we now regard as individual may
prove to be geographical, and the day may come when the
herpetologist, with enormous series, will emulate the orni-
thologist and mammalogist in the multiplication of subspecies.

Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis (Say)

Prairie Garter-Snake.

Diagnosis.—Squamation similar to that of T. s. concinnus
but coloration usually lighter and with more red, thus re-
sembling T. s. infernalis.

Type Locality.—West side of the Missouri River, three miles
above the mouth of Boyer’s River.

Synonyms.—lIt seems that no other names have been based
upon individuals of this subspecies as here restricted.

Range.—The great plains, west to Utah and perhaps eastern
Nevada and southern Idaho.

We have examined specimens of Thamnophis sirtalis parie-
talis from the following localities -—

1. Bear River, Logan, Cache Co., Utah.
2. Fort Douglas, Salt Lake Co., Utah.
3. Woods Cross, Morgan Co., Utah.

Material——Only 12 specimens have been studied by us.

Variation.—The loreal is 1—1 in all. The preoculars are
1—1 in all. The postoculars are 3—3 in all. The temporals

Number

$1778
14169
40403
40404
40405
40406
40407
40408
40409
40410
40411
40412

Vor. VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 191

are 1+2—1-2 in eight, or 66% ; 1+2—1-+3 in three, or 25% ;
and 1+1—1-+2 in one, or 8%. The supralabials are 7—7 in
nine, or 75%; 7—8 in two, or 17%; and 8—8 in one, or 8%.
The infralabials are 10—10 in seven, or 58% ; 9—9 in four, or
33% ; and 9—10 in one, or 8%. The scale-rows are 19—19—
17 in all. The gastrosteges vary in number from 157 to 168,
males having from 164 to 168, females from 157 to 166; the
average in five males is 165.4, in seven females, 161.1. The
urosteges vary from 74 to 87, males having from 84 to 87,
females from 74 to 79; the average in four males is 85.2, in
four females, 76.

These variations are shown in full in the following table of
scale-counts. The series, of course, is too small to show the
real limits of variation.

Scale counts in Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis

Gastro-| Uro- | Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post-

Sex Scale rows steges | steges| labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals Temporals
o |19—19—17—17 164 86+ 7I—7 10—9 1—t1 3—3 i—1 1+2—1+2
9 |19—19—17—17 166 75c 7—7 10—10 i=! 3—3 1—1 1+3—1 +2
Q |19—19—17—17 162 73+ i—l 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1 +2
Q |19—19—17—17 158 68+ 7—7 9—9 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2—1-+2
9 |19—19—17—17 162 24+ 7—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2—1+2
Q |19—19—17—17 157 74c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+3—1 +2
9 |19—19—17—17 161 79c 7—7 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 1-+2—1 +3
Q |19—19—17—17 162 76c 7I—i 9—9 i—1 3—3 1—1 1-2-2
o | 19—19—17—17 165 84c 8—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1 +2
o |19—19—17—17 168 85c 8—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+1—1+2
ot [19 —19—17—17. 164 87c 7I—i 9—9 1—1 3—3 11 1-+-2—1 +2
o }19—19—17—17 166 85c 7—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1-+2

Remarks.—The specimens at hand are insufficient to show

the western limits of the range of this subspecies and where and
how it meets, or merges with, or is replaced by, T. s. concinnus
and 7. s. infernalis. The last named form ranges east at least
to the western edge of Nevada, while T. s. concinnus seems to
occur as far east as northern Idaho or, possibly, Montana.
Many more specimens are needed from southern Idaho, eastern
Oregon and all parts of Nevada, to throw light on these ques-
tions.

Local-

=
&

BWWWHWwWwwawne

192 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus ( Hallowell)
Northwestern Garter-Snake.

Diagnosis.—Squamation similar to that of T. s. partetalis.
Gastrosteges and urosteges average fewer than T. s. infernalis.
Coloration usually darker than in either T. s. parietalis or T. s.
infernalis.

Type Locality —Oregon Territory.

Synonyms.—Eutenia pickeringti Baird & Girard, 1853; type
locality Puget Sound. Eutenia sirtalis trilineata Cope, 1892;
type localities “Port Townsend, Oregon”, and Fort Benton,
Montana. Eutenia sirtalis tetratenia (part?), Cope, 1875, no
locality, and 1892, Puget Sound, Washington.

Range.—The coast region of British Columbia, Washington,
Oregon, and California south to San Francisco Bay, intergrad-
ing toward the south and east in California with 7. s. infernalis.
In the far north, probably ranging east to Idaho, or possibly
Montana.

We have examined specimens of Thamnophis sirtalis con-
cinnus from the following localities :—

. Lillooet River Valley, British Columbia.
. Union Bay, Bayne Island, B. C.

. Vancouver Island, B. C.

. Alberni Valley, Vancouver Island, B. C.
Blue Lakes, Twin Falls Co., Idaho.
Weiser, Washington Co., Idaho.

. San Juan Islands, Washington.

. Lake Crescent, Clallam Co., Wash.

. Darrington, Snohomish Co., Wash.

10. Seattle, King Co., Wash.

11. Quiniault, Chehalis Co., Wash.

12. Melbourne, Chehalis Co., Wash.

13. Longmire, Pierce Co., Wash.

14. Pierce Co., Wash.

15. Pullman, Whitman Co., Wash.

16. South Bend, Pacific Co., Wash.

17. Holcomb, Pacific Co., Wash.

18. Olney, Clatsop Co., Oregon.

COMNAMNAWNH

Vor. VIIT] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 193

19. Gearheart, Clatsop Co., Ore.

20. Garibaldi, Tillamook Co., Ore.

21. Tillamook, Tillamook Co., Ore.

22. Trask River, Tillamook Co., Ore.

23. Road to Nestucea between Grand Ronde and Dolph,
Yamhill Co., Ore.

24. Road between Chitwood and Siletz River, Lincoln Co.,
Ore.

25. Road between Pioneer and Siletz River, Benton Co.,
Ore.

26. Alsea River, near Alsea, Benton Co., Ore.

27. Elmira, Lane Co., Ore.

28. June Lake and Siuslaw River, Lane Co., Ore.

29. Junction Lake and Deadwood Creek, Lane Co., Ore.

30. South Fork Coos River, Coos Co., Ore.

31. Sumner, Coos Co., Ore.

32. Coquille, Coos Co., Ore.

33. Myrtle Point, Coos Co., Ore.

34. Takeneitch Creek, Douglas Co., Ore.

35. Camas Mountains, Douglas Co., Ore.

36. Langlois, Curry Co., Ore.

37. Sixes River, Curry Co., Ore.

38. Port Orford, Curry Co., Ore.

39, Elk Creek, Curry Co., Ore.

40. Between Flores Creek and Rogue River, Curry Co., Ore.

41. Flores Creek, Curry Co., Ore.

42. Vicinity mouth of Rogue River, Curry Co., Ore.

43. Harbor, Curry Co., Ore.

44. Battle Creek, near Eagle Point, Jackson Co., Ore.

45. Smith River, Del Norte Co., California.

46. Crescent City, Del Norte Co., Cal.

47. Requa, Del Norte Co., Cal.

48. Sisson, Siskiyou Co., Cal.

49. Burney Creek, Shasta Co., Cal.

50. Redwood Creek, Orick, Humboldt Co., Cal.

51. Carlotta, Humboldt Co., Cal.

52. Maple Creek, Humboldt Co., Cal.

53. Samoa, Humboldt Bay, Humboldt Co., Cal.
54. Eureka, Humboldt Co., Cal.

5. Covelo, Mendocino Co., Cal.

194 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47 Ser.
56. Garcia River, half mile above mouth, Mendocino Co.,

57. Sherwood, Mendocino Co., Cal.

58. Willits, Mendocino Co., Cal.

59. Mendocino, Mendocino Co., Cal.

60. Albion River, 2 miles below Comptche, Mendocino Co.,

61. Kidd Creek, Sonoma Co., Cal.

62. Skaggs Springs, Sonoma Co., Cal.
63. Napa, Napa Co., Cal.

64. Inverness, Marin Co., Cal.

65. Point Reyes Station, Marin Co., Cal.
66. Tocaloma, Marin Co., Cal.

67. Willow Camp, Marin Co., Cal.

Material—Two hundred and forty-six specimens have been
studied by us.

V ariation—The loreal is 1—1 in two hundred and thirty-
seven specimens (all counted). The preoculars are 1—1 in
two hundred and thirty-six and 2—2 in one. The postocu-
lars are 3—3 in two hundred and fifteen or 92% ; 3—4 in thir-
teen or 5% ; 2—3 in four, or 2% ; 44 in one, and 2—2 in one.
The temporals are 1+2—1-+2 in two hundred and twenty-one,
or 94%; 1+1—1-++2 in five, or 2%; 1+2—1-++3 in four, or
2% ; 1+1—1-+1 in four, or 2%; and 1+3—1+3 in one. The
supralabials are 7—7 in one hundred and eighty-three, or 77% ;-
7—8 in forty-one, or 17% ; and 8—8 in fourteen, or 6%. The
infralabials are 1O—10 in one hundred and sixty-nine, or 71% ;
9—10 in forty-one, or 17%; 9—9 in fifteen, or 6% ; 8—9 in
eight, or 3% ; 8—10 in two, or 1% ; and 10—11 in two, or 1%.
The scale-rows are 19—19—17 in all specimens. The gastro-
steges vary in number from 146 to 170, males having from 150
to 170, females from 146 to 167; the average in ninety-nine
males is 164.3, in one hundred and eighteen females, 156.4.
The urosteges vary from 66 to 95, males having from 70 to 95,
females from 66 to 91; the average in eighty males is 84.2, in
eighty-eight females, 76.8.

These variations are shown in full in the following table of
scale-counts.

Vor. VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 195

Scale counts in Thamnophts sirtalis concinnus
a

Gastro-| Uro- | Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- Local-

Number | Sex} Scale rows steges | steges| labials } labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals Temporals ity
$5171 9 |19—19—17—17} 159 67c I—7 10—10 i—1 3—3 1-1 14+2——1 +2 1
$5174 Q |19—19—17—17| 157 75c 7—7 10—9 I—1 3—3 i—1 1+2——1+2 1
$7212 o |19—19—17 170 78c i—7 10—10 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2 2
C2297 9 |19—19—17—17] 160 78c 7—7 10—10 t—t1 3—3 i—t 1+2——1+2 3
C2298 o |19—19—17 Asse 84c soos ere i—1 3—3 imi 1+2+2—1+42+42 4
C2300 o |19—19—17 170 81c 7—7 8—9 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+2—1+2+42 4
C2301 o |19—19—17 154 3G 7—i 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2+4+2—1+42-+2 4
C2302 o |19—19—17 164 62+ 7—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 14+2+2—1+2-+2 4
C2303 9 |19—19—17 159 69c i—7 10—10 i—1 3—4 1i—1 142+2—1+3+2 4
C2304 2? |19—19—17 158 76c 7—7 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 |142+2—1+4242 4
C2305 9 |19—19—17 160 69+ 7—7 10—9 1—1 3—3 1i—1 14+2+2—1+2+42 4
C2306 9 |19—19—17 161 72c 7—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1--2———1'--2 4
C2307 9 |19—19—17 161 68+ 7—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2+2—1+2-+2 4
$2649 9 |19--19—17—17] 165 44+ i—s 9—10 1—1 3—4 it 1+42——1 +2 5
$2650 9 |19—19—17—17| 167 78c i= 10—9 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+4+2———1+2 5
$2651 o }19—19—17—17) 163 85c 7—i 9—9 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2——1+2 5
$2652 Q |19—19—17—17| 158 74c 7—7 10—10 I—1 3—3 1—1 1+42——1 +2 5
$2653 o |19—19—17—17] 160 81c 7—1 9—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+4+2———1 +2 5
$2654 o |19—19—17—17] 164 85c 7—7 10—10 I—1 3—3 1—1 1+2——1 +2 5
$2655 9 |19—19—17—17| 156 78c 7—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+4+2——1+2 5
$2656 o |19—19—17—17| 163 84c 7—i 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2———1 +2 5
$2657 Q |19—19—17—17| 154 37+ 7—i 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 14+2——1+2 5
$2658 o |19—19—17—17| 165 82c 7—i 10—10 i—t 3—3 1—1 |1+2——i1-+2 5
$2659 Q |19—19—17—17| 158 72¢c 77 10—10 1—t1 3—4 1—1 |1+2——1-+2 5
$2663 9 |19—19—17—17| 155 73c 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2———1 +2 5
$1686 Q |19—19—17—17| 162 80c 7—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1i—1 |1+2——1+2 6
$6506 Q? |19—19—17—17| 166 79+ 7—7 10—9 1—1 3—3 1 hit 2 ——— 1-2 7
$6514 9 |19—19—17—17] 161 77 i—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1-+2 7
30418 oa \19—19—17 163 62+ i—i 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+42+2—1+2-+2 8
30419 Q |19—19—17 158 73c 8—8 10—10 a1 3—3' 11) 2-24 2-2 8
30420 9 |19—19—17 157 71c 7—7 10—10 i? 3—3 1—1 1 |1+2+2—141-+2 8
30421 9 |19—19—17 157 68c 7—7 10—10 i—1 3—3 it 1+2+2—1+42-+2 8
30509 o |19—19—17 164 8ic 7—7 10—9 1—1 3—3 jal 1+1——1 +1 9
30510 9 |19—19—17 156 73c i—7 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 14+2-+2—1+42-+2 9
$4181 9 |19—19—17—17| 167 53 -+- 7—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1-+2 10
29941 9 |19—19—17 158 63+ 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 it 1+2-+2—1+2+2 11
29942 ? \19—19—17 160 67c 7—7 9—8 i—1 3—3 i—t 14+2+4+2—1+2+2| 11
29943 oa }19—19—17 156 70c 8—8 o——10) i—1 3—3 i—! 14+2+2—1+42+2] 11
29944 9 |19—19—17 160 47+ 8—8 10—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+42—1+42+42] 11
29945 o |19—19—17 161 82c 7—7 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+42—1+42-+2 11
29946 o }19—19—17 159 80c 7—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 14+2+2—1+42+42] 11
29947 Q |19—19—17 160 72¢c i—" 10—10 i1—1 3—3 1—t 1+2+2—142+42] 11
29948 9 |19—19—17 161 73c 7—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 }14242—1+2-+41] 11
29949 Q |19—19—17 157 59+ 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 i1—1 1+2+2—1+4+2+42] 11
29928 Q 119—19—17 160 68c 7—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2+4+2—1+2+2] 12
29929 oe }19—19—17 166 84c ii 9—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |14+2+42—1+42+2] 12
30396 oa |19—19—17 161 83c 7—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 14+2+42—142+42] 13
$5151 o }19—19—17—17| 167 82c iT 10—10 1—1 3—3 11 1+2———_1+2 14
$2660 o }19—19—17—17] 157 72+ 7—7 10—9 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2——1 +2 15
$2661 co |19—19—17—17| 162 81c 7I—1 9—9 i—t 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1-+2 15
$2662 o |19—19—17—17] 163 76c 7—7 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1-+2 15
29881 o |19—19—17 167 79¢ 7—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+42+42] 16
29882 9 |19—19—17 160 71+ 7—i 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—142+42] 16
29920 9 |19—19—17 161 68c 7—i 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 142 +2—1+2-+2 17
29921 co |19—19—17 165 79c 7—i 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2-+2—1 +2 +2 17
29872 co |19—19—17 164 79c 7—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 I—1 1+2+2—1+2+2; 18
29873 co |19—19—17 166 61+ 7—i 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—t1' 1+2+2—1+1-+2 18
29812 oc }19—19—17 165 88c 7—7 9—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+1-+2—1 +242 19
29813 oa |19—19—17 164 64+ Hoo 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+2—1+2-+2 19
29814 o |19—19—17 160 48+ 7—T 9—9 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2-+2—1 42 +2 19
29815 9 |19—19—17 159 67c 8—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 142 -+2—1+2-+2 19
29715 co |19—19—17 168 75+ 7—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+2—1+42+42] 20
29716 Q |19—19—17 158 58+ i= 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 1 +2———-1 +2 20
29717 co |19—19—17 166 83+ 7—i 10—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+42 142 20
29718 oa |19—19—17 167 79c 7—i 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+42 1+2 20
29719 9 |19—19—17 158 76c I—7 10—10 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2+2—1+42+42] 20
29696 o |19—19—17 165 77+ 7—7 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2 1+2 21
29698 9 |19—19—17 158 7i+ 7I—7 10—8 i—1 4—3 1i—1 14+2+4+2—1+2+42] 21
29699 Q |19—19—17 156 70c 7—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 14+2+42—1+2+42] 21
29700 Q |19—19—17 160 69¢e 7—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 142+2—1+42+42] 21
29701 9 |19—19—17 161 45+ 7—i7 9—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 14+2+4+2—1+2+42] 21
29702 o |19—19—17 165 88c 7—7 10—10 1i—1 3—3 1i—1 14+2+42—1+42+2]| 21
29703 9 |19—19—17 159 72¢c 7—i7 9—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 14+2+2—1+4+2+42] 21
29704 Q |19—19—17 158 78c 8—7 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 14+2+2—1+2+42] 21
29705 o |19—19—17 165 W7+ 7—7 10—9 i—1 3—3 | 1+2+42—1+2-+2] 21

196

Scale counts in Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus—Continued

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

[Proc. 4TH Ser.

Number

29706
29734
29735
29736
29737
29738
29739
29740
29741
$5307
$4426
$4512
$4504
29622
29623
29624
29625
$4501
$4501 (a)
$4501 (b)
$4501 (c)
$4501 (d)
$4501 (e)
$4501 (f)
$4501 (g)
$4501 (A)
$4501 (i)
$4484 (a)
$4484 (b)
$4484 (c)
$4484 (d)
$4484 (e)
$4484 (f)
$4484 (g)
$4484 (h)
$4446
$4480
29441
29442
29443
29444
29445
29446
29447
29448
29449
29450
29451
29452
29453
29454
29455
29456
29457
29458
29459
29460
29461
$4218
$4415
$4416
$4417
$4418
$4419
$4420
$4421
$4422
$4423
$4424
$4425
$4493
$4494
$4495
$4496
$4497

Sex

his fo eater aa iar

0,100, 0, 00,0, 09, 0,9,00,0900,9,0,4,0G, OGD QaAqAoagq{ogqgoo: >i ii1:

Scale rows

19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19-—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17
19-—19—“"17,
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17,
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19-—19—4 7,
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—16
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—17

Gastro-
steges

163
157
157
161
161
165
161
169
163
160
161
169
165
157
165
162
164
160
157
160
159
165
158
162
161
158
161
169
158
165
167
157
168
156
157
156
157
161
160
160
161
166
161
161
168
164
167
158
157
165
161
164
155
153
163
167
167
160
163
165
154
164
16U a;
157
165
157
159
158
165
167

Uro-
steges

Supra-
labials

Infra-
labials

Pre-
oculars

Post-
oculars

Loreals

Temporals

-2-+-2—1- 2-2
NE le adie oy)
2 eee,
a)
2-2 —1 4-2-2
22122
2 -+-2—1 +2 +2
z Tea a

le)
2--2—1 2-42
2 -+-2—1 +242
2:4-2—1 +1 +2
22 ot
2——h-2

ee ee ee ee ee ee

+
4
+
+
+
+
+
+
42-449
op
+
+
+
+
+
+

1—1 3—3 1—1

1—1 3—3 1-1

2-2 3—3 1-1

1—1 3—3 i—1

1—1 3—3 1—1

1—1 3—3 1—1

1—1 3—3 1—1

1—1 3—3 1—1

1—1 3—3 1—1

1—1 3—3 1—1 +

1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+42+42
1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2
1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—142+42
1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2
1—1 3—3 1—1 |14+2+2—1+2+42
1—1 3—2 1—1 |14+2+2—142+42
i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+41
1—1 4-3 1—1 |1+1+2—1+41+2
1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+42+42
1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+24+2—142+42
1—1 3—3 i—1 |1+2+4+2—1+2+42
1—1 4-4 1—1 |1+2——1+2
1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+1+2—1+1+2
1—1 3—3 1—1 /1+2+2—1+42+2
1—1 3—3 1—1 |14+2+2—1+42+42
1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+2+42
1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+42+42
1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+2+2
1—1 3—3 1—1 |142+2—1+42+2
1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+1+2—1+2+42
1—1 3—3 1—1 /14+2+2—1+2+2
1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2
1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2
1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+42
1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2
1—1 3—3 i—1 |14+2——1+42
1—1 3—3 1—1 /1+3——1+2
1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2 142
1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2
1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2
i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2
i—1 4-3 11 ee
1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2
1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2
i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2 142
1—1 3—3 1—1 |14+2——1+42
1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2
1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2

Vor. VIIT]

Scale counts in Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus—Continued

VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES

197

Number

$4423
$4423 (a)
$4423 (b)
$4423 (0)
$4423 (d)
$4423 (e)
$4423 (f)
$4423 (g)
$4423 (h)
$4496
$4496 (a)
$4496 (b)
$4496 (c)
$4496 (d)
$4496 (e)
$4496 (f)
$4496 (g)
$4496 (h)
$4496 (8)
29494
29418
$4449
$4450
29390
29391
29392
29393
29394
29395
29396
$4443
$4463
$4451
$4437
$4438
$4439
29262
29264
29265
29266
29267
$4441
29212
29222
29231
29232
29233
29234
29235
29083
29084
29086
29087
29088
29089
29092
$6609
$6610
$4314
$6441
$6442
$6508
$4261
28828
28835
28836
28838
$4262
$4263
C2321
C2318
C2319
C5318
C5319
C5320

Sex

+ QQ: :

Taian

Scale rows

19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—15
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—17
10m Om
19—19—17—17
19194707
19—19—17—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17

Gastro-
steges

155
152

Uro-
steges

Supra-
labials

Infra-
labials

Pre-
oculars

Post-
oculars

Loreals

Temporals
1+2 1+2
1+2——1+2
1+2———1 +2
1+2———1 +2

14+2+42—1+42+2
14+1+2—1+4+1+2
1+2———1 +2
1+2———1 +2
1+2+2—1 +2 +2
4+24+2—1+2+2
24+2—142+2
2+2—1+2+2

1+2——_1 +2

14+2+4+2—1+2+2
14+2+4+2—1+42+2
4+2+4+2—142+42
2+2—142+2
3+2—1+2+2
2 1+2

2+2—1+2-+2
2+2—1+2+42
2+2—1+2 +2
24+2—1+2+42
2+2—1+2 +2
2——1+2

242—1+2+42
2+2—14+2+2

24+2—14+2+2
2+2—1+2+42

14+2——_1+2
14+2———_1 +2
1+3———1 +2
1+2——-1 +2
142——_1 +2
1+2——1 +2
1+2——1 +2
14+2+2—142+2
142+42—1+2+2
4+242—142+42
242—14+2+2
2——1 +2

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

tt$t4+4tttt++4444

+
|
+
w

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
|
1

ttttttte
+
id
tr
+
nw
a

2+2—14+2+2

—-:._— OO 8 O_O

198

Scale counts in Thamnophts sirtalis concinnus—Continued

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

[Proc. 4TH Ser.

Number

$4246
$4235
C1162
C1164
28667
28668
28669
C5325
C5316
$4239
27981
28022
28023
28026
28027
28023
C4315
C5294
C5289
27815
39682

Sex

Gastro-] Uro- | Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post-

Scale rows steges |steges] labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals Temporals
19—19—17—17| 151 76+ 7—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 142 1+2
19—19—17—17] 146 83c 77 10—10 i—1 3—3 1i—1 1+2——_1+2
19—19—17 164 91c 7—7 10—9 1—1 3—3 1i—1 1+4+2+42—1+2-+2
19—19—17 156 79c 7—7 10—9 1—1 3—4 1—1 |1+4+2+1—1+2+1
19—19—17 160 83c 7—7 10—10 1—1 33 1—1 |1-+-2+-2—1-44-2-+2
19—19—17 158 57+ 7—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 [1+2+2—1+2 +2
19—19—17 167 88c 7I—7 10—9 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2+2—1+2+2
19—19—17 163 80c 7—8 10—10 i—1i 3—3 1—1 142 +2—1+2 +2
19—19—17 150 81ic 8—7 10—10 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2 +2—1 +2 +2
19—19—17—17} 153 78c I—T 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1 +2——_1 +2
19—19—17 158 27+ 8—8 10—10 1i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2+3—1+2+3
19—19—17 160 54+ 7—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 1i—1 1+2——1 +2 +2
19—19—17 154 79c 7—7 10—10 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2+2—1+2+42
19—19—17 160 91c 7I—7 9—10 i—1 3—3 i—! 1+2+2—1+2-+2
19—19—17 160 79c 1—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 14+2+2—1 +2 +2
19—19—17 157 82c 7—7 10—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+2-+42
19—19—17 158 44+ 7—1 10—10 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2+2—1+2+2
19—19—17 153 77c 7—8 10—9 1i—1 4—3 1—I 1+2+3—1+2-+3
19—19—17 163 92c 7—7 10—10 1i—1 3—3 1) i 2-2 — 2 2-2
19—19—17 161 92c 7I—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 2 1+3——1+3
19—19—17—17| 167 68+ 7—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2

Remarks.—While a dark style of coloration with a tendency
toward narrow lines is characteristic of this subspecies, this
type of coloration is by no means constant. Specimens similar
in color to the type of pickeringii seem to be very rare even in
the far north. In general, the difference from T. s. parietalis
and T. s. infernalis lies in an increase in the dark pigment, both
dorsally and ventrally, rather than in a marked narrowing of
the lines or a reduction in the amount of red in the coloration.
Some specimens from Oregon are no darker than Californian
T. s. infernalis, and show red heads and often much red on the
body. Others are quite dark. Upon the whole, and notwith-
standing wide individual variation everywhere, it may be said
that the coloration becomes lighter toward the south and is
gradually changed to that of T. s. infernalis. This color change
seems to occur more rapidly (i. e., farther north) than the
change in number of gastrosteges. The latter change has been
discussed under the heading The Sirtalis Group.

Thamnophis sirtalis infernalis (Blainville)
Pacific Garter-Snake.

Diagnosis —Gastrosteges and urosteges average more nu-
merous than in T. s. parictalis and T. s. concinnus. Coloration
usually lighter, with broader lines and more red than in T. s.
concinmnus, similar to that of T. s. parietalis.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. VIII | VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN | Plate 7

Thamnophis sirtalis infernalis, Pacific Garter-Snake:—Photozgraph from
living adult male (No. 39197) collected at Pacific Grove, Monterey County,
California, May 11, 1914

Vor. VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 199

Type Locality.—California.

Synonyms.—Eutenia sirtalis tetratenia (part?), Cope,
1875, no locality, and 1891, Pitt River, Cal.

Range.—California east and south of the northwest coast
region, south to San Bernardino County, east to Modoc County,
and Lake Tahoe. In Oregon about the Klamath Lakes.

We have examined specimens of Thamnophis sirtalis infer-
nalis from the following localities :—

1. Oroville, Butte Co., California.
2. West Butte, Sutter Co., Cal.
3. Kelseyville, Lake Co., Cal.
4. Fyffe, El Dorado Co., Cal.
5. Yosemite Valley, Mariposa Co., Cal.
6. Fresno, Fresno Co., Cal.
7. Isabella, Kern Co., Cal.
8. Weldon, Kern Co., Cal.
9. Buttonwillow, Kern Co., Cal.
10. Los Banos, Merced Co., Cal.
11. Banta, San Joaquin Co., Cal.
12. Walnut Creek, Contra Costa Co., Cal.
13. Berkeley, Alameda Co., Cal.
14. Palo Alto, Santa Clara Co., Cal.
15. Stanford University, Santa Clara Co., Cal.
16: Castro. Santa Clara Co: Cal:
17. Pacific Grove, Monterey Co., Cal.
18. Seaside, Monterey Co., Cal.
19. Carmel, Monterey Co., Cal.
20. Mount Mars, Monterey Co., Cal.
21. El Nogal, Los Angeles Co., Cal.
22. Colton, San Bernardino Co., Cal.
23. Bixby, Los Angeles Co., Cal.
24. Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Co., Cal.
25. Merrill, Klamath Co., Oregon.
26. Goose Lake, Modoc Co., Cal.
27. Davis Creek, Modoc Co., Cal.
28. Warner Mountains, Modoc Co., Cal.
29. Cedarville, Modoc Co., Cal.
30. Lake Tahoe, El Dorado Co., Cal.
31. Snelling, Merced Co., Cal.

200 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4ru Ser.

32. Coulterville, Mariposa Co., Cal.

33. Pleasant Valley, Mariposa Co., Cal.

34. Marshy Meadow, Yosemite National Park, Cal.
35. Klamath Falls, Klamath Co., Oregon.

Material—We have used one hundred and thirty-five speci-
mens in this study.

Variation.—The loreal is 1—1 in all. The preoculars are
1—1 in all except one specimen with 1—2 and two with 2—2.
The postoculars are 3—3 in ninety-five, or 73%; 3—4 in
twenty-five, or 19% ; 4-4 in seven, or 5% ; 2—3 in three, or
2% ; and 2—4 in one, or 1%. The temporals are 1+2—1+2
in one hundred and fourteen, or 88% ; 1+2—1-+-3 in eight, or
6%; 1+1—1+2 in three, or 2%; 1+1—1-++1 in one, or
1%; 2+2—2+2 in one, or 1%; 1+3—1-+3 in one, or
1%; and 1+2—2+2 in one, or 1%. The supralabials
are 7—7 in one hundred and four, or 80%; 7—8 in
seventeen, or 13%; 8—8 in eight, or 6%; and 9—9 in one,
or 1%. The infralabials are 1O—10 in one hundred and ten, or
85% ; 9—10 in thirteen, or 10% ; 9—9 in three, or 2% ; 10—11
in two, or 1%; and 98 in two, or 1%. The scale-rows are
19—19—17 in one hundred and thirty-four and 19—21—19—
17 in one. The gastrosteges vary in number from 156 to 177,
males having from 161 to 175, females from 156 to 174; the
average in forty-seven males is 168.7, in eighty-one females,
163.7. The urosteges vary from 74 to 97, males having from
82 to 97, females from 74 to 93; the average in thirty-eight
males is 89.8, in fifty females, 82.8.

These variations are shown in full in the following table of
scale-counts.

201

Vor. VIITJ VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES
Scale counts in Thamnophts sirtalis infernalis
Gastro-| Uro- | Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post-

Number | Sex Scale rows steges |steges| labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals Temporals
C4023 Q |19—19—17 164 | 83c 7—7 | 10—10|] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2 1+
C4024 Q |19—19—-17 161 | 79c 7—7 | 10-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |14+2+2—1+42+42
C4025 oo \19—19—17 171 | 474+ | 7—7 | 10-10] 1—1 4—3 1i—1 |1+2+2—1+2+2
C4026 Q |19—19—17 163 | 74c 7—7 —10 | 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+2+42
C4027 o \19—19—17 169 | 90c 7—7 | 10—10] 1—1 3—4 1—1 /1+2+2—1+2+42
C4028 o |19—19—17 172 | 36+] 7—7 | 10—10}] 1—-1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+242
C4029 oS |19—19—17 167 | 91c 7—7 | 10—10] 1—1 3—3 i—1 |1+2+2—1+42+42
C4030 Q |19—19—-17 163 | 85c 7—7 | 10-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2
C4031 o |19—19—17 172 | 94c 7—7 | 10—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+42+2
C4032 o \19—19—-17 166 | 93c 7—7 | 10—10| 1—1 4—4 1—1 |1+2+2—-1+42+43
C4033 Q \19—19—17 163 | 90c 7—7 | 10—10| 1—1 3—3 1—1 |14+2+2—1+42+42
C4034 Q@ j19—19—17 160 | 85c 7—8 10—10 | 2—2 3—3 | ae We ie oP eis
C4035 Q |19—19—17 162 | 82c 7—7 | 10-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+42+2
C4036 Q |19—19—17 165 | 57+ | 7—7 | 10-10} 1—1 3—4 1—1 |14+2+42—1+42+42
C4037 Q 19-1917 164 | 76+ | 7—8 | 10—10} 1—1 3—3 1—1 |14+2——1+42+42
C4038 Q |19—19—17 160 | 26+ | 7—7 9—10 | 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+42
C4020 Q |19—19—17 167 | 87c BG os ee biel Fre ital Wooo one ae tense
C4021 o |19—19—17 renee|85e ae ae Agi sae Dae Re dl restr Be Seater
C4022 oF |19—19—17 165 | 90c 7—7 | 10—10| 1—1 3—4 1—1 |1+4+2+2—142+42
$1742 9 |19—19—17—17| 165 | 93c 7—7 | 10—10| 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+1 1+2
$4367 2 |19—19—17—17] 164 | 89c 8—7 10—10 | 1—1 4—3 1—1 }]1+3 1+2
C2488 Q |19—19—17 169 | 46+ | 7-7 9—10 | 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+242—1+2+42
C2489 oF |19—19-17 170 | 95c 7—7 | 10-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+24+2—1+42+42
C2491 Q |\19—19—17 162 | 30+ | 7—7 | 10-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—142+42
C2490 Q \19—19—17 166 | 86c 8—7 | 10—10} 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2 1+2
$1691 9 {19—19—17—17] 158 | 48+ | 8—7 | 10—10| 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2
$4140 Q |19—19—17—17| 168 | 81c 7—7 | 10—10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2
$4141 Q |19—19—17—17] 168 | 44+ | 7—7 | 10—10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2
$4142 Q |19—19—17—17] 162 | 82c 8—8 | 10-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2
$4143 Q |19—19—17—17] 164 | 81c 7—7 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2
$4145 9 |19—19—17—17| 163 | 60+ | 7—7 | 10—10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2
$4146 o |\19—19—17—17| 173-| 77+ | 7—7 | 10-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2
$4147 @ |19—19—17—17| 169 | 83c 7—7 | 10-10} 1—1 2—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2
C2801 Q |19—19—17 163 | 80+ | 8—8 | 10-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2
C2802 Q |19—19—17 164 | 85c 7—7 | 10—10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 —1+2+42
C2803 Q |19—19—-17 160 | 85c 7—7 | 10—10|] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+42—1+3+42
C2804 Q |19—19—17 165 | 51+] 7—7 | 10-10} 1—1 3—3 1—1 /1+2+2—1+2+42
C2805 Q |19—19—17 162 | 85c 7—7 | 10-10] 1—1 2—3 i—1 |1+2 1+2
39554 a |19—19-17—17] 172 | 85c 7—7 | 10—10] 1—1 3—4 1—1 |1+2——1+2
13633 Q |19—19—17 164 | 37+ | 7—7 | 10-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1_ /1+2+3—1+2+42
13634 Q |X—19—17 165 | 75c 7-7 X—X | X—X | X—X | X—X ]1+2+2—1+4242
can Q |19—19—17—17| 164 | 76c 7—7 | 10—10| 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——142
$1800 Q |19—19—17—17] 167 | 81c 7—7 | 10-10} 1-1 3—4 i—1 |1+2 1+2
C4039 9 |19—19—17 163 64+ 7—7 10—10 11 3—3 1—1 |1+2+4+2—14+3+3
C6137 Q |19—19—17 162 | 37+ | 7—7 9—10} 1—1 4—3 1—1 _ [14+2+3—142+42
C2447 a \19—19—17 172 | 93c 7—7 | 10-10] 1—1 3—4 1—1 {1+3+42—1+42+42
Field 4 Q |19—19—17—17| 166 | 834+] 7—7 | 10-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+42
$1148 Q |19—19—17—17] 156 | 80c 7-7 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 |{1+2——1+2
$1210 oF |19—19—17—17] 170 | 97c 8—7 | 10—10}] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2
$1791 |19—19—17—17] 172 | 67+] 7—7 | 10—10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |14+2——1+2
$1792 Q |19—19—17—17| 158 | 81c 7—7 | 10-10} 1-1 4-3 1—1 |1+2-—1+42
$1807 @ |19—19—17—17] 170 | 89c 7—7 | 10—10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+42
$4021 o |19—19—17—17| 167 | 87c 7—7 | 10—10] 1—1 4—4 1—1 |1+2——1+2
$4136 Q |19—19-17—17! 165 | 424+! 8—8 | 10-10! 1-1 3—3 i—1 |1+2——1+3
$4137 Q |19—19—17—17{ 160 | 79c 7—7 | 10—10|] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |14+2——1+42
$4224 Q |19—19—17—17| 165 | 82c 7—8 | 10-10} 1—1 3-4 1—1 |14+2——1+42
$5262 Q? |19—19—17—17| 161 81c 7—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1-+2
$5263 oS |19—19—17—17| 169 | 93c 7—7 | 10—10] 1—1 4—4 1—1 |1+2——142
SR20 Q@ |19—19—17—17| 161 86c 7—7 10—10 i—1 4—2 1—1 |1+2——1+2
$1147 S |19—19—17—17] 169 | 89c 7—7 | 10-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |14+2——1+42
$1188 9 |19—19—17—17| 163 | 85c 7—7 | 10-10} 1-1 3—3 1—1 {1+2——1+42
$1189 Q@ |19—19—17—17| 159 76+ 7—7 10—10 11 3—3 1—1 |1+4+2——1+2
$1190 Q |19—19—17—17| 167 47+ 7I—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+3——1-+3
$1192 Q |19—21—19—17| 161 | 87c 8—7 | 10-10} 1—1 3—3 1—1 {1+2——1+42
$1193 o |19—19—17—17| 168 | 89c 7-7 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 /1+2——1+2
$1194 o |19—19—17—17| 167 | 784+ | 7—7 8—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 }1+2——1+42
$1195 o |19—19—17—17| 166 | 94c 7—7 | 10-10} 1—1 3—3 1—i /1+3——1+2
$5310 o |19—19—17—17| 170 | 94c 7—7 | 10-10] 1-1 4—4 1—1 |14+2——1+2
$6379 @ |19—19—17—15] 163 | 88c 8—8 | 10—10 | 1—1 3—3 1—1 {1+1——1+2
$6381 of |19—19—17—15] 167 | 87c 7—7 | 10—10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2
$6382 9 |19—19—17—17| 162 | 68+ | 7—7 | 10-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+42 142
$1653 Q |19—19—17—17| 165 | 82c 7—7 | 10—10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 {142 1+42
38944 a |19—19—17 168 | 88c 8—7 9—10 | 1—1 3-4 1—1 J1+2+2—1+42+42
39196 oo |19—19—17 169 | 90c 7—7 9—10 | 1—1 4—3 1—1 /14+2+2—1+42+2
39197 o |19—19—-17 169 | 93c 7—7 | 10—10} 1-1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+42—1+42+42

Local-
ity

CHO BHINARDADADAUUAU UU WDD be et et ee ee

202 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Scale counts in Thamnophis sirtalis infernalis—Continued

Gastro-| Uro- | Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- Local-

Number |Sex| Scale rows steges |steges| labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals Temporals ity
13755 Q )19—19—17 166 39+ ii 10—10 i 3—3 1—1 |1+42 1+2 17
SR63 @ |19—19—17—17| 169 | 92c | 8—7 | 10—10| 1-1 | 4—4 | 1-1 [142142 17
$5162 Q |19—19—17—17] 160 | 76c 7—7 | 10—9 1—1 3—3 ES pe Ss 17
$5162 (a) | .. |19—19—17 160 80c i 9—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 17
$5162 (b) | .. |19—19—17 157. | 77c 8—7 | 10—10| 1—1 33 ese ie ee 17
$5162 (c) | .. |19—19—17 160 | 76c 7—8 | 10—10] 1-1 3—3 r=) |e ase Tee 17
$5162 (d) | .. |19—19—17 159 | 80c 7—7 | 9—10| 1-1 ag 1—1 |14+2——1+42 17
$5162 (e) | .. |19—19—17 161 | 80c 7—7 | 10—10 | 1—1 3—3 = hte eS 17
$5162 (f) | .. |19—19—17 151 | 79c 7—7 | 10-10] 1-1 33 ee pe Se 17
$5162 (g) | o& |19—19—17 164 88c 7—7 10—10 i—1i 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 17
$5162 (hk) | ot |19—19—17 167 | 91c 7—7 | 10-10] 1-1 3-3 fy ee tere 17
$5162 (¢) o }19—19—17 161 85c 77 10—9 1—2 3—3 it 14+2——_1+2 17
$5162 (j) | o |19—19—17 163 | 86c 7—7 | 10—10) 1—1 3-3 ties 17
$5162 (k) | .. |19—19—17 160 77c i—7 10—10 I—t 3—3 1—1 |1+2——142 17
$5162 (I) | .. |19—19—17 161 | 79c | 7—7 | 10-10} 1-1 | 3-3 1—1 |1-4+2—1 +2 17
$5162(m) | co |19—19—17 165 90c 9—9 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 17
13762 Q |19—19—17 164 | 88c 7—7 | 10—10} 1-1 3-3 1 gett 18
13763 Q |19—19—17 162 | 84c 7—7 | 10—10] 1-1 33 1—1 [14242-14242] 18
13754 of |19—19—17 173 | 94c 7—7 | 10—10} 1—1 4-3 1—1 14242-14242] 19
20963 Q |19—19—-17 162 | 68+] 7-7 | 10-10] 1-1 | 3—3 | 1-1 {142+42-142+2] 19
27308 a [19—19—17 171 | 82c 7—7 | 10-10} 1-1 3—4 t—1 [1 --2--2—1 72-42) 19
$5192 .. |19—19—17—17] 165 4+ | 7—7 | 10—10] 1-1 4-4 fig | ese 20
27474 oJ |19—19—17 174 75+ —7 10—10 1—1 3—3 ft ig eet? 21
27475 Q j19—19—17 167 81ic 7—7 10—10 41—1 3—3 1—1 114+24-2—1+42-42] 21
C27 o |19—19—17 172 82c 7—7 10—10 1 3—3 i122 1-2-2
C57 Q |19—19—17 163 AS 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 22
C58 co |19—19—17 171 85c 7—7 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 22
C763 @ |19—19—17 167 | 78c 3=8 //40—10,), ct 33 1—1 |14+2——1+42 23
C764 a |19—19—17 174 96c 7—1 10—10 1—1 3—4 1—1 |2+2——2+2 23
40033 Q |19—19—17—17) 174 85c 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 i—1 |1+-2——142 24
C5429 9 \19—19—17 168 | 33+ | 7—8 | 10-10] 1-1 | 4-4 | 1-1 |14+242—142+42] 25
C5430 a \19—19—17 167 87c 7—7 10—11 1 As 1—1 11424114241] 25
C2148 & |\19—19—17 171 | 91c | 8—7 | 10-10] 1-1 | 3—2 | 1-4 |14242-14242] 26
C2150 Q |19—19—17 163 78c 8—7 10—10 1—1 4—3 1—1 |1+242—1+2+2] 26
C2151 o |19—19—17 175 94c 7—i 10—10 tev) 3—3 1—1 |14+242—14+2+42] 26
C2154 @ |19—19—-17 167 | 39+] 7—7 9—10 | 1-1 4-3 i—t 14242] 26
C2155 @ |19—19—17 161 | 41+ | 7—7 | 10-10] 1-1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+2+2] 26
C2156 @ \19—19—-17 167 | 89 | 7—8 | 10-10] 1-1 | 3—3 | 1-1 |14+2+42-142+2] 26
C2157 @ |19—19—17 171 87c I—7 10—10 1—1 x3 1—1 |1+2+2—142+42| 26
C2159 a }19—19—17 168 48+ 7—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 (142+3—14+2+2| 26
C2160 Q |19—19—17 161 83c 8—7 9—10 i-—t 4—3 1—1 )1+2——1-+2 26
C2161 Q \19—19—17 162 62+ 7—i 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 26
C2162 a }19—19—17 168 16+ i—7 8—9 i—t 3—3 1—1 /141+2—142+2] 27
C2174 Q |19—19—17 162 82+ 8—7 10—10 1—1 4—3 1—1 |14+2+2—142+2] 28
C2175 Q |19—19—17 160 81c 71 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 [142+2—142-+2| 28
C2176 o@ 119—19—17 162 89c 7—7 10—10 i—i 4—3 1—1 |14242—142+4+2] 28
C2177 Q |19—19—17 169 84c atatsts! 11—10 aetae 3—3 Ruelete 142———1 42 28
C2178 Q |19—19—17 168 90c 7—7 10—10 i—1 3—4 1—1 |14+2+2—142+42] 28
C2182 Q |19—19—17 170 81c 7—i 10—10 2 3—3 1—1 |142+2—14+2+2] 28
C2180 Q |19—19—17 163 Tic 7—7 10—10 1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+4+2—1+2+2! 29
C2181 Q }19—19—17 165 mere i 10—10 1—1 3—4 1—1 |14+2+2—1+2+2] 29
39646 Q |19—19—17—17| 162 83c 7—i7 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 30
C5894 Q |19—19—17—17| 164 a+ 7—i 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 31
C5896 Q |19—19—17—17| 161 88c 7—T) 10—10 1—1 4—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 32
C5895 Q ?}19—19—17—17| 177 92c 7—7 10—10 i! 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 33
C5905 9 |19—19—17—17| 164 86c 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+42 33
C5900 Q j19—19—17 157 81c 7—i 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |2+2——1+2 34
C5901 Q |19—19—17—17| 172 (hrs x—7 xX—X 1—1 x—3 1—1 1+42 34
C5903 9 |19—19—17—17| 162 81c i 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 34
C5959 9 |19—19—17—17| 164 89c —7 10—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 5
20388 9 |19—19—17 167 79 77 10—10 Silos eee wees [1 $14+2—14242] 35
20389 9 |19—19—17 166 79+ 8—7 10—9 1+2+2—1+2+2|] 35

i

Vor. VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 203
The following localities are represented each by one speci-
men. The material being so limited we are unable to state

definitely to which subspecies of sirtalis these specimens should
be referred.

1. Willow Lake, Tehama Co., California.
2. Susanville, Lassen Co., Cal.
3. Fallen Leaf Lake, El Dorado Co., Cal.
4, Silver River, Harney Co., Oregon.
5. Vicinity Nixon, Washoe Co., Nevada.
Scale counts of Thamnophis sirtalis, subspecies?
Gastro-| Uro- | Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post-
Number | Sex Scale rows steges |steges| labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals Temporals
39643 9 |19—19—17 161 | 34+ | 8—8 | 10-10] 1-1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2
$6543 9 |19—19—17 160 | 77c 7—7 | 10—10] 1-1 4-3 i—1 |1+2——1+2
36323 9 |19—19—17 162 | 72c 7—7 | 10-10 | 1—1 3—3 i—1 |1+2——1+2
$6507 o |19—19—17 169 | 79c 7—7 9-9 1—1 2—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2
9 |19—19—-17 ... | 50+] 8-8 | 10-10] 1-1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2

Remarks.—This subspecies differs from both T. s. parietalis
and T. s. concinnus in having a greater number of gastrosteges
and urosteges. This is clearly shown in the following table of
average counts:

Gastrosteges 3 2
parietalish snccseneet 165.4 161.1
CONCININUS) see 164.3 156.4
IRON s Bib Gow.cie osc 168.7 163.7

Urosteges
parietalish samc jeter 85.2 76.
CONCINNUSS sear 84.2 76.8
IME TALIS ses, ces eer eats 89.8 82.8

It probably will prove to be impossible to draw any very
definite limits to the areas occupied by this form and by T. s.
concinnus. This must be so, for one gradually changes into the
other. The area of intergradation is a broad one, individual
variation is great, and opinions may easily differ as to geo-
graphical limits. Our own views are expressed in the lists of
localities given under each subspecies. These indicate that to

204 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

T. s. concinnus are referred snakes from Del Norte, Siskiyou,
Shasta, Humboldt, Mendocino, Sonoma, Napa, and Marin
counties, while those from elsewhere in California are regarded
as T. s. infernalis.

There is much variation in color. Certain types of colora-
tion seem to be more frequent in certain localities than else-
where. Thus, the majority of the snakes from the San Joaquin
and Sacramento valleys and the Klamath region differ in ap-
pearance from those from Santa Clara County and the southern
coast. Much larger series might perhaps throw light upon
these conditions, which now are obscure.

Some specimens have bright red heads. Others, perhaps of
the same lot, have no red, or heads that are partially red. The
red-headed snakes are of both sexes, various ages, and all sorts
of localities.

One specimen had eaten a full-grown toad.

Thamnophis eques (Reuss)

Diagnosis —Squamation similar to that of the other mem-
bers of the sirtalis group but supralabials usually eight; prom-
inent dark nuchal blotches.

Type Locality.—Mexico.

Range.—This snake occurs in the United States in Arizona,
New Mexico and western Texas. Thence it ranges south
through Mexico to Guatemala. In Arizona it has been found
in the plateau region and about the foothills of various moun-
tain groups. Ruthven has recorded it from Fort Apache, Fort
Huachuca, White River Canyon, Sabino Canyon, and Fort
Whipple, Arizona.

We have examined specimens from the following localities :

1. Cave Creek, Maricopa Co., Arizona.

2. Oak Creek, Coconino Co., Ariz.
_ 3. Sabino Canyon, Santa Catalina Mountains, Pima Co.,
Ariz.

4. Steam pump, foothills of the Catalina Mountains, 18 miles
north of Tucson, Pima Co., Ariz.

Vor. VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 205

Material—Twenty-one specimens from these four localities.

Variation.—The loreals are 1—1 in all. The preoculars are
1—1 in all but one which has 1—2. The postoculars are 3—3
in all but three which have 3—4. The temporals are 1+2—
1+2 in fourteen, 1+2—1-+3 in three, 1+3—1-+3 in three,
and 2+3—2-+3 in one. The supralabials are 8—8 in twenty,
and 8—9 in one. The infralabials are 10—10 in seventeen,
11—11 in two, 10—11 in one, and 9—10 in one. The scale-
rows are 19—19—17 in all but one which has 21—19—17.
The gastrosteges vary in number from 164 to 175, males having
from 166 to 175, females from 164 to 171; the average in thir-
teen males is 170.6, in seven females, 168. The urosteges vary
from 77 to 97, males having from 85 to 97, females from 77 to
88; the average in twelve males is 91.7, in six females, 83.5.

The series is too small to show the real limits of variation.
The scale-counts are given in full in the following table.

Number

17543
17544
17545
34169
34170
34277
34278
34279
34280
34281
34282
35256
35257
35258
35259
35260
35261
35262
35263
35264
35265

Gastro-| Uro- | Supra- Infra- Pre- Post-

Sex Scale rows steges |steges| labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals Temporals
2 19—17 164 82 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—t 1+2—1+2
oul 19—17 172 47+ 8—8 10—10 1—t 3—3 1—1 1+2—1 +2
a 19—17 172 93 8—9 1A 1—1 3—3 I—1 1+3—1+3
9 19—17 167 77 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—4 1—1 1+2—1+2
ou 19—17 167 85 8—8 10—10 1—2 3—3 1—1 1+3—1+3
a 19—17 167 97 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 it) 1+2—1+3
a 19—17 174 93 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1t 1+2—1+2
9 19—17 171 80 8—8 10—10 11 3—3 1—1 2+3—2+4+3
a 19—17 173 87 8—8 10—10 11 3—3 1—1' 1+2—1+2
9 19—17 166 55+ 8—9 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+3—1+3
a 19—17 166 48+ 8—8 10—10 1—t 3—3 1—1 1+2—1+2
a 19—17 ae 92 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 JT 1+2—1+3
a 19—17 170 90 3s—8 10—10 1? 3—3 1—1 1+2—1+2
a 21—19—17 166 88 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1+2
fou 19—17 173 96 8—8 10—10 it 22 1—1 1+4+2—1+2
a 19—17 175 92 8—8 9—10 1—1 3—4 i—1 1+2—1+2
&) 19—17 168 88 8—8 10—11 1i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1+2
g 19—17 170 88 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—4 i 1+2—1+2
a 19—17 172 97 8—8 10—10 Lt 33: al 1+2—1-+2
a 19—17 171 91 8—8 10—10 at 3—3 1—1 1+2—1 +2
(*) 19—17 170 | 86 8—8 11—11 1—1 3—3 11 1+2—1 +3

RHHPHRHNKAKKHK EE ERE POW

Remarks.—Specimens from Mexico and Central America

seem to differ from those from Arizona and New Mexico in
the frequent reduction in the number of supralabials to seven.
Since our material is all from Arizona we are unable to form an
opinion as to whether the snakes from these distant localities
are really identical in other respects.

206 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

THE ELEGANS GROUP

The second great group of our garter-snakes includes all
those snakes which show an apparent relationship with the
form which Baird and Girard named Extainia elegans. The
satisfactory classification of the snakes which group themselves
about this central form long has been regarded as one of the
most difficult problems in North American herpetology. Only
the large material at hand has induced us to study this problem
again. The difficulties are such that we shall feel that the very
great labor involved has been justified if even a little better
understanding of the facts result from this study.

As a result of former study of this group five species and
subspecies were recognized, as follows :—

1. T. leptocephala (or ordinoides), a dwarf form from the
coast region of Washington and Oregon.

2. T. elegans, a striped form, from the coast and Sierra
Nevada of California.

3. T. vagrans, a spotted form, from both sides of the Sierra
Nevada and a vast country farther east.

4. T. vagrans biscutatus, a subspecies with an increased num-
ber of preoculars, from the Klamath Lake region and the
Pacific Northwest.

5. T. hammondii, a form without dorsal light line, from the
San Diegan Fauna and the San Joaquin Valley.

Brown, in 1903, adopted these views and recognized these
same forms, but reduced elegans and vagrans to subspecific
rank, and regarded leptocephala as a subspecies of sirtalis which
ranged along the coast south to San Francisco.

Ruthven, in 1908, divided the snakes which, in “The Reptiles
of the Pacific Coast,” had been called T. elegans, into
two groups, those from the coast and those from the
Sierra Nevada. Following Brown, he united the former
with leptocephala under the name T. ordinoides. The snakes
from the Sierra Nevada, together with the forms 7. vagrans
and T. vagrans biscutatus, were merged by him in a single sub-
species under the name T. ordinoides elegans. T. hammondii
was recognized by Ruthven.

Vor. VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 207

General Discussion

Before proceeding to set forth in detail the results of
the present investigation, it may be well to state that the views
maintained in 1897 have been, in the main, confirmed. The five
forms then recognized, are still recognized, with the same
limits, except that the forms then called T. elegans and T. ham-
mondii are each divided into two, and all of the forms are re-
duced to subspecific rank.

Each of these subspecies occupies its own particular geo-
graphic area, where it alone represents the group; but the area
occupied by each meets or overlaps that of one or more of
the other members of the group. Thus, 7. ordinoides vagrans
is the only garter-snake of the clegans type throughout a vast
area, where it adheres to its particular color characters with
remarkable constancy, but in various places in the far west its
range meets or overlaps the ranges of other forms and at
these points specimens are found in which the instability of
these same characters is quite as notable. Such specimens may
defy definite subspecific identification. They are to be regarded
as showing intergradation between the subspecies. All of the
subspecies recognized are linked one to another by such inter-
gradation.

Some conclusions reached from the present study are :—

1. T. ordinoides ordinoides is the most distinct of these sub-
species.

2. The range of T. ordinoides ordinoides is the coast region
of British Columbia, Washington and Oregon. In California
it is limited to the extreme northwestern corner of the state.
We are unable to follow Brown in referring to T. ordinoides
ordinoides the snakes of the coastal strip of California ; or Ruth-
ven, in extending the range of this form south to Tehachapi
and east to the Sierra Nevada.

3. The garter-snakes of the immediate coast region of Cali-
fornia represent a distinct race or subspecies.

4. This race may be called T. ordinoides atratus.

5. Intergradation between T. ordinoides ordinoides and T.
ordinoides atratus occurs in Del Norte and Humboldt counties.

6. T. ordinoides atratus is more closely related to T. ordinot-
des elegans than to the other subspecies.

208 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4rH Ser.

7. T. ordinoides elegans is confined to the Sierra Nevada
and the mountains of southern California, excluding the lower
levels.

8. T. ordinoidcs elegans in the mountains of southern Cali-
fornia remains true to type. No specimens showing signs of
intergradation have been taken.

9. In the Sierra Nevada, however, intergradation occurs and
one may be in doubt whether to refer a particular specimen to
elegans or to vagrans or couchii.

10. The Sierra Nevada snakes of pure elegans type seem not
to occur at the lower altitudes, but material is insufficient for
proof.

11. The snakes from the lower Sierra Nevada and the San
Joaquin Valley, which have been referred sometimes to vagrans,
sometimes to hammondti, are neither.

12. They combine characters of both vagrans and ham-
mondii in varying proportion.

13. They may best be regarded as a separate, though inter-
mediate, subspecies.

14. This may be called T. ordinoides couchii.

15. The range or T. 0. couchii extends from Shasta County
south through the San Joaquin Valley, and, east of the Sierra
Nevada, from Owen’s Lake to Lake Tahoe, and Pyramid Lake.

16. Snakes of this type occur also in the warmer parts of
Monterey County.

17. Thamnophis ordinoides hammondii, of pure type, ranges
north to the Mohave River and to southern San Luis Obispo
County.

18. T. 0. hammondii may have a nuchal spot, put has no dor-
sal line, not even a rudimentary one.

19. In the mountains of southern California elegans and
hammondii may be found together; but only hammondii has
been taken at lower altitudes.

20. No intergradation between hammondii and elegans has
been found in southern California.

21. Farther north such intergradation occurs through
couchit.

22. The snakes of the Klamath and Modoc region usually
have more than one preocular.

Vor. VIITJ VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 209

23. They should be recognized as a separate subspecies,
Thamnophis ordinoides biscutatus.

24. In coloration biscutatus is intermediate between elegans
and vagrans, but more like vagrans.

25. Snakes of the vagrans type reach the coast, or nearly
there, in British Columbia and northern Washington and in
southern Oregon and Del Norte County, California.

26. Since a majority of these snakes have two preoculars,
seems best to call these also biscutatus, as was done in “Tl
Reptiles of the Pacific Coast.”

27. Two snakes from the San Pedro Martir Mountains,
Lower California, Mexico, which were formerly recorded as
hammondii (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. V. p. 1007) are
typical vagrans.

We are thus led to the recognition of eight members of the
elegans group of garter-snakes, as follows :—

it
1€

Thamnophis ordinoides ordinoides
Thamnophis ordinoides atratus
Thamnophis ordinoides elegans
Thamnophis ordinoides biscutatus
Thamnophis ordinoides vagrans
Thamnophis ordinoides couchii.
Thamnophis ordinoides hammondii
Thamnophis marcianus

CORSON Cy on

The curves of scale-counts shown in Figures 2 to 6 will serve
to show the differences and relationships of these subspecies as
regards these characters. The curves show the percentage of
specimens having each number of scales. Each subspecies is
represented by a separate line. In all these charts the

(1) line of crosses represents, ordinoides

(2) continuous line, atratus
(3) dotted line, biscutatus (Klamath Lake)
(4) broken line with longest

segments, elegans (Sierra Nevada)
(5) broken line with shortest

segments, elegans (San Bernardino Mts. )
(6) broken line with interme-

diate segments, vagrans (Utah, Idaho, Nevada)

(7) line of oo000000000000, hammondii
(8) line of vvvvvvvvvvvvvv, couchit

210 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

These charts represent the counts in about 262 specimens of
T. o. ordinoides, 387 of T. 0. atratus, 37 T. 0. elegans from the
Sierra Nevada and 41 from the San Bernardino mountains,
108 T. 0. vagrans, 235 T. 0. biscutatus, 75 T. 0. hammondu,
and 40 T. o. couchii. The numbers vary slightly for the differ-
ent charts. The chart of gastrostege counts, however, is based
upon smaller numbers, since it includes only male specimens.

Figure 2

Figure 2 shows the counts of the supralabial plates. It
brings out very clearly the distinctness of T. ordinoides ordi-
noides from all the other subspecies. The percentages shown
for the various subspecies are:

. ordinoides 0.4, 2, 4, 86, 6, 2.

. atratus 8, 7, 85, 0.3, 0.3.

. elegans (Sierra Nevada) 86, 11, 3.

. elegans (San Bernardino Mts.) 3, 97.
. vagrans 3, 96, 1.

. biscutatus 2, 5, 92, 1.

. hammondii 99, 1.

. couchit 100.

be Nc Bee Wea ape ee
So S& eS 2°89

Vor. VIII) VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 211

Figure 3

Figure 3 shows the counts of the infralabial plates. It
again emphasizes the distinctness of T. 0. ordinoides, and
also shows the strong tendency in T. 0. couchii to increase
to 11 the number of these plates. The percentages shown for
the various subspecies are:

. ordinoides 1, 3, 5, 55, 15, 19, 2.
-atratus 1, 2, 10, 14; 73, 1.

. elegans (Sierra Nevada) 5, 17, 74, 0.4.
. elegans (San Bernardino Mts.) 10, 90.
. vagrans 3, 6, 84, 5, 2.

. biscutatus 3, 5,91, 1.

. hammondit 3, 4, 92, 1.

. couchit 7.5, 56, 7.5, 25.

SE a ie le kee eae lara eee
Si ONonS) S267 Sik9

bo
—
bo

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Figure 4

Figure 4 represents the number of preocular plates. It
shows T. 0. biscutatus is entitled to recognition, and that
T. 0. hammondti also has a strong tendency toward an
increase in the number of these plates. The other subspecies
all agree in having but one preocular as the normal condition.
The percentages shown for the various subspecies are :—

. ordinoides 87, 8, 5.

. atratus 94, 2, 4, 0.3.

. elegans (Sierra Nevada) 97, 0.3.

. elegans (San Bernardino Mts.) 34, 12, 5.
. vagrans 77, 11, 11, 1.

. biscutatus 23, 11, 66, 0.4.

. hammondii 36, 18, 42, 1, 3.

9. couchii 85, 2.5, 12.5.

baz lege Mrs rec eS ee Ie a
SS. 9 S$ 8s © S

fod

Vor. VIIT] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 213

Figure 5

Figure 5 represents the greatest number of scale-rows.
It shows that all of the subspecies except T. 0. ordinoides
and T. 0. atratus agree in having normally 21 rows of
scales. It indicates the right of T. 0. atratus to recognition
as a subspecies distinct from T. 0. ordinoides on the one hand
and from all of the other subspecies on the other. The per-
centages shown for the various subspecies are :—

. ordinoides 76, 24.

. atratus 79, 21.

. elegans (Sierra Nevada) 13, 87.

. elegans (San Bernardino Mts.) 5, 95.
. vagrans 2, 98.

. biscutatus 1, 95, 4.

.hammondii 1, 99.

.couchi 5, 90, 5.

ope sp OS) oe a ae a
S89 Si SS) SS IS

[Proc. 4TH SER.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

214

Stee ee

pays

s the variation in the number of gas-

sent

repre
, In males only.

‘igure 6

trosteges

All of the other

It shows that T. 0. atratus differs
gree closely with T. 0. elegans in the number of their

from both T. 0. ordinoides and T. o. elegans.

a

races

xcept

T. 0. ordinoides is very distinct from all e

ges,
the intermediate 7. o. atratus.

ste

gastro

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCl., 4th Series, Vol. VIII [VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN ] Plate 8

Thamnophis ordinoides ordinoides, Puget Garter-Snake :—Photograph

from living specimen collected at Portland, Oregon, in October, 1916

Vor. VIIT] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 215

Thamnophis ordinoides ordinoides (Baird & Girard)

Puget Garter-Snake.

Diagnosis —Normally with fewer than eight supralabials
and fewer than ten infralabials. Scales usually in seventeen,
sometimes in nineteen, rows. Gastrosteges fewer than in the
more southern races. Coloration very variable, striped, spotted
or unicolor, often with some red. Preoculars usually single.
Size small.

Type Locality.—Puget Sound.

Synonyms.—Eutenia leptocephala Baird & Girard, 1853;
type locality, Puget Sound. Eutenia cooperi Kennicott, 1860;
type localities Cathapoot’l and Willopah valleys. Thamnophis
rubristriata Meek, 1899; type locality Olympic Mountains,
Washington. Thamnophis leptocephalus olympia Meek, 1899;
type locality Olympic Mountains, Washington.

Range.—This garter-snake seems nowhere to range far from
the coast. It occurs in southwestern British Columbia, on the
mainland and on Vancouver Island, and ranges thence south
across Washington and Oregon to the northwestern corner of
California, where it seems to be confined to Del Norte County.

We have examined specimens from the following locali-
ties/——

. Lillooet River Valley, British Columbia.
. Friendly Cove, Nootka Sound, B. C.

. Golden Eagle Mine, Mt. Saunders, B. C.
Tahsis Canal, Nootka Sound, B. C.

. Alberni Valley, Vancouver Island, B. C.
. San Juan Islands, Washington.

. New Whatcom, Wash.

. Port Orchard, Kitsap Co., Wash.

. Darrington, Snohomish Co., Wash.

10. Montesano, Chehalis Co., Wash.

11. Melbourne, Chehalis Co., Wash.

12. Pierce Co., Wash.

13. Lebam, Pacific Co., Wash.

14. Trapp Creek, Pacific Co., Wash.

15. Astoria, Clatsop Co., Oregon.

OHNAnWAWNHE

Dee
hill Co

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

. Gearheart, Clatsop Co., Ore.

. Portland, Multnomah Co., Ore.

. Garibaldi, Tillamook Co., Ore.

. Trask River, Tillamook Co., Ore.

. Tillamook, Tillamook Co., Ore.

. Nestucea River Road, Tillamook Co., Ore.

Road to Nestucea between Grandronde and Dolph, Yam-
Oke:

. Siletz, Lincoln Co., Ore.

. Toledo, Lincoln Co., Ore.

. Junction Little Elk and Yaquina River, Benton Co., Ore.
. Between Chitwood and Siletz River, Benton Co., Ore.

. Road between Pioneer and Siletz River, Benton Co.,

. Philomath, Benton Co., Ore.

. Alsea River, near Alsea, Benton Co., Ore.

. Junction Lake and Deadwood Creek, Lane Co., Ore.

. Junction of Siuslaw River and Lake Creek, Lane Co.,

. Elmira, Lane Co., Ore.

. Marshfield, Coos Co., Ore.

. South Fork Coos River, Coos Co., Ore.

. Sumner, Coos Co., Ore.

. Coquille, Coos Co., Ore.

. South Fork Coquille River, 20 miles above Myrtle Point,

Coos Co., Ore.

. Myrtle Point, Coos Co., Ore.

. Camas Mountains, Douglas Co., Ore.

. Sixes River, Curry Co., Ore.

. Port Orford, Curry Co., Ore.

. Elk Creek, Curry Co., Ore.

. Flores Creek, Curry Co., Ore.

. Between Flores Creek and Rogue River, Curry Co., Ore.
. Vicinity mouth of Rogue River, Curry Co., Ore.
. Corbin, Curry Co., Ore.

. Goldbeach, Curry Co., Ore.

. Harbor, Curry Co., Ore.

. Smith River, Del Norte Co., California.

. Gasquet, Del Norte Co., Cal.

. Crescent City, Del Norte Co., Cal.

Vor. VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 217

52. Requa, Del Norte Co., Cal.

53. Union Bay, Bayne Sound, B. C.
54. Mt. Rainier, Pierce Co., Wash.
55. Drain, Douglas Co., Ore.

56. Cow Creek, Douglas Co., Ore.

Material.—About three hundred and twenty-five snakes of
this subspecies have been examined by us in the preparation of
this paper.

Variation.—Three specimens have no loreal plates; one has
a loreal on one side only; the others have the normal loreal
1—1. The preoculars are 1—1 in two hundred and seventy-
nine, or 86% ; 1—2 in twenty-six, or 8% ; and 2—2 in twenty,
or 6%. The postoculars are 3—3 in two hundred and eighty-
four, or 87% ; 2—3 in twenty-four, or 7% ; 2—2 in sixteen, or
5%: and 1—2 in one. The temporals are 1+2—1-+2 in two
hundred and eighty-nine, or 89% ; 1+2—1-+1 in eighteen, or
6% ; 1+2—1+43 in eight, or 2% ; 1+1—1-+1 in four,or 1%:
and 3-+3—3-+3 in three, or 1%. The supralabials are 7—7 in
two hundred and eighty-three, or 85% ; 7—8 in twenty, or 6% ;
7—6 in nine, or 3% ; 8—8 in five, or 2% ; 6—6 in four, or 1%;
5—5 in one, and 8—6 in one. The infralabials are 8—8 in one
hundred and seventy-nine, or 55% ; 8—9 in fifty-eight, or 187% ;
8—9 in fifty-four, or 17%; 7—8 in sixteen, or 57%; 7—7 in
nine, or 3%; 9—10 in six, or 2%; and 6—7 in two. The
scale-rows are 17—17—15 or 17—15—15 in two hundred and
thirty-six, or 72%; the other 28% all have 19 rows, but the
formula may be 17—19—17—15, 17—19—17, 19—19—17,
19—19—15, 17—-19—17, or 17—18—19—17. The gastro-
steges vary in number from 135 to 162, males having from 138
to 162, females from 135 to 154; the average in one hundred
and eighteen males is 149.2, in one hundred and fifty-eight
females, 144.8. The urosteges vary from 50 to 81, males hav-
ing from 56 to 81, females from 50 to 72; the average in
ninety-six males is 70.2, in one hundred and twenty-eight
females, 60.9.

This variation is shown in full in the following table of
scale-counts.

218

CALIFORNIA

ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

[Proc. 4TH SER.

Scale counts in Thamnophis ordinoides ordinotides

Number

$5170
C2466
C2468
C2469
C2470
C2296
C2299
C2308
C2309
C2310
C2311
C2312
C2313
C2467
$6515
$4269
30400
30508
30511
24101
24102
24103
29930
29931
29932
29933
29934
29935
29936
29937
29938
29939
29940
$5152
$5153
29922
29923
29924
29925
29926
29862
29863
29864
29865
29866
29867
29868
29869
29810
29811
20401
20402
20403
20404
20405
20406
20407
20408
20409
20410
20411
29711
29712
29713
29714
29742
29743
29688
29689
29690
29691
29692
29693
29694
29695

Sex

Q) 00,000, 00,0000, 0,10010100,0,0, 100, 0, 0900, 0, 0,0,0,009, 0,00, 00, 0,00,0,00000,00, 00, DNA AODDDOODOODNOOOO

Scale rows

17—19—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—19—15
17—19—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—_15
17—17—15
17—19—17—15
17—17—17—15
17-18-19-19-17
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—19—15
17—19—15
17—17—15
17—19—17—15
17—19—17—15
17—17—15
17—19—17—15
17—17—15
17—19—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
19—19—17
17—17—15
17—17—15—15
17—17—15—15
17—19—17—15
17—17—15
17—19—17—-15
17—19—17—15
17—19—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—V7—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—19—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—435
17—19—15
17—17—15
17—19—17
17—17—15
17—19—_17
17—17—15
17—19—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—19—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15

17—17—15
17—17—15
17—19—17
17—17—15

Gastro-| Uro- | Supra- Infra- Pre- Post-

steges |steges| labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals Temporals
148 59c 7—i 9—8 i—t 3—2 i—1 1+3——1 +43
142 58c 7—8 9—10 2—1 3—3 ii— |} MO Le
141 58c 7—T 8—9 i—1 3—3 1— 1 1+2——1 +3
145 63c 7—7 9—9 L—t 53 1 1+4+2+4+2—1+2+1
145 62c I—i 9—9 2—2 3—3 11 1+2——1 +3
143 56c i—7 8—7 1—t 3—3 1 1 +2——1 +2
144 49+ 7—8 9—10 2—2 3—3 i—t 1+2——1 +2
143 58c 6—7 7—8 1—1 3—3 i—t tS als BY
141 61c 7—7 9—9 1—4 33 t—1 1+-2——1 +2
152 58c 7—7 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+2—1+2+42
140 55c i—i1 8—9 i—t 33 i} 1+3——1+3
146 Sic 7—7 8—8 2—2 s—3 1! 12
147 60c 7—i o—9 2—2 3—3 1—1 1 es bn
141 58c 7—i7 9—9 1—1 3—3 1 he
142 56c 8—7 8—8 i—1 Ss) i—t 1-2 ———__ 1-2
156 67c 7—7 8—8 i—1 3—3 i—1 1 -+-2——_1—2
148 T1c 7—i 8—8 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2+2—1+42+42
143 S6c 7—7 9—9 1—1 ss 1—1 1-+-2--1—1 +21
149 47+ 6—7 9—9 i—1 ss. 1—1 142 1+2
151 68c 7—l 8—8 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+2—1+2 +42
147 58c 7—i 7—7 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+-2——1 +2
150 59c 7—7 8—8 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+1—1+42+42
146 66c 7—i 9—8 1—1 3—3 i—t 1+4+2+4+2—1+2+42
144 63c 7—7 8—8 i—t 3—3 1 1+-2——_1 +2 +2
149 64c 7—7 8—8 i—1 3—3 f—t1 1+42+4+2—1+42+42
146 61c 8—6 8—8 1i—1 3—3 1 U2 2 —1T 22
148 58c I—i7 8—8 i—1 3—3 11 Men tl |
142 37+ 7—7 8—8 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+3+-2—1 +2+2
143 48+ i—7 8—8 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+-2——1 +2
149 62c 7—i 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+2—1 +242
145 64c 6—7 8—9 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2 +2—1 +2 +2
145 63c 7—i7 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2——1 +3
145 39+ 7—i 8—8 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+1—1+1+1
150 64c 7—i7 8—8 i—1 3—3 1—1 P= 2—— 1-2
143 48+ 7—7 9—9 1—1 22 i—1t 1-+2———1 +2
147 62+ 7—7 8—8 2—1 3—3 i—1 1+2+4+2—1+2-+2
149 60c I—7 8—8 i—1 33 i—1 14+2+4+3—1 +2+3
146 T2C 7—7 8—8 2—1 3—3 1i—1 1+2+1—1+2-+1
146 S7i+ 7J—i 9—8 1i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2+2—1+2-+1
147 53+ i—7T 9—9 1—2 3—3 1—1 1+2+2—1+2-+2
1435 59c 7—7 7—7 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+2—1+2+42
149 69c 8—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 i—1 142 +1—1+2+2
155 66c 7—7 7—7 1—1 3—3: i—1 1-2 -2—1 2-2
147 62c 7—7 8—7 2—2 3—3 i—1 to 2 ee
144 48+ 7—8 9—9 1i—1 3—3 1—1 1--3'+-2—1 +2 -F1
151 68c 7—7 o—9 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2 +2—1+2-+2
149 65c 7—7 7—8 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2+4+2—1+42+42
145 61c 7—7 8—8 i—1 3—3 1—1 BE IS pe We)
147 27+ 7—7 7—8 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2+2—1+2-+42
150 51+ I—7 8—8 i—1 3—3 1i—1 1+1 1+2
152 (hte 6—7 7—8 i—1 2—2 1—1 1. -2———_ 1-2
153 64c i—7 8—8 i—1 22 1—1 1 +2 +-2—1 +2 +2
152 71c 7—8 8—8 i—i 3—3 i—1 1+2+2—1+42-+2
149 76c 7—7 8—8 1—1 2—3 1—1 =|1--2--2—1' 2-4-2
151 67+ 7—7 8—9 i—i 3—3 i—1 1+2+2—1+42+2
147 64c 7—i7 8—8 I—1 3—3 i—1 1+2+42—1+4+2-+42
142 63c 7—7 8—8 i—1 3—2 i—1 1+2——_1 +2
152 64c 7—i7 8—8 i—1 3—3 1i—1 1+2+4+2—1+2+2
146 Si+ 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+2—1+42+2
148 72c 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2+4+2—1 +4242
150 70c 7—7 8—8 i—1 33 1—1 1+-2-+-2—1 +2 +2
152 63c I—7 8—8 i—1 3—3 i—1 14+2+2—1+42+42
147 50c 7—7 8—8 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2-+2—1+2-+2
144 S7c 7—8 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+42-+2—1 +2+2
154 42+ 7—7 8—8 i—1 3—3 i—1 14+2+4+2—1+2+42
151 58c 6—6 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1° |14+2+2—1+42+2
145 60c 7—7 9—8 i—1 3—3 1 1+2+4+2—1+2+42
146 62c 7-8 10—> i—1 3—3 1—) 1+2+2—1 +2 +42
154 | 63c 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+1-+2
152 72c 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 tt #2222
148 | 36+ 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 o—O |1+2+2—1+42+42
144 | 59c 7—7 9—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 {1+2+2—1+1+42
148 70+ 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 |14+2+2—1+42+42
148 56c 6—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 [1+2+2—1+42+42
154 71+ 7—1 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 [1+2+2—1+2+42

Number

29697
$4534
$5308
29687
29643
29644
29645
29646
29647
29648
29649
29650
29651
29652
29653
29654
29655
29656
29657
29658
29659
29660
29661
29662
29663
29664
29665
29666
29667
29668
29669
29670
29671
29672
29673
29674
29675
29676
29677
29678
$4506
$4507
$4508
$4509
$4510
$4511
$4528
$4529
$4530
$4531
$4532
$4514
$4515
$4516
$4517
$4518
$4519
$4520
$4521
$4522
$4523
$4524
$4525
$4526
$4527
$4513
$4427
$4428
$4502
$4503
$4505
$4500
$4493
$4499
29626

Vor. VIIT]

Sex

VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES

743} e)

Scale counts in Thamnophis ordinoides ordinoides—Continued

Scale rows

17—17—15
17—19—17—15
17—17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
715)
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—1V7—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
19—19—17
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—19—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
19—19—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
Vi— Ti ——15:
17—17—15
1 — 17 —15}
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
19—19—17
17—17—15—15
17—19—i7—15
i— i119
19—19—17—15
17—17—17—15
17—17—17—15
17—19—17—15
17—17—17—15
17—19—17—15
17—17—15—15
17—19—17—15
17—19—17—15
17—19—17—15
17—17—17—15
17—19—17—15
17—19—17—15
17—17—17—15
19—19—17—15
17—19—17—15
17—17—15—15
17—17—15—15
17—19—17—15
19—19—17—15
17—19—17—15
17—19—17—15
17—17—17—15
19—19—17—15
17——19——17—15
17—17—15—15
i710 1 ——15
7 — AS
7—19——t —A'5
17—19——17—15
M— WV —1i——15
17—17—15

Gastro-
steges

Uro-
steges

Supra-
labials

7—zl.

NNN OIIIN

TMCS aalSlE
x

Infra-
labials

Pre-
oculars

Post-
oculars

Loreals

Temporals
1+2+42—1+42+2
1+2———1 +2
1+2——1+2
1+2+4+2—1+2+42
14+2+4+2—1+42+2
1+2+2—1+2+42
14+2+2—1+42+1
1+1+2—1+2+2
1+2———1+2
1+2+42—1+2+42
1+1+4+2—1+41+2
1+2+4+2—1+2+42
1+2+4+2—1+2+2
1+1——1+42+42
14+2+4+2—1+2+2
14+2+42—1+2+42
1+2+4+2—1+2+2
14+1+2—1+2+42
1+1——-1+1
1+2+2—1+2+2
1+2+4+2—1+2+42
1+2——1+2
14+2+42—1+2+2
1-2-1
14+2+4+2—1+2+2
14+24+2—1+2+2
1+2+4+2—1+2+2
1+24+2—1+2+2
14+2+2—1+2+2
1+2+2—14+2+2
1+2+42—1+2+2
1+2+2—142+2
1+2+2—142+2
14+2+2—1+42+2
1+2——1 +2
14+242—14+2+2
1+2+2—1+2+2
14+2——1 +2
14+2+2—14+2+2
1+242—1+2+2
1+2——1 +2
14+2——1+2
1+1——1 +2
1+2——1+2
14+2——1+2
14+2——1+2
1+2——1 +2
1+2——1 +2
1+2——1+2
14+2+2—142+2
1+2——_1 +2
1+2——1 +2
1+2——1 +2
1+2——1+2
14+2——1 +2
14+2——1+2
14+2——1 +2
14+2——1 +2
1-+-2——1+2
1+2——1 +2
1+-2——_1+2
1+2——1 +2
1+2——1 +2
14+2——1+2
14+2——1+2
1+2———1+2
142——1+2
14+2——1+2
14+2——1 +2
14+2——1+2
14+2——1 +2
1+1——1 +2
1+2——_1 +2
1+2——1 +2

14+2+2—1+2+2

Local-
ity

20
21
22
23
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24

ee

220

CALIFORNIA

ACADEMY

OF SCIENCES

[Proc. 4TH Ser.

Scale counts in Thamnophis ordinotdes ordinotdes—Continued

Number

$4447
$4482
$4483
$4445
$4481
$4470
$4472
$4475
$4477
$4478
$4217
29419
29420
29421
29422
29423
29424
29425
29426
29427
29428
29429
29430
29431
29432
29433
29434
29435
29436
29437
29438
29439
29440
29493
$4448
29375
29376
29377
29378
29379
29380
29381
29382
29383
29384
29385
29386
29387
29388
29389
29397
$4444
$4452
$4453
$4454
$4455
$4456
$4457
$4458
$4459
$4460
$4461
$4462
$4464
$4465
$4466
$4467
$4468
$4436
29373
29366
29268
29269
29270
29271

Sex

Scale rows

17—19—17—15

17—19—17—15
17—17—17—15
17—17—15—15
17—17—15—15
17—17—15—15
17—17—15—15
17—17—15—15
17—17—17—15
17—17—15—15
17—19—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—19—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—-15
17—-19-—15
7—V7—15
17—17-—15
17 —17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
19—19—15
L7—17—15
17—19—15
17—17—15
17—17—18
L7—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—17—-15
17—17—15
17—17—15
?—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
ti—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
19—19—15
17—17—15—15
17—17—17—15
W—Ww—15—15
17—17—17—15
i155
17—17—17—15
i—17—15—15
17—19—17—15
17—17—17—15
17—17—17—15;
17—1A7—15—15
17—17—17—15
17—1L7—17—15
17—17—15—15
17—17—17—15
iba ot
1—17—15—15
17—19—17—15
17—17—15
Vi—VWi—15
17—17—15
17—17—15
17—17—15

17—17—15

Gastro-| Uro-
steges | steges
147 63c
142 61c
146 61c
146 58c
145 120
148 59c
148 59+
148 Sic
147 67c
148 63c
151 35+
139 Sic

153 70c
145 71ic
150 47+
151 77+
151 58c
149 66c

151 71c
145 63c
149 61c
144 69c
144 61c
149 67c
155 72c
143 S6c
149 58c
145 63c
152 72¢c
147 75c
142 62c
152 72c
144 60c
162 71c
143 65c
143 58c
145 63c
135 64c
149 63c
151 68c
140 63c
147 62+
146 65c
139 66c
146 72c
145 70c
142 62c
139 59c
146 S7c
145 57c
151 78+
149 68c
143 62c
142 65c
149 62c
149 69c
144 64c
151 66c
147 62c
141 51+
139 61c
147 70c
150 68¢
145 59c
140 40+
139 56+
143 59c
151 64c
142 50+
139 61c
147 64c
155 78c
144 67c
144 71c
147 59c

Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post-

labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals
7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1
7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 iT
7—7 9—9 i—1 oe i—1
7—7 7—8 2—2 3—3 1—1
7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1
7—7 9—8 i—1 3—3 i—t
7—1 7—8 1—1 2—2 1—1
7—7 9—8 1i—1 3—3 1—1
7—1 8—8 1—1 3—2 1—1
7—7 8—8 1—1 3-3 i—1
7—T 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1
6—6 8—8 1—1 3—3: 1—1
7—7 8—8 1—1 3—2 I
7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1
7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1
7—7 9—8 i—1 3—3 1—1
7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1
7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1
8—7 8—8 1—t 3—3 o—0
7—7 8—9 1—2 3—3 1—1
7—7 8—8 1-—) 3—3 1-1
7—7 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1
7—7 8—8 2—2 3—3 1—1
7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1
7—i7 8—8 1—1 3—3 11
7—7 8—8 1—2 3—3 1—1
7—7 8—8 1—1 2—2 1—1
7—7 o—9 i—1 3—3 1—1
7—i7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1
I—T 8—8 i—1 3—3 i—1
7—7 8—7 1—1 3—3 i—1
7—7 I—7 2—1 3—3 i—i
7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 o—0
7—1 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1
7—7 8—8 1—1 3—2 1—1
7—7 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1
7—7 9—9 1—2 3—3 1—1
7—i7 9—8 1—1 3—3 1—1
7-7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1
7—7 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1
7—i 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1
6—6 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1
7—7 9—9 i—1 3—3 i—1
7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1
7—7 8—8 i—1 3—3 i—1
7—7 9—9 2—2 3—3 1—1
j—7 9—8 i—t 3—3 i—1
7—6 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1
7j—7 8—9 i—i 3—3. I—1
7—7 9—9 2-1 3—3 ?—1
8—8 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1
7—7 8—8 i—1 3—3 1—1
7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 i—1
I—7 8—8 1—2 3—3 1—1
7—7 8—8 1—1 2—3 1—1
7-7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1
7—7 9—8 i—1 3—3 i—1
7-7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1
7—i 10—9 i—1 3—3 i—1
6—6 8—7 1—1 3—3 1—1
I—i1 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1
6—7 8—8 i—1 3—3 al
7—7 9—8 i—1 3—3 1—}
7—T 9—8 i—1 3—3 ul
7—7 8—8 i—1 2—3 i
7—7 8—9 i—1 2—3 i—1
7—8 8—8 i—1 3—3 i—1
7—7 8—8 2—1 3—3 i—1
7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1
7—7 9—8 i—1 3—3 i—1
7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1
7—7 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1
7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1
7—7 8—8 i—1 3—3 i—1
7—7 9—9 i—1 3—3 i—1

Temporals

1+2 1+2
tbs yt
1-3?
2
t-2——— 12
12 ———— I?
2?
ey
1--2———“1 1-2
oe
1-22
a Vd
a2 2— 12-2
PAS bo ha)
2-+-2—1 12-2
2-2 eee
221 2-42
oe?
2+2—1 2-2
221 2?
2-+-2—1 +-2-F2
2 --2—1 2-2
tt
Zee Ee,
2 ee
YA a aS
YA doen NE DVI}
2-2 —1 --2-E 2
PNP rt tA a)
2+2— S22
2 — 1-1 -E2
Dita hint dictae
2+2—1 2-2
2--2—1'-+2 +2
2 ——— he
2+-2—1 +2 +2
2-+2—1 +2 +2
A a i eA
221 2-2
21-2 2
Vi
PA Pah yi
2+2—1 42-42
YA Yaa i A ot)
2+2—1+2-+2
2
2+2—1+2-+2
2+2—1 +242
2+3—1 +2 +2
2——1 +2
2+2—1 +242

+4+t+tt+t++++++t+

+4+4++++

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
a
1
1
1
1

FEEFFTTEPEFEF HTTP $+

1+2-+-2—1-+1+42
1+2+42—1+2+42
1+2+2—1+2+2
14-2 -F2—t 22
1+2-+2—1+4+2+2

Number

29272
29273
29274
29275
29276
29277
29278
29279
29213
29214
29215
29216
$4265
$4267
$6315
29236
29237
29238
29239
29240
29241
29242
29243
29244
29245
29246
29247
29248
29249
29250
29093
29091
$7211
30002
29578
29579
$4485
$4486
$4487
$4488
$4490
$4491

Vor. VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 221
Scale counts in Thamnophis ordinotdes ordinoides—Continued
Gastro-| Uro- | Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post-

Sex Scale rows steges |steges| labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals Temporals
o }17—17—15 142 72c 7—7 8—9 1—1 3—3 i—1i 1+42+2—1+2+2
Q }17—17—15 144 41+ 8—8 9—9 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2-+2—1 +2-+2
oO 17—17—15 147 Tic 7—7 9—8 1—1 3—3 i—1 14+2-+2—1+42-+2
o j17—17—15 151 78c 7—7 8—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2-+2—1+2+2
9 |147—17—15 144 66+ 7—i 8—8 2—_1 3—3 i—1 142+42—1+42+42
Q |17—17—15 143 65c 8—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 142+4+2—1+2-+42
9 j17—17—15 144 45+ 7—7 8—8 i—1 2—3 1i—1 1+2——1 +2
9 )17—17—15 145 65ce i=—T 7—i7 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2
Q |17—17—15 141 63c 5—5 6—7 1—1 272 1—1 1+42+2—1+2+42
Q )17—17—15 137 60c 7—7 9—8 i—1 3—3 1—1, |1-4-2'--2—1-+2-4+2
Q |17—17—15 142 59c 7—7 8—8 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+4+2—1+42+42
Q j17—17—15 143 64c 8—8 9—9 1—2 3—3 1—1 14+2+3—1+4+2+42
o \17—17—17—15| 143 72¢c 8—7 9—9 1—_1 3—3 1—-1 1+2———1 +2
Q |17—17—15—15| 144 48+ I—7 9—9 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2——1 +2
Q |17—17—15—15| 137 65c 7—7 8—8 1—1 2—2 1—1 1+2——1+2
o |17—17—15 143 73c 7—i 8—8 1—1 2—2 1—1 14+242—1+2+42
Q |17—17—15 144 65c i—7 8—8 i—1 3—2 1—1 1+4+2——_1+2
9 |17—15—15 151 68c 7—7 9—9 i—1 2—2 1—1 14+2+2—1+2+42
Q |17—15—15 141 61c 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3. i—1 1+2+2—1+42-+2
Q |17—17—15 141 67¢ I—7 8—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 14+2+42—1+2+42
Q |17—17—15 144 60c i—7 7—7 I—1 3—3 i—1 1+2———1 +2
9 |147—17—15 140 62c 7 9—10 sal 3—3 1—1 1+-2——_1 +2
o |17—17—15 142 72c ii 8—8 al 3—3 1—1 1+2+1—1 +42 +2
9 |17—17—15 140 69c 17 8—8 11 3—3 1—1 1+2+2—1 +42-+2
On) |t7—1L7—1'5 139 60c 7—7 8—8 i—i 2—3 1—1 1+2-+2—1 +2 +42
Oe 7 —7——1'5 137 58+ 7—7 7—8 1 2—2 I—1 1+2 142
o }17—17—15 144 32-5 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2+2—1+42+2
o |17—17—15 140 38+ I—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+2—1+42+42
oF | t7—t7—15 143 70c 7—1 7—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+2—1+2-+2
o \17—17—15 138 65c i—7 8—8 f—ti a5} 1—1 1+2+2—1 +2-+2
Ci —17—115 142 72c 7—i 7—7 i—1 2" 1—1 |1+2+2—1+2+42
So t7—h7—15, 148 58c 7—1 9—9 i—1 Ss} 1—1 1+2-+2—1 +2-+2
o }47—17—15 148 63c nob 3600 ital ——l —! 1-+-2———1 +2
Q \17—17—15 145 64 7-1 9—9 2—1 3—3 1—1 1+2-+2—1+2+2
9 |19—19—17 154 63 7—7 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+3——1-+2
oO! | t7—17—15 162 77 6—7 8—8 1—1 aha) i—1 1+2———1 +2
oe }17—19—17—15| 156 80c i—T, So 2—1 3—3 i—1 1+2———1 +2
9 |17—19—17—15| 143 62c 7—7 o—9 al s—3 i—1 1+2——_1 +2
o |17—17—17—15| 150 42+ i=—7 9—9 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2———1 +2
o' j17—19—17—15| 156 81c 8—8 9—9 i—1 2—3 i—1 1+2——1 +2
o |17—19—17—15| 149 70c —T 8—8 2—2 2—3 1—1 1 +2———1 +2
o |17—19—17—15] 154 76c 7—7 8—8 Hr | 3—3 i—1 1+2——1 +2

222 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

Very interesting from the standpoint of scale variation are
the following counts showing, in each group,—first, the counts
for the adult female and then those for the well-developed
embryos taken from her. In the case of No. S4427 the series is
not complete, for only six of the twenty-one embryos of this
brood could be counted.

Number

$4509

$4509 (1)
$4509 (2)
$4509 (8)
$4509 (4)
$4509 (5)
$4509 (6)
$4509 (7)
$4509 (8)
$4517

$4517 (1)
$4517 (2)
$4517 (3)
$4517 (4)
$4517 (*)
$4517 (8)
$4517 (7)
$4517 (8)
$4517 (°)
$4517 (1°)
$4517 (4)
$4517 (2)
$4526

$4526 (1)
$4526 (2)
$4526 (3)
$4526 (4)
$4526 (6)
$4526 (6)
$4526 (7)
$4526 (8)
$4527

$4527 (1)
$4527 (2)
$4527 (3)
$4527 (4
$4527 (°)
$4527 (*)
$4527 (7)
$4527 (8)
$4527 (%)
$4527 (10)
$4527 (1)
$4527 (2)
$4427

$4427 (1)
$4427 (4)
$4427 (5)
$4427 (7)
$4427 (18)
$4427 (19)
$4447

$4447 (1)
$4447 (?)
$4447 (°)
$4447 (*)
$4447 (5)
$4447 (5)
$4447 (7)
$4447 (8)
$4447 (*)
$4447 (1°)
$4447 (1)
$4447 (14)

Gastro-| Uro- | Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post-

Sex Scale rows steges | steges} labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals Temporals
Q |19—19—17—15| 153 58c i—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2—1 +2
.. |17—17—15 159 69c 7—7 8—8 2—2 3—3 1—1 1+2—1 +2
.. |17—19—17 150 SSC i—7 8—8 Vai 3—3 i—1 1+2—1+2
.. |19—19—17 155 68c 7—7 8—9 2—2 3—3 oe 1+2—1-+2
.. |19—19—17 151 62c 7I—7 9—9 1—1 3—3 a1 1+2—1+2
.. |19—19—17 150 63c 7I—7 8—8 2—2 3—3 al 1+2—1+2
.. |19—19—17 157 69c 7—7 8—8 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2—1+2
.. |19—19—17 154 66c 7—7 9—9 1—2 3—3 11 1+2—1 +2
.. |19—19—17 154 68c i—T 8—9 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2—1 -+-2
Q |17—19—17—15] 154 60c 7—6 9—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2—1+2
.. |17—17—15 151 62c 7I—7 8—8 i—1 3—3 i) 1+2—1 +2
o |17—17—15 151 70c i—7 9—8 iI 3—3 1i—1 1+2—1 +2
.. |17—17—15 150 68c 7—7 7—7 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1+2
ot |17—17—15 150 | 71c 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1 +2
ot j17—17—15 153 66c 7—7 s—9 i—1 3—3 a1 1+2—1+2
o }17—17—15 146 Tic 7—7 8—9 1—_1 Soa a—1 1+-2—1-+2
oO |17—17—15 148 75c 7i—7 8—8 1i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2—1 +2
.. {17—17—15 147 61c &s—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 i 1+2—1 +2
-. (17—17—15 150 59c 7—7 8—7 i—1 3—3 i—! 1+2—1-+2
.. [17—17—15 149 62c 7—7 7i—8 1—1 oS: i—1 1+-2—1 +-2
.. |17—17—15 149 63c 7—7 7—7 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2—1 +2
oe }17—17—15 149 64c I—7 8—9 i—i 3—3 i—1 1+2—1 +2
Q |17—19—17—15| 150 63c I—7 8—8 2—1 3—3 i—1 1-+-2—1 +2
.. |17—17—15 148 60c 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—t 1+2—1+2
.. {17—17—15 156 76c i—i7 8—8 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2—1-+2
.. {17—19—17—15 151 74c i—7 8—8 11 3—3 1—1 1+2—1-+2
.. |19—19—17—15 145 64c 8—7 8—8 i—t 3—3 1—1 1+2—1+2
«- [17—17—15 145 58c 7—i7 8—8 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2—1+2
.. |19—19—17—15|] 148 56c i—7 8—8 1—t 3s 1i—1 —1+2
.. [17—17—15 154 73c 7—7 8—s 1—1 3—3 1-1 1+2—1+2
.. |17—17—15 149 76c 7—i7 8—8s 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1-+2
Q |17—19—17—15| 152 61c 7—i 8—8 i—t 3—3 i—1 1-+-2—1 +2
.. |17—19—17—15} 154 | 59c 7—7 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1 +2
.. |17—19—17—15] 149 60c 8—7 9—9 1—1 2—3 i—1 1+2—1+2
o |17—19—17—15} 150 67c 8—7 9—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 1-+-2—1 -+2
.. |17—19—17—15] 156 57c i—7 9—9 i—1 33 i—1 1+2—1 +2
.. |17—19—17—15] 151 58c I—7 8—8 i—1 33 i—_1 1+2—1-+3
.. |17—19—17—15 154 64c 7—7 8—9 i—1 23 1—1 1+2—1-+2
o |17—19—17—15| 149 67c j—7 9—8 2 3—3 rial 1+2—1 +2
.. |17—19—17—15] 151 60c i—l 9—9 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1-+1
.. |17—19—17—15] 152 S5i7c 7—7 8—8 it 2—3 i—1 1+2—1 +2
o |17—19—17—15] 155 6l1c I—7 8—9 i—t 3—3 i—1 1+2—1+2
o }17—17—15—15] 148 42¢c 7—7 9—8 2—1 2—3 i—1 1+1—1+1
.. {19—19—17—15 149 59c 7J—i 9—8 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1 +2
Q |19—19—17—15| 151 41+ 7—7 8—8 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+-2—1+2
=o |19—19—17 153 65c 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2—1 +2
.. |17—19—17 158 70c i—t 8—8 1—1 SS i—t 1+-2—1-+-2
-. |19—19—17—15 154 56c 7—7 9—9 i—1 J3—s3 i—1 1+3—1 +3
-. J19—19—17 157 59c 7—i7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1+2
3. |17—19—17 153 Sievers I—7 8—8 I—t Se i—1 1+2—1 +2
.. |19—19—17 152 58c i—t 9—9 1—1 33 1—1 1+2—1+2
Q |17—19—17—15| 147 63c 7—7 8—8 1 33 1—1 1+2—1 +2
oe [L7—17—15 144 58c 7—7 8—8 1i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1 +2
-. |17—17—15 140 55¢e 7—7 9—8 2—2 3—3' i—1 1+2—1 +2
.. [17—17—15 144 | 65c 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+3—1+2
-. |17—17—15 142 S4c 7—i 8—8 i—1 3-3 1—1 1+2—1 +2
of j17—17—15 142 60c i—7 8—8 2—2 3—3 i—1 1+2—1+2
.. [17—17—15 141 58c i—7 8—9 i—? 3—3 1—1 1+2—1 +2

17—17—15 150 67c i—7 8—8s 2 3—3 11 1+2—1 +2
17—17—15 141 63c 7—7 8—8 i—3 2—2 17 1+2—1 +2
17—17—15 144 59c 7—7 8—8 1—2 3—3 1—1 1+2—1 +2
17—17—15 147 55c i—7 8—8 i—t 3—3 i—t 1+2—1 +2
17—17—15 147 61c 7-7 8—8 2—2 3—3 11 1+2—1+42
17—17—15 142 Sic 7—7 8—8 ie | 3—3 i—1 1+2—1 +2

a

Vor. VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 223

Remarks.—This is the common garter-snake of the north-
west coast. It is of small size. The largest specimen exam-
ined measures 590 mum. to base of tail. The head is small, not
so distinct from the neck as in other races, and the labials are
reduced in number.

The coloration is very variable. The dorsal line frequently
is absent or developed only on the neck. The lateral lines also
may be absent. Specimens may be heavily spotted or without
any marking, either lines or spots. The dorsal line usually is
yellow but may be red, and there often is red elsewhere in the
coloration, as on the gastrosteges. The lower surfaces often
are dark, and the coloration everywhere may be very dusky.

Specimens with heavy spotting and dark pigmentation of the
gastrosteges resemble T. 0. vagrans, but usually may be easily
distinguished by their scale characters.

Specimens showing no dorsal line resemble T. 0. couchii, but
here again the scale characters are quite different.

The closest relationship of this subspecies undoubtedly is
with T. o. atratus, yet there can be no doubt as to the subspecific
distinctness of the two forms. The differences in the number
of superior and inferior labials, scale-rows and gastrosteges
should be sufficient aid toward their correct determination, and
the general appearance usually is quite different. Certain
specimens, however, are so nearly intermediate in one or more
of their characters that students might differ in opinion as to
their identity. Such specimens, as set forth under head of 7.
0. atratus, show real geographic intergradation. So far as
specimens examined by us show, this intergradation occurs
only in Del Norte County, California, where the ranges of the
two forms meet and perhaps overlap slightly. Many of the
specimens from this county are typical of either one or the other
subspecies,—ordinoides or atratus,—and most of the inter-
grades seem to be nearer to the latter type than to the former.
South of Del Norte County no tendency toward T. 0. ordinoides
has been observed in T. 0. atratus, unless it be that the rather
frequent absence of the dorsal line in specimens from Hum-
boldt and Mendocino counties may be so regarded.

Ruthven considered two preoculars to be a character of
much importance in T. 0. ordinoides. Our figures show that

224 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.

fourteen per cent only of the specimens have two preoculars on
one or both sides of the head. Snakes of the T. 0. vagrans
type occur in portions of the area occupied by T. 0. ordinoides,
and often have two preoculars. There seems to be no good
reason for calling them T. 0. ordinoides. It appears much
more logical to consider them T. 0. biscutatus, as was done in
1897, although specimens to show the continuity of range from
the Klamath Lakes to Puget Sound are not at hand.

Thamnophis ordinoides atratus (Kennicott)

Coast Garter-Snake.

Diagnosis.—Normally with eight supralabials and ten infra-
labials. Scales usually in nineteen, sometimes in twenty-one,
rows. Gastrosteges average more numerous than in T. 0.
ordinoides, but fewer than in the other subspecies. Coloration
very variable, striped, spotted, or (rarely) unicolor, often with
some red. Preocular usually single. Size larger than T. o.
ordinoides.

Type Locality—California. (Brown states that the same
specimens served as the types of Cope’s E. i. vidua, and that
they are labeled San Francisco. )

Synonyms.—Eutenia infernalis of many authors but not of
Blainville. Eutenia infernalis vidua Cope, 1892; type locality
San Francisco, California.

Range—tThis subspecies occupies the coast region of Cali-
fornia from Del Norte to Santa Barbara counties. So far as
known, the area inhabited by it includes the coast ranges and
their valleys but not the great valleys of the Sacramento and
San Joaquin. It occurs in both the Transition and Upper
Sonoran zones.

We have examined specimens from the following locali-
ties -—

1. Near Siskiyou, Jackson Co., Oregon.
2. Gasquet, Del Norte Co., California.
3. Trinidad, Humboldt Co., Cal.

4. Eureka, Humboldt Co., Cal.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. VIII [VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN ] Plate 9

Thamnophis ordinoides atratus, Coast Garter-Snake :—Photograph from

living specimen collected at Gilroy Hot Springs, Santa Clara Co., Cali-
fornia, July 5, 1915,

Vor. VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 225

. Ferndale, Humboldt Co., Cal.
. Alton, Humboldt Co., Cal.

. Carlotta, Humboldt Co., Cal.

. Cuddeback, Humboldt Co., Cal.

. Maltole River, White Thorn, Humboldt Co., Cal.

. South Fork Eel River, Garberville, Humboldt Co., Cal.
. Anderson, Shasta Co., Cal.

. Bald Hill, Mendocino Co., Cal.

. Irishes, Mendocino Co., Cal.

. Covelo, Mendocino Co., Cal.

. Ten Mile River, Mendocino Co., Cal.

. Sherwood, Mendocino Co., Cal.

. Mendocino, Mendocino Co., Cal.

. Near Mendocino City, Mendocino Co., Cal.

. Big River, 7 miles from mouth, Mendocino Co., Cal.

. Comptche, Mendocino Co., Cal.

. Albion River, 2 miles below Comptche, Mendocino Co.,

. Roberts Creek, near Ukiah, Mendocino Co., Cal.
. Navarro River, near Philo Crossing of Elk on Ukiah

Stage Road, Mendocino Co., Cal.

24

. Garcia River, % to 10 miles above mouth, Mendocino

Coe Gal:

. Point Arena, Mendocino Co., Cal.

. Pieta, Mendocino Co., Cal.

. Gualala, Mendocino Co., Cal.

. Middleton, Lake Co., Cal.

. Rumsey, Yolo Co., Cal.

. Wheatfield Fork, Gualala R., Sonoma Co., Cal.

. Near Skaggs Springs, Sonoma Co., Cal.

. Skaggs Springs, Sonoma Co., Cal.
. Cazadero, Sonoma Co., Cal.
. Duncan Mills, Sonoma Co., Cal.

. Austins Creek, Sonoma Co., Cal.
. Kidd Creek, Sonoma Co., Cal.

. Guerneville, Sonoma Co., Cal.

. Freestone, Sonoma Co., Cal.

. Berryessa Creek, Napa Co., Cal.
. St. Helena, Napa Co., Cal.

. Vacaville, Solano Co., Cal.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

. Inverness, Marin Co., Cal.

. Point Reyes, Marin Co., Cal.

. Tocaloma, Marin Co., Cal.

. Olema, Marin Co., Cal.

. Mill Valley, Marin Co., Cal.

. Walnut Creek, Contra Costa Co., Cal.

. Berkeley, Alameda Co., Cal.

. Oakland, Alameda Co., Cal.

. San Leandro, Alameda Co., Cal.

. Calaveras Valley, Alameda Co., Cal.

. San Francisco, San Francisco Co., Cal.
. San Bruno, San Mateo Co., Cal.

. Portola, San Mateo Co., Cal.

. Summit Searsville Road above Woodside, San Mateo

Co., Cal.
Mountains between Stanford University and Spanish-

56.
m, San Mateo Co., Cal.
. Corte Madera Creek, San Mateo Co., Cal.
. Butano Basin, San Mateo Co., Cal.
. La Honda, San Mateo Co., Cal.

. Pescadero, San Mateo Co., Cal.

. Near Stanford University, Santa Clara Co., Cal.
. Corte Madera Canyon, Santa Clara Co., Cal.

. Stevens Creek, Santa Clara Co., Cal.
. Santa Clara, Santa Clara Co., Cal.

. San Jose, Santa Clara Co., Cal.

. Smith Creek, Mount Hamilton, Santa Clara Co., Cal.
. Uvas Creek, Santa Clara Co., Cal.
. Upper Coyote Creek, near head, Santa Clara Co., Cal.
. Gilroy Hot Springs, Santa Clara Co., Cal.

. Waddell Creek, Santa Cruz Co., Cal.
. Near Swanton, Santa Cruz Co., Cal.
. Felton, Santa Cruz Co., Cal.

. Soquel, Santa Cruz Co., Cal.

. Salinas River, near Blanco, Monterey Co., Cal.
. Seaside, Monterey Co., Cal.

. Pacific Grove, Monterey Co., Cal.

. Carmel, Monterey Co., Cal.

. San Macento, Monterey Co., Cal.

. Garapatos Creek, Monterey Co., Cal.
. Mill Creek, Monterey Co., Cal.

[Proc. 4TH SER.

Vor, VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 227

81. Little Sur River, Monterey Co., Cal.

82. Partington Canyon, Monterey Co., Cal.
83. Morro, San Luis Obispo Co., Cal.

84. Oceano, San Luis Obispo Co., Cal.

85. Santa Ynez River, Santa Barbara Co., Cal.

Material—Three hundred and sixty-three specimens from
these localities have been studied by us.

Variation.—The variations shown by these specimens are as
follows:

The loreal is 1—1 in all specimens. Preoculars are 1—1 in
three hundred and thirty-nine, or 93% ; 2—2 in fifteen, or 4% ;
1—2 in seven, or 1%; and 2—3 in one. Postoculars are 3—3
in three hundred and twenty-one, or 88% ; 3—4 in fifteen, or
4% ; 2—3 in ten, or 2% ; 2—2 in eight, or 2% ; 4 4 in six, or
1% ; 4—5 in one, and 1—2 in one. Temporals are 1+-2—1-+2
in two hundred and eighty, or 77% ; 1+2—1-+3 in forty-four,
or 12%; 1+3—1-+3 in sixteen, or 4%; 1+1—1-+1 in ten, or
2%; 1+1—1-+2 in five, or 1%; 14+1—2+2 in two, 1+2—
2+2 in two, 1+1—1-+3 in one, and 1+3—2+2 in one. The
supralabials are 8—8 in three hundred and nine, or 85% ; 7—7
in twenty-six, or 7% ; 7—8 in twenty-five, or 67% ; 8—9 in one,
and 9—9 in one. The infralabials are 10—10 in two hundred
and seventy-two, or 75% ; 9—10 in forty-four, or 12% ; 9—9
in thirty-two, or 8%; 10—11 in five, or 1%; 8—9 in three,
8—10 in three, 11—11 in two, and 8—8 in one. The scale-
rows are 19—19—17 in two hundred and fifty-five, or 71% ;
19—21—17 in twenty-seven, or 7%; 21—21—17 in twenty-
two, or 6%; 19—21—19 in twenty-one, or 6% ; 21—21—19
in nine, or 2% ; 21—19—17 in six, or 1% ; 17—19—17 in four,
or 1% ; 19 —19—19 in three, 19—20—19 in three, 2022212219
in one, 17—18—17 in one, 19—19—15 in one, and 202117.
in one. The gastrosteges vary in number from 140 to 172,
males having from 146 to 172, females from 140 to 168; the
average in one hundred and fifty males is 158, in two hundred
and four females, 153. The urosteges vary from 52 to 93,
males having from 63 to 93, females from 52 to 98; the aver-
age in one hundred and thirty-one males is 81, in one hundred
and sixty-eight females, 74. These variations are shown in
full in the following table of scale-counts.

228

CALIFORNIA

Scale counts in Thamnophis ordinoides atratus

ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

[Proc. 4TH SER.

Gastro-
Number | Sex Scale rows steges
$4440 9 |19—21—19—17| 159
$4442 o |19—21—19—17} 161
$4266 Q |19—20—19—17} 157
29055 9 |19—19—17 149
29056 Q@ |17—18—17—15} 151
C2320 Q |21—19—17 150
C2322 g |19—19—17 153
C2323 9 |19—19—17 153
C2367 9 |21—21—17 154
28829 o }19—19—17 161
28830 Q |19—19—17 153
28831 Q |19—19—17 151
28832 Q j19—21—17 155
28833 o }19—19—17 156
28834 Q |19—19—17 158
28837 o }19—19—17 157
28839 Q |19—19—1i7 155
28840 Q@ j19—19—17 146
28841 9 |19—19—17 157
28842 Q |19—19—17 158
28843 o \19—19—17 159
28844 o |19—19—17 158
28845 Q@ 19—21—17 153
28846 Q }19—19—17 155
28847 Q |19—19—17 157
28848 9 |19—19—17 152
28849 9 |19—19—17 155
28850 g@ |19—19—17 154
28851 o }19—19—17 165
28852 Q |19—19—17 156
28853 o }19—19—17 163
28854 Q |19—19—17 160
28855 Q |19—19—17 160
28856 Q }19—19—17 158
28857 Q 119—19—17 158
28858 Q |19—19—17 155
28859 Q |19—19—17 157
28860 o |19—19—17 160
28861 Q |19—19—17 156
28862 9 |19—19—17 154
28863 Q |19—19—17 158
28864 o {19—19—17 156
28865 Q j21—21—17 161
28866 9 j19—19—17 151
28867 o 119—19—17 166
28868 Q |19—19—17 156
28869 Q 119—19—17 154
28870 o {19—19—17 160
28871 of {19—19—17 157
28872 o {19—19—17 165
28873 o |19—19—17 Los
28874 @ |19—19—17 153
28875 o 119—19—17 156
28876 Q }19—19—17 157
28877 o |19—21—17 165
28878 @ '19—19—17 157
28879 Q j19— ?—17 154
28880 o |19—19—17 160
28881 Q j19—19—17 157
28882 @ |19—19—17 157
28883 Q@ |19—19—17 157
28884 Q j19—21—17 156
28885 o 119—19—17 157
28886 Q@ |19—19—17 149
28887 co }19—19—17 158
28888 o }19—19—17 159
28889 Q |19—19—17 157
28890 o }19—19—17 155
28891 o }19—19—17 158
28892 Q j19—19—17 155
28893 Q |19—19—17 156
28976 o }19—19—17 159
28977 Q |19—19—17 160
28978 o }19—19—17 155
28979 o |19—19—17 162

Uro-
steges

Supra-
labials

Infra-
labials

Pre-
oculars

Post-
oculars

Loreals

Temporals
1+2———1 42
1-+-2———-1 4-2
1+3——1 +3

1--2--2—1 2-7-2
DO omer Ng hd
i=? -F2— 1-2
1-+2+3—2-+2-£2
So a?
+2+3—1 +3

2 -+-2—1 +2 +42
3—— eS

2 +-2—1 +2 +2
24+-2—1 42 +2
221-2 2
2-+-2—1 +2 +2
2 +2—1 2-7-2
2 2—1 +2 -F2

3+3—1 +3 +3
Seen ten

2 2—1 2-2
2 2—1 2 12
2-2) eee
2-212 Ee
2+3—1+4+2+43
2——1-F-2

2———_1 2

2 +2—1 +242
2-1— tI
+2

2 +-2—1+2 +42
oe

2+2—1+1+3
2 2—1 4-2-2
2-2 —1 2-2
2 +-2—1 F243
2———1 -+-2

2+2—1+2-+2
2 -1—1-F 2-1
2—1 42

2+2—1+2+42
2--1— 1-2-1
2-+-2—1 +242
2+2—1-+2-42
2 +-2—14-2 +2
2 +-2—1' +-2-+2

|
in
in)

FELEFEETTHEP tt ttt t+ +4444

Hel re
2+2—1+2+42
2——1 +2
2+2—1 +242
2+2—1 +242
2+2—1+2-+3
24+2—1+2+42
+3——1+3

+Htt+t++t+ttttttttttttttttttt+

a
=f
+2+1—1+42+1
+2+2—1+42+2
+2+2—1 +242
+2+2—1+2+42
1-2 ———— 12
1+2+2—1+2+2
1+2———1 +2

1
i
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
i
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

a
“e

AADAYS VY SSNS NSS STS SS SS SS SS SSS SS SSS SS SS SS SSS SSS BROWNE

Vor, VIIT]

Scale counts in Thamnophis ordinoides atratus—Continued

VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES

229

Gastro-] Uro- | Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post-
Number | Sex Scale rows steges | steges| labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals Temporals
C2366 9 |19—19—17 161 77 8—8 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+2—1+2+42
C2368 o |19—19—17 154 79 8—8 9—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+2—1+2+2
$4228 9 |19—19—17—15| 153 Joc 8—8 10—10 i—t1 3—3 1—1 1+3———1 +2
$4221 o {19—19—17—15} 155 Tic 7—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2———1 +2
$4242 o |19—19—17—17} 159 79c 8—8 10—10 irl 3—3 1—1 1+2———1 +2
$4243 9 |19—19—17—15| 150 74c 8—8 10—10 i—t1 4—4 i—1 1-+2———_1 +2
$4313 o |20—21—19—17| 170 91c 8—8 10—10 1—1 4—3 1—1 1+2——1 +2
$4434 Q |21—19—17—17] 166 38+ 8—8 10—10 1i—1 3—3 i—1 2————2
C1165 of {19—19—17 161 65 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2-+2—1 +2 +2
C1166 o |19—19—17 157 75 8—8 9—9 1—1 3—3 1i—1 |1+2+3—1+2+3
$1795 o {19—19—17—15} 158 85c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2———11 +2
C5323 o |19—19—17 163 83 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+3—1+3+3
$4240 Q |19—19—17—17] 145 71c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2
C1163 o |19—19—17 158 82 8—8 10—10 i—1 4—3 i—1 1+2+1—1+42+2
C1167 o |19—19—17 161 82 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1 -+-2———-1 +2
C1168 Q |19—19—17 154 73 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2-+4+2—1 +2 +2
$1760 9 |19—19—17—17} 149 79c 8—8 10—8 i—1 3—3 i—1 1 -+-2———1 -+-2
28620 a |19—19—17 152 6+ 7—7 8—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 |14+2+2—1+42+42
C5315 o |19—21—17 153 54+ 7—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2
C5317 Q@ |19—19—17 151 75 8—8 9—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2-+4+2—1+3+3
$4247 o |19—21—19—17| 155 80c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 1--2———1 +3
$4248 o’ }19—19—17—-15| 161 82c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2———_1 +2
$4249 Q |19—19—17—15| 144 71c 8—8 10—8 11 3—3 1—1 1+2———1 +2
28302 oe |19—19—17 155 75 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+3——1 +2
28303 o |19—19—17 158 85 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+2—1+2+2
28304 o }19—19—17 155 78 8—7 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2———1 +2
28305 9 |19—19—17 149 76 8—8 9—10 1i—1 3—3 1—1 1 +2——1 +2
28306 o }19—19—17 160 89 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2-+2—1 +2 +42
28307 Q |21—21—17 151 71+ 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1i—1 1+42-+2—1 +2 +2
28308 o |19—19—17 152 83 8—8 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+1—1+42-+2
$4237 o }19—19—17—17} 150 79c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2——1 +2
$4238 o }19—19—17—17| 150 80c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2——1 +2
$4233 o }19—19—17—17| 161 85c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1-2 1+42
$4234 Q |19—19—17—17| 147 81c 9—9 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2———_1 +3
$4241 Q |19—19—17—17] 145 74c 8—8 10—10 1i—1i 3—3 1—1 1 -+-2———1 +2
$4250 o {19—19—17—17| 153 78c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2———_1 +2
$4251 9 |19—19—17—17] 143 73c 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+3——1 +3
$4252 9 |19—19—17—17| 144 77c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3-3 1—1 1+3——1+1
$4236 Q? |19—19—17—17] 148 73c 8—8 10—10 1i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2———_1 42
$4244 Q }19—19—17—15| 150 79c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+3——1 +3
$4245 Q |19—19—17—15| 147 73c 8—8 10—10 1—1 2—3 i—1 1--2———1'--2
$4253 Q |19—19—17—17| 147 72c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2———1 +2
C5313 Q |19—19—17 144 71 7—7 9—8 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+3——1 +3
C5314 Q |19—19—17 150 62 8—8 9—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+4+2-+2—1+2+2
$6440 oe’ |19—19—17—17| 163 85c 7—7 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2——1 42
$4130 9 |19—19—17—17| 155 78c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+3——_1 +2
C5301 9° |19—19—17 152 73 8—8 10—10 11 3—3 1—1 1--1——1 +1
C5302 Q |19—19—17 151 77 8—8 10—10 1 3—3 i—t! 1+2 1+4+2+2
C5303 9 |19—19—17 155 38+ 8—8 9—9 al 3—3 1—1 1+2-+2—1+42+42
C5304 9 |19—19—17 154 73 8—8 —10 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2-+2—1+42+42
C5305 9 |19—19—17 156 29+ 8—8 10—9 1? 3—3 i—1 1+2+3—1+42+43
C5306 9 |19—19—17 148 71 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 i 1+3+3—1+2 +2
C5307 co |19—19—17 153 78 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+3 143
C5308 9 |19—19—17 150 61 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2+3—1+42+43
C5309 o }19—19—17 161 77 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2-+2—1+2-+2
C5310 OF 19 —19—17 156 73 8—8 10—10 1—1 4—4 1—1 1+2+3—1+2+3
C5311 Q |19—19—17 152 64 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+3——1 +2
C5312 ot }19—19—17 154 85 7—i7 10—10 1—1 3—3 11 2 2 — 1-2
C5336 Q |19—19—17 149 71 8—8 10—10 t—t1 3—3 11 1 --2——1 +2
C5337 o’ |19—19—17 151 83 8—8 9—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2-+2—1+2+2
C5338 Q {19—19—17 140 | 65 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+42
$4131 oc |19—19—17—17| 166 84c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—t 1+-2——1 +3
C4005 Q |19—19—17 162 75 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+3——1+3
$4219 9 ?}19—19—17—17| 152 9+ 8—8 9—9 1—1 3—3 1i—1 1+3———1 +2
$4229 @ }19—19—17—15| 164 | 82c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 113 ———— 12
$4230 o 119—19—17—17] 159 90c 7—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 pha Li alla le le
$4231 Q |19—19—17—17] 152 73c 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 11 Ss ————— 2
$4256 9 |19—19—19—17] 150 76c 8—8 10—10 I 3—3 1—t1 1+2———1 +2
$4257 Q |19—19—17—15} 154 72¢c 8—8 10—11 1 3—3 i—1 1+2———1 +2
$4258 9 |19—19—17—17| 143 72c 8—8 10—10 sl 3—3 1—1 1+2———1 +2
28019 9 |19—19—17 152 73 8—8 10—10 1—1 2—2 i—1 1+1——1+1
28020 Q |19—19—17 155 78 8—8 o— phat 3—3 1—1 1+2———1+2
28021 o }19—19—17 159 93 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+3——1 +2 +2
28024 Q |19—19—17 152 72+ 8—8 10—10 I—1 3—3 1—1 1+2 +2—1 +2
28025 o |19—19—15 161 87 8—8 10—10 11 ?—? 1—1 1+1——1 +2

Locale
ity
8

Number

28029
C5298
C5299
C5300

27938

27939

27940

27941

28010

27982
C4913
C4914
$4323
C5295
C5296
C5297
$6310
$6311
$6312
$6313
$6314

13178
C4006
C4007
C4008
C5290
C5292
C5293
C5287
C5288
C5291

27814

230

Sex

19.0 101010, 0,10 10.4, 4,0, 10100, 1010.0, 4, 101000, 0,100, 10100, 101010 100, 100, 0G, A, 10104, G, 00, 4, 10.0, A, 2,010.4, 4,40 0G, A404, 0.0, 10.4, 0000,

Scale counts in Thamnophis ordinoides atratus—Continued

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

[Proc. 4TH Ser.

Scale rows

19——19-—17
21—21—17
19—19-—-17
19—21—17
19-1987,
19—19—17
19-1047
19—19-—47
19—19—37
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—19—_17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—17
19-21-17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19-19 —17
21-—21—47
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—21—17
19—21—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
21-21 — 4
19—21—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
19—19—17
21—21—17
19—21—17
19—17
19—21—17
19—19—17
19—21—17
21 —21— 17,

1991 — 17
21-—21-AT
19—19—17
19—19—17
21—21—17
202i
19 —21—437,
19—21—19—17
2024
19—19—17
19—21—17
19——19—17,
19—19—17
19—19——17,
19—25—17
—19—17
19—19-—17
21 —21—37.
19-7147;
19—21—17
1919-17

Gastro-| Uro-

steges | steges

Supra-
labials

Infra-
labials

Pre-
oculars

Post-

oculars | Loreals

i—1
au
al
t—1
1)
al
i—1
i—7
1—7
i—1
he
i—1
i
11
i—t
ae
ch
1—1
i
i)
tak
1)
a
i
a1
1—1
i
iia
I
1—1i
i sl
ia
1
ee
i—1
i.
11
toot
i?
i141
il
isl
11
ieee!
1—1
11
it
1 |
1I—1
vel
11
i
t—1
ea
1—1
ies!
ve
1—1
1
t—1
I—t1
il
i—1
isl
iat
i
11
ti
il
ta
11
it
el
i
mat

Temporals

Os PN Ae
ab ed

2 +2—1 +2 4-2
24-2—1 -+-2-12
2———] -+-2

2+3—1+2-+3
3+3—1 +2+3

14+2+3—142+4+3
1+2+4+3—1+42+3
+2 +2—1+2+42
2+2—1 +242
2+3—1+2+3
2-21-22
2-2 —1 2-1-2
2 +2—U 2 +2
2 Ee

2 -+-2—1 4-2-2
2 2—1 2-2
2——1 +2

2 i — 1-2-2
2 +-2—1 +2 +2
2-+-2—1 2-2.
2+2—1.-73

22 2
2+3—1+3-+2
2'-+-2—1' 4-2-2
2-+-2—1 +2

3——1 +2

2+1—1+2-+1
2+3—142-+3
2+2—1-+2-+2
2+2—1 42-42
2———1 FS

2+2—142+3
24+-2—1 2-7-2
2+3—1+2+3
2+2—1-F1-Fl
3—$——1' +3

2-+1—1+2-+1
2-+-3—1++-2 +2
22 —1 2 e
2+3—1+2+3
2-21 2-2
2+3—1 +2-++3
2———-1.--2

2-+3—1-12--3
2+-2—1-4+-2-+2
24-2—1T 2-2
2-2 —1 ee
3———1-+3

3+3—1 +243
24+-2—142-2
Seen?

2--2—1 +242
2+-2—1 +2-+2
2T2—A 242
2--2—1 4-2 -F2

FHEEEFHTTFTEFEFF HTT HETEE EHH + $$ $+

Pe ee ee ee a ee ee ee ee ae ak a eh bat hah ah pa bet Dat pa ba bh ba pe pk pe pak pe pa pak pa ph fp fh fh pt Php

++tt+t+t++++++++

48

Vor. VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 231
Scale counts in Thomnophis ordinoides atratus—Continued
Gastro-| Uro- | Supra- Infra- Pre- Post-
Number | Sex Scale rows steges |steges| labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals Temporals
Cs555 Q |21—21—19—17| 159 Tic 8—8 11—10 21 3—3 1—1 1+3 1+3
C2437 o |21—21—17 167 78 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 14+2+3—1+2+3
C2460 oY |19—21—17 164 87 8—8 10—10 <1 3—4 it 1+3———1 +2
13223 ) 24—21—17. 165 79 8—8 =) I—1 2—2 1—1 1+2+2—1+2+2
C2436 o j19—19—17 153 81 8—8 oa 1—i 3—3 1—f 1+3 1+-2-+2
$4161 Q |19—19—17—15| 148 74c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1-2 1-2
39565 Q |19—21—19—17} 157 73 8—8& 10—10 2—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+4+3—1+2+3
39566 Q |19—21—19—17] 153 72 8—8 10—10 il ce 1—t1 1+2——1 +2
27286 co |19—19—17 157 82 8—8 10—8 1—t 3—3 1—1 14+2+4+2—1+2+2
33350 9 |21—21—17 154 67 8—8 10—10 peak 3—3: 1—t 14+2+4+2—1+2+2
33351 o |21—19—17 153 80 8—8 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 |14+1+4+2—1+2+2
33352 Q |19—19—17 157 75 8—8 10—10 1 3-3 ti 142+2—1+2+42
33353 Q |19—19—17 159 78 8—8 10—10 1—t 3—3 it 14+2+2—1+2+2
33354 og |21—21—17 158 76 8—8 10—10 it 3—3 1—1 1+1+2—1+2+2
33355 Q |21—21—17 155 69 8—8 10—10 i—tT 33 i—1. 14+2+2—1+42+2
33356 oO }19—19—17 162 82 8—8 9—10 pL) 3—3 1—_1 14+2+2—1+42+2
38943 Q |21—21—17 152 53+ 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2+3—1+42+3
39200 Q |19—21—17 155 50+ 8—8 9—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 14+2+3—142+3
39557 Q \19—21—19—17] 153 74 8—8 10—10 iF 3—3 1i—1 1+2——1+2
39558 o |19—21—19—17} 157 63 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 14+2——1 +2
39559 Q |19—21—17—15] 148 66 8—8 10—10 i—t 3—3 a1 14+2——1+2
39560 o |19—21—17 154 78 8—8 9—9 i—1 3—3 11 1+2——1 +2
13225 Q |21—19—17 159 76 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 iT 14+2——1+2
13226 ~- |19—21—19—17] 157 73 8—8 10—10 22 3—3 1—1 1+2———1 +2
13227 ate 19—19—17| 157 68 7—8 9—9 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2———1+2
13228 ot 19—19—17] 157 77 8—8 10—10 i—t 3—3 1—1 1+2——1 +2
13229 eis 19—19—17| 157 70 8—8 10—10 2—1 3—3 1i—1 1+2——1+2
13231 ae 19—19—17| 157 66 8—8 9—10 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2——1 +2
13235 ? 19—19—17| 157 70 8—8 9—9) i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2——1+2
13239 fof 19—19—17| 161 61+ 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 i—t 1+2——1 +2
13247 2 19—19—17| 154 68 &8—8 9—10 i—1 4—3 11 14-2——1+2
14498 2 19—19—17| 160 74 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2———1 +2
14499 ou 19—19—17] 163 -83 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2———1 +2
14500 oi 19—21—17] 158 78 8—8 10—10 i—t 3-3 1—t1 1+2——1+2
S$.R.22 og |19—19—17—17|] 164 93c i—i 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2
S.R.21 Q |19—19—17—17] 150 70 8—8 10—10 11 3—3 i—1 1+2——1+41
$1123 o |19—19—17—17| 149 79¢ 8—8 10—9 I—1 S85) 1—1 1+2——1+2
$1654 Q |19—19—17—17| 146 69 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3: 1—1 14+2——1+3
$1655 Q |19—19—17—15| 144 71c 8—8 10—10 i—1 33) 11 1+2——1 +2
$4322 o \19—19—17—15| 146 Tic 8—8 9—9 it 3—2 it! 1+3——1+2
$5180 Q |19—19—17—15] 151 73c 8—8 10—10 it 3—3 1—1 1+3——1 +2
$5184 Q |19—19—17—15| 143 66c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 11 1-++-1——1-++1
S.R.68 Q |19—19—17—17| 150 74c 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 iF—at 1+2———1+2
$1198 Q@ |19—19—17—15| 143 59+ 8—8 10—10 1—t1 3—3 1—1 1+2——1 +2
$4149 o' }19—19—19—17| 153 85c 8—8 10—10 11 3—3 i—1 1+2——_1 +2
$4155 o |17—19—17—15| 155 86c 8—8 10—10 I— th 3—3 1—1 1+4+2———1 +2
$1136 Q |19—21—19—17} 152 68c 8—8 10—10 1 3—3 1-1) 1+3——1 +2
$1137 o |19—19—17—17} 161 67c 8—8 10—10 1i—1 3—2 11 1+2——1+2
$1139 Q |19—21—19—17] 158 13'+- 8—8 10—10 1—1 4—4 J 1-1-2 1-2
$1200 Q@ |19—19—17—15] 145 21+ 8—8 10—10 iE 3—3 i—1 1+3——1 +2
$1201 Q |19—19—17—i7} 148 Tic 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 i1—1t 14+2——1+2
$1202 Q@ |19—19—17—15| 146 38+ 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 14+2——1+42
$1203 o |19—19—17—15| 153 &3c 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 1-+-2——1 +2
$1204 Q@ |17—19—17—15| 146 70+ 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 a1 1+3——1 +2
$1205 Q@ |19—19—17—15} 149 65¢ 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 i 14+2———1 42
$1209 oO /21—21—19—17| 167 75+ 8—8 9—10 11 3—3 1—1 1+2——1+3
$1671 o |19—21—17—17| 163 80c 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2——1 +2
$1672 o }19—19—17—17} 158 84c 8—8 10—10 pal 3—3 i—1 1+3———1 +2
$4154 o' |21—21—17—17| 162 80c 8—7 9—10) 1—1 3—3 tt 1+2——1 +3
$5182 Q |21—21—19—17| 152 71+ 8—8 9—10 i—1 3—3 1—T Li=-2 1+2
$5183 o }19—19—17—17| 154 82c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 i1—1 1-+-2———1 +2
$5185 Q |19—21—17—17| 151 74c DRS 10—10 1—t? 3—3 | 1+2——_1 +2
S.R. 7 e919 dS 43+ 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2 1+2
S.R.53 Q |19—21—17—17| 163 73c 8—8 10—10 ll 2—2 i—1 1+1——2 +2
$4101 ? |19—19—17—15| 165 3+ 8—8 10—10 1 4—3 t—t 1+2——1 +2
$4157 Q |19—19—17—15| 147 71-- 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 11 1+2——1 +2
$4225 Q@ |19—21—19—17} 162 Tic 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 i1—1 1-+-1——1+1
$6378 Q |19—19—17—15} 153 73c 8—7 10—10 1—1 2—3 1—1 1+2——_1 +2
$6380 o |17—19—17—15; 155 75c 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 1-2 1-2
S.R.69 o |19—19—17—17| 157 85c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 i 1+2 1-2
S.R.64 o |19—19—17—15] 155 80c 9—8 10—11 i—1 3—3 11 1+2 142
S.R.65 Q@ |19—19—17—15} 147 74c 8—7 10—10 1! 4—3 i—T ue ey? 1+2
S.R.66 o' |21—21—19—17| 161 85c 8—8 10—10 1i—1 3—3 1—1 1-2 1+2
S.R.67 o \19—19—17—15} 154 82c 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2———1 +2
$4135 o \19—19—17—17] 156 80c 8—8 10—10 i—1 4—3 1—1 1-2 1+2

232

Scale counts in Thamnophis ordinoides atratus—Continued

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Gastro-
Number | Sex Scale rows steges
$1743 9 |19—19—17—17| 152
$1744 Q |19—21—19—17] 162
$1745 Q |19—19—17—17| 154
41661 o |19—19—17—15| 164
41662 co }19—19—17—17} 163
41663 o |19—21—19—17| 159
S4091 9 |19—19—17—17| 156
$6520 of {19—19—17—15| 153
$5852 co |19—19—17—15| 161
39653 Q@ |19—19—17—17| 159
39652 Q |19—19—17—17| 156
$1675 Q@ |19—19—17—15| 150
$4150 o |17—19—17—15| 151
$4151 Q |19—19—17—17| 142
$4152 Q |19—19—17—15| 147
$4153 Q@ |19—19—17—15! 143
S.R.71 Q |19—19—17—15| 148
$4186 Q |21—21—19—17| 153
$1652 Q |19—21—19—17| 157
$1674 Q |21—21—19—17| 158
$1679 Q@ |19—19—17—17| 149
$1774 Q |19—21—19—17| 156
$4144 o |19—19—17—17| 158
$4148 Q |19—19—17—17| 147
$4319 Q |21—21—19—17| 153
$4275 Q |19—21—19—17| 156
13764 o | 19—19—17 149
13765 o |19—19—17 157
S.R.61 o |19—21—19—17| 154
S.R.62 Q |21—21—19—17| 154
$1682 o }19—20—19—17| 158
$1685 Q@ |19—19—17—17| 146
$1696 o |21—21—17—17| 156
$5143 Q |19—19—17—15| 143
$5144 9 |19—19—17—17| 153
$5145 Q@ |19—21—19—17| 155
$5146 Q@ |19—19—17—17| 155
$5147 Q@ |19—19—17—17| 140
$5148 3 |19—19—17—17] 159
$5149 Q |19—19—17—17| 147
$5150 o |21—21—19—17| 154
13756 o |19—20—19—17| 160
13757 9 119 19—17| 145
13758 9 |20—21—17 157
13759 Q |19—19—17 149
13760 o” |19—19—17 154
13761 o |19—19—17 153
$4306 Q@ |19—19—17—15| 150
$4307 o |19—19—17—17| 152
$4308 Q |19—19—17—15| 150
$4309 Q |19—19—17—15| 151
$4310 Q |19—19—17—15) 144
$4311 Q |19—19—17—17| 151
$5189 co |21—21—17—17| 159
$5193 9 |19—21—19—17| 159
$5194 Q@ |21—19—17—17| 156
$5191 Q@ |19—19—17—17| 154
$5195 o |19—19—17—17| 159
$5190 Q |21—19—17—17| 153
43372 9 |19—19—17—17) 153
43366 Q@ |19—21—19—17|} 155
43367 o |19—19—17—17| 163
C4317 o | 19—21—17 159

Uro-
steges

Supra-
labials

Infra-
labials

Pre-
oculars

Post-
oculars

[Proc. 4TH Ser.

Loreals

Temporals
1+2 1+3
1+2——1+2
1+2——1 +2
1+2——_1+2
1+2———1 +2
1-2 143
1+2——1 +2
1-2 1+2
1+2——1 +2
1+2———1 +2
1+-2———1 +-2
1+2———1 +2
1+2——1+2
1+2———1 +2
1+2——1 +2
1+2——1+2
1+2——1 +2
1+2———1 +2
1-+2——1 +2
1+2——1+2
1+2———1 +2
1-+-2——1 +2
1+2 1+2
1+2——1 +3
1+2——1 +2
14+3———1+3
1+2——_1 +2
1+4+2——1 +2
1+2——1 +2
1-+-2——_t' 2
1+4+2——1 +2
1+1——1+1
1+2——1+3
1+1——1-+1
1+2——1 +2
1+2——1+2
14+2———1+2
1+2——1+2
1+2——1+2
1 +2———1+2
1+3——1+3
1+2——1 +2
1-1 ——1 1
Nee 4-2
1 +2———1 +2
1+2———1 +2
1+2——1 +2
1+2——1 +2
1+2——1 +2
1+2——1 +2
1+4+2——1 +2
1+1——1+1
1+1——1+1
1+3——1+2
1+2——1 +2
1+2——1+2
1+3——1 42
1-2 1+2
1+2———1 +2
1+2———_1 +2
1+2———1 +2
1+2——1 +2
1+2——1 +2

Vor. VIIT] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 233

Remarks.—The large series at hand shows that this sub-
species, which one of us formerly confused with T. 0. elegans,
and which Brown and Ruthven confused with 7. 0. ordinoides,
really should be separated from both. From T. 0. elegans it
differs in the smaller average number of its scale-rows and ven-
tral plates, as well as in coloration. The dorsal line usually is
wider than in T. 0. elegans and there often is more or less red
in the coloration, which so far as we know is not the case in
the mountain snakes.

T. o. atratus differs from T. 0. ordinoides in being of larger
size and in usually having a greater number of upper and
lower labials, scale-rows, and gastrosteges. The coloration
also is different, although a wide range in pattern and shade
is to be seen in both subspecies, and both often show some red
coloring.

As regards scale characters, T. 0. atratus may be considered
intermediate between T. 0. ordinoides and T. o. elegans.

The two specimens from Siskiyou, Jackson County, Oregon,
and two others (Nos. S4313 and S4434) from Anderson,
Shasta County, California, probably might best be regarded as
showing intergradation between this coast form and the T. o.
elegans of the Sierra Nevada, since they all have twenty-one
rows of scales and somewhat intermediate coloration. The
material is inadequate to make this conclusion a positive one
but it is in this region that one would expect to find these sub-
species merging.

Five specimens (Nos. S4471, S4473, S4474, S4476, and
$4479) from South Fork, Coquille River, twenty miles above
Myrtle Point, Coos County, Oregon, are listed in this paper as
T. o. biscutatus. They, however, are not typical of that form
in that they have only nineteen rows of scales. They thus
resemble T. 0. atratus in this character and might well be re-
garded as intergrades. Additional specimens are needed from
this general region. The coloration of these specimens is simi-
lar to that of T. 0. couchii in the indistinctness of the dorsal
line and presence of dark pigmentation on the gastrosteges.
Two specimens from Gasquet, Del Norte County, California,
resemble these but are so puzzling that one (No. $4264) has
been referred to T. 0. biscutatus and the other (No. S4266)
to T. o. atratus. Both have more than nineteen scale-rows, a

Number

29076
29077
29078
29079
29080
29081
29082
29085
29090
29091
29219
29220
29221
29223
29224
29225
29226
29227
29228
29229
29230

234 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

fairly large number of gastrosteges, and indistinct dorsal lines.
More material is needed to clear up their status.

Certain specimens from Requa and Crescent City in Del
Norte County, California, show intergradation between T. o.
atratus and T. 0. ordinoides. This is apparent in the reduction
in the number of upper and lower labials, and, sometimes, of
the gastrosteges. Some of the specimens from these localities
are fairly typical T. 0. atratus, and nearly all are closer to that
form than to T. 0. ordinoides. The scale-counts in these two
series of specimens are given below. Nos. 29076 to 29091 are
from Requa and Nos. 29219 to 29230 were collected at Cres-
cent City.

Gastro-| Uro- | Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post-
Sex Scale rows steges | steges| labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals Temporals

fou 19—19—17 158 79 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1

e 19—19—17 160 70 8—8 9—9 i) 3—3 i—1 1

} 19—19—17 159 69 8—8 so i—1 3—3 i—1 |!

2 19—19—17 153 67 8—7 9—10 1—1 3—3 i—i |1

2 19—19—17 147 66 8—8 o—9 i—1 3—3 i—1 /}1
a 19—19—17 158 80 7—7 9—9 1—1 3—3 Ii—1 i+
g 19—19—17 156 69 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 ji+
2 19—19—17 153 71 I—7 10—9 1—1 3—3 1—! jis:
a 19—19—17 157 76 7—7 8—9 1—1 3—3 1i—1 [i+
9 19—19—17 147 60 7j—7 —9 i—1 3—3 1—1 [1+
2 19—19—17 148 74 8—8 9—9 1—1 3—2 i—t |i+
oo 19—19—17 154 34+ i—7 i—8 i—1 3—2 1—1 |i+
2 19—19—17 151 72 8—8 10—9 2—2 3—3 i—i1 ji+
ce] 19—19—17 157 74 8—8 9—8 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+
rol 19—19—17 163 97 7—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 j1+1+
i] 19—19—17 157 65 8—8 9—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+
2 19—19—17 158 64 8—8 10—10 i—1 2—3 1—1 |1i+
2 19—19—17 151 82 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+
? 19—19—17 153 70 8—8 9—10 i—1 3—3 i—1 ji+
g 19—19—17 149 69 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+
? 19—19—17 150 63 8—7 9—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+

It now is well known that variation in the coloration of the
snakes of this subspecies is very great. Certain types of colora-
tion may be pointed out as occurring in groups of specimens.
The best known of these color types, perhaps, is that in which
the general color is dark olive, lateral lines absent, dorsal line
yellow and very broad, throat bright yellow, and belly deep
olive or slate with or without a median yellow streak. This is
the coloration of the types of this subspecies, which types Cope
redescribed as Eutenia infernalis vidua. It is not a common
style of coloration in this subspecies since we find it more or
less well marked in only Nos. SR.21, $1654, $1655, S4322,
$5180, SR.68, S1198, S4149, $4155, $1200, $1201,

+2+42—142+42
4243-1+

Vor. VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 235

$1202, $1203, $1204, $5183, SR.7, $4157, $6378, $6380,
SRi69% <SRi64, SIRO, SR:67,7°S6920; “So8o2, 1 S4i5l;
$4152, S4153, and S4307, or in twenty-nine of three hundred
and sixty-three specimens, or 8%. All of these specimens are
from the San Francisco peninsula, that is to say, from San
Mateo, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, and Monterey counties. They,
however, share this area with snakes of various other styles of
coloration, and all sorts of intermediate specimens are to be
found, so that this seems to be merely a peculiar color phase,
although restricted geographically to a small portion of the
range of the subspecies.

In certain specimens the dorsal line is lacking, or very faint
or short. This is found most frequently in specimens from
Humboldt and Mendocino counties.

Specimens from San Francisco and Marin counties usually
may be recognized as such by their coloration, which is of a
style not peculiar to these areas, but certainly most frequent
there. There are three lines, the dorso-lateral region is largely
red with dark spots, and the belly often is more or less suffused
with bright brick red.

Perhaps the most frequent style of coloration is that which
shows three light lines on a brown or olive ground, with the
belly yellow or olive. But, as we have said, individual varia-
tion in color is enormous.

One specimen (No. C2452) contained a Bascanion vetustum.
This is the only instance we recall of a snake having been eaten
by Thamnophis.

Thamnophis ordinoides elegans (Baird & Girard)

Mountain Garter-Snake.

Diagnosis ——Normally with eight supralabials; twenty-one,
or sometimes nineteen, rows of scales; dorsal line very distinct,
narrow; dorsal spots lacking or not evident, being hidden by
the dark ground color, not invading the edges of the dorsal
line ; gastrosteges rarely marked with black or slate; preocular
almost always single; infralabials very rarely more than ten.

Type Locality —E| Dorado County, California.

236 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

Synonyms.—Tropidonotus trivittatus Hallowell, 1853; type
locality Cosumnes River, California. Eutenia elegans brunnea
Cope, 1892; type locality Fort Bidwell, California. Eutenia
elegans lineolata Cope, 1892, (part) ; no type given.

Range.—Thamnophis ordinoides elegans, as here defined,
is a mountain form which appears to be confined to the Sierra
Nevada and San Bernardino mountains. In the Sierra Nevada
it has been taken on both the east and west slopes. It seems
not to occur at the lower levels.

We have examined specimens from the following locali-
ties :— -

1. Onion Valley, Inyo Co., California.
2. Oroville, Butte Co., Cal.
3. Strawberry Valley, Yuba Co., Cal.
4. Soda Springs Station, Placer Co., Cal. 6,500 feet.
5. Fyffe, El Dorado Co., Cal.
6. Tuolumne Meadows, Tuolumne Co., Cal.
7. Tuolumne Meadows, Yosemite National Park, Cal.
at 8,600 feet.
8. Tamarack Flat, Mariposa Co., Cal.
9. Yosemite Valley, Mariposa Co., Cal.
10. Yosemite National Park, Cal., at 7,700 feet.
11. Kings River, Fresno Co., Cal., at 5,000 feet.
12. Sierra Nevada Mountains, Tulare Co., Cal.
13. Little Truckee River, Sierraville, Sierra Co., Cal.
14. Fallen Leaf Lake, El Dorado Co., Cal.
15. Lake Tahoe, El Dorado Co., Cal.
16. Tallac, El] Dorado Co., Cal.
17. Glenbrook, Douglas Co., Nevada.
18. Farrington’s, Mono Lake, Cal.
19. San Bernardino Mountains, San Bernardino Co., Cal.
20. West Fork Deep Creek, San Bernardino Co., Cal.

Of the specimens from the San Bernardino Mountains, num-
ber C761 is from Seven Oaks, altitude 5,000 feet; number
C4316 is from Santa Ana Canyon, altitude 5,900 feet ; number
C758 is from the South Fork of the Santa Ana River, altitude
6,200 feet; numbers C759, C965 and C966 are from Fish
Creek, altitude 6,500 feet; number C760 is from Bear Lake,

Vou. VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 237

altitude 6,700 feet ; and number C967 is from the south side of
Sugar Loaf, altitude 6,700 feet.

Three of the specimens from Tulare County (Nos. C2810,
C2811 and C2812) were collected at Jackass Meadow, at an
altitude of 7,750 feet. The other specimen (C2813) was
secured at Monache Meadow, altitude 8,000 feet.

Material—We have studied ninety-seven specimens from
these localities.

Variation.—These specimens show the following varia-
tions:

The loreal is 1—1 in all. The preoculars are 1—1 in eighty-
nine, or 93% ; 1—2 in five, or 5% ; and 2—2 in two, or 2%.
The postoculars are 3—3 in ninety-two, or 95% ; 3—4 in four,
or 4% ; 2—3 in one, or 1%. The temporals are 1+2—1-4-2 in
seventy-one, or 75% ; 1+2—1-++3 in sixteen, or 17%; 1+3—
1+3 in seven, or 7%; and 1+1—1-+1 in one, or 1%. The
supralabials are 8—8 in ninety-one, or 94% ; 7—8 in two, or
2% : 8—9 in one, or 1% ; 9—9 in one, or 1% ; and 7—6 in one,
or 1%. The infralabials are 10—10 in eighty-two, or 857%;
9—10 in ten, or 10% ; 9—9 in two, or 2% ; 8—10 in one, or
1%; 10—11 in one, or 1%; and 11—11 in one, or 1%. The
scale-rows are 19—19—17 in twenty-two, or 23%; all the
others (77% ) have 21 rows of scales, but the formula varies,
being 19—21—19—17 in thirty, 21—19—I7 in seventeen, 21
—21—17 in twelve, 19—21—17 in twelve, and 20—21—17 in
two. The gastrosteges vary from 151 to 179, males having
from 159 to 179, females from 151 to 175; the average in fifty
males is 171, in forty-six females, 163.4. The urosteges vary
from 70 to 101, males having from 78 to 101, females from 70
to 88, the average in forty males is 86.4, in thirty females, 78.5.

This variation is shown in full in the following table of
scale-counts.

238

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Scale counts in Thamnophts ordinoides elegans

19.0, 0,0, 10, 0, 0, 104000, 0, 01090, 0, 10100, 910 1010Q, 00, 0,0, 100, 0.00, 10101000 10,00, 04, 4,0, 0,191, 4,0,0,0,4, 09, 0,104, OT, 0 OA AYYA AO

Scale rows

19—19—17

19—19—17

2i—21—17

19—19—17
19—21—19—17

19—21—17
20—21—17—17
19—21—17—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—17
19191 hi
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—17
19—21—19—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—-17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—17
19—21—19—17
19—21—19—17
19—21—19—17
19—19—17—17
19—19—17—17

19—21—17

21—21—17

21—21—17

1924
21—21—19—17
1919-19-17,
21-—21-—19-—1 7;
19—21—19-—1 7,
19—21—19—17
19—21—19—17
19—21—19—17
1977-101)
19—21—19-—1 7;
19——21—19——17,
19—21——-19—17
19—21—19—17
19-21-19 Vi,
19—21—19—17
19-—21—19—17
19—19—19—17
19—21—19—17
19—21—19—17
19—21—19—17
19—21—19—17
19—21—19—17
19—21—19—17
1921-19 —17,
19—21—19—17
19—21—19—17
19—-21—17—17,
19—19—=17—17
2i—21— 19 —17
19—19—19—17
19—21—19-——17,
107111,
1971117
1921 — 17
19-—21—19—17
19—21—17—17
19—21—17-—17
21—21—19 17;
21—21—19 —17
21—21 19 —17,
21—21—19—17,
21—21—_19 17
21—21—19—17
21—21—19—17
21—21—19—17

steges

Gastro-| Uro- | Supra-
steges

labials

Infra-
labials

Pre-
oculars

Post-

oculars | Loreals

[Proc. 4TH Ser.

Temporals

14+2—142
14+2—1 42
1+2—1 +42
14+2—142
1+3—1 42

142
1+2—142
1+3—142
14+2—142
1+2—142
14+2—142
14+2—142
14+2—142
14+2—142
1+2—1+42
1+2—1 42
1+2—1+42
1+2—1 42
142
1+2—1+42
1+2—1+42
1+2—1+42
1+2—1+42
1+2—1+42
1+2—142
1+2—1 +42
1+2—142
14+2—142
1+2—1+42
1+2—1+42
1+2—1 +42
14+2—1+43
1+2—1 42
1+2—1+42
1+2—142
14+2—1 42
1+2—142
1+2—1+42
1+2—1+42
1+2—143
142-143
1+3—1+3
1+2—142
1+2—1+43
14+2—1+42
1+2—1+42
14+2—142
14+2—1 +42
1+2—1+42
1+2—1+42
1+2—1+42
1+2—1 +2
1+2—1+42
1+2—1 42
1+i—1+41
14+2—1+42
14+2—1 +42
1+2—1+42
1+2—1+42
1+2—1 +2
1+2—1+43
14+3—142
1+2—1+42
14+2—1+43
14+2—1+42
14+2—1+42
1+2—1+42
1+2—1+2
1+3—1+42
14+2—1+42
142-142
1+2—1+42
1+3—1 +42
1+2—142
1+2—1+42

vs
=
S

CONIIVINVIIAUAR ORR

10

Vor. VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 239

Scale counts in Thamnophis ordinoides elegans—Continued

Gastro-| Uro- | Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post-
Number | Sex Scale rows steges | steges| labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals Temporals
$5226 o" | 21—21—19—-17 161 78c 8—8 10—10 1—t1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1+2
$5227 of | 21—21—19—-17 168 86+ 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1i—1 1+2—1-+2
$5228 Q |19—21—19—17 160 33+ 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+3—1+3
$5229 Q |21—21—19—17 151 61+ 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1——1 1+3—1-+2
$5230 Q |21—21—19—17 153 73c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1+2
$5231 oa | 21—21—19—-17 164 84c 8—8 10—10 1—2 3—3 i—t 1+3—1+2
$5232 Q |21—21—19—17 155 74c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—4 i—1 1+2—1+2
C710 a 21—21—17 166 84c 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+3—1+3
C711 io} 20—21—17 159 73c 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+3—1+3
C712 fol 21—21—17 163 85c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1i 1+3—1+3
C713 2 21—21—17 159 83c 8—8 10—10 1—2 3—3 1—T 1+2—1+2
C758 a 19—21—17] 168 85c 8—8 10—10 11 3-3 i—1 1+2—1+2
C759 2 21—21—17| 175 88c 8—8 10—10 1—2 3—3 i—1 1+3—1+2
C760 9 21—21—17} 157 78c 8—8 10—10 11 3—3 i—1 1+2—1+2
C761 2 21—21—17| 161 73c 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 I=1 1+3—1+3
C965 foul 19—21—17| 169 86c 8—8 10—9 2—1 3—3 i—1 1+3—1+3
C966 9 19—21—17] 164 82c 8—8 10—10 1% 3—3 1—1 1+3—1+2
C967 (oy 21—21—17| 164 83c 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1+2
C968 fou 19—21—17 164 70+ 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—i 1+2—1+2
C969 9 21—21—17 159 29+ 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2—1+2
C4316 fou 21—21—17 164 82c 8—8 10—10 1i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2—1+2
$5166 g 21— ?—17| 165 50+ 8—8 10—10 i—1t 3—3 i—1 1+2—1+3

Remarks.—Thamnophis ordinoides elegans is a dark, dis-
tinctly striped form with no, or but little, evident spotting, and
usually without dark pigmentation of the gastrosteges. It is
closely related to T. 0. vagrans and to T. 0. couchii, agrees
closely with both in most scale characters, and, at certain
points, intergrades with both. Thus, some of the specimens
from the Warner Mountains, Modoc County, California, ap-
proach the elegans type of coloration in varying degrees, while
others are fairly typical of vagrans, under which heading they
are listed. Apparently the type of Cope’s Eutenia elegans
brunnea from Fort Bidwell, Modoc County, was such an in-
termediate specimen. Certain specimens from the Yosemite
Valley, Kings River, and Jackass Meadow, are more or less
intermediate between T. o. elegans and T. 0. couchiit. A few
of the specimens from the east slope of the Sierra Nevada also
seem to be intergrades. However, the snakes from the higher
altitudes in the Sierra Nevada seem to be constantly true to
type. Those from the San Bernardino Mountains also show
no departure from this type, although their range is in part
overlapped by that of T. 0. hammondit. No one could ques-
tion the validity of this race as it occurs in these southern
mountains, and the fact that intergrades between it and other
races occur in the more northern portion of its range should
not cause us to refuse it recognition.

240 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Srp.

We formerly confused this form and the striped race from
the coast of California, describing both as T. elegans. Al-
though they are rather similar in appearance, they differ in a
number of respects. The mountain form usually has twenty-
one rows of scales, while the coast subspecies usually has nine-
teen. The average number of gastrosteges in T. 0. elegans also
is greater, the dorsal line is narrower, and we have never seen
any red in the coloration of T. 0. elegans. Just where and how
these two forms meet has yet to be worked out. So far as we
now know the one is confined to the interior mountains and
the other to the coast region. Between them lies the area
occupied by T. 0. couchii in the north and T. 0. hammondii in
the south. TJ. 0. couchti and T. 0. hammondii are mainly to be
found in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones while the striped
snakes are more characteristic of the cooler zones of the moun-
tains and coast.

Thamnophis ordinoides vagrans (Baird & Girard)

Wandering Garter-Snake.

Diagnosis —Normally with eight supralabials; twenty-one
rows of scales; dorsal line distinct; ground color light with
distinct dorsal spots which invade the edges of the dorsal line;
gastrosteges marked with black or slate along their anterior
edges and medially; preocular single.

Type Locality—California.

Synonyms.—This race seems to have served as the basis of
no other names.

Range.—This subspecies, in typical form, is found over
eastern Washington and Oregon, ranging thence east across
Idaho to Utah, south across Nevada to eastern California in
the vicinity of Mono Lake, and to northern Arizona, where it
has been taken at Oak Creek, Fort Verde, Fort Whipple, San
Francisco Mountains, Mineral Spring and Prescott. Typical
specimens are at hand also from the San Pedro Martir Moun-
tains in northern Lower California, Mexico.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. VIII [VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN ] Plate 10

Thamnophis ordinoides vagrans, Wandering Garter-Snake :—Photograph
from living specimen collected in Provo Canyon, Wasatch Mountains,
Wasatch County, Utali, in June, 1913.

Vor. VIIT] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 241

We have examined specimens from the following locali-
ties :-—

WOONAUNARWNE

. Diamond Lake, Stevens Co., Washington.
. Prescott, Walla Walla Co., Wash.

. Wallula, Walla Walla Co., Wash.

. Humpeg Falls, Columbia Co., Wash.

Buck Creek, Lake Co., Oregon.

. Bridge Creek, Lake Co., Ore.

. Silver Creek, Harney Co., Ore.

. Burns, Silvies River, Harney Co., Ore.

. Umatilla, Umatiila Co., Ore.

. Wallowa, Wallowa Co., Ore.

. Mono Lake, Mono Co., California.

. Walker Lake, Mono Co., Cal.

. Winnemucca Lake, Washoe Co., Nevada.

. Pine Forest Mountains, Humboldt Co., Nev.

. Quinn River Crossing, Humboldt Co., Nev., at 4,100

. Virgin Valley, Humboldt Co., Nev.
. Smoky Valley, Nye Co., Nev. 20 miles north of Round

Mountain.

. Near Palisade, Eureka Co., Nev.
. Elko, Elko Co., Nev.

. Blue Lake, Twin Falls Co., Idaho.
. Wardner, Shoshone Co., Idaho.
Dee

Potlatch Creek, 2 miles above mouth, near Lewiston,

Nez Perce Co., Idaho.

23:

Clearwater River, 7 miles above Lewiston, Nez Perce

Co., Idaho.

31

. Weiser, Washington Co., Idaho.

. Boise, Ada Co., Idaho.

. Payette Lake, Boise Co., Idaho.

. Near head of Malad River Canyon, Blaine Co., Idaho.
. Near Ketcham, Blaine Co., Idaho.

. Guyer Hot Springs, Blaine Co., Idaho.

. Near Shoshone Falls, Lincoln Co., Idaho.

Plains south side Snake River near Salmon Falls, Twin

Baile Gon dale.

32.
30:

Cottonwood Creek, Cassia Co., Idaho.
Arco, Blaine Co., Idaho.

242 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

34. Fort Hall, Bingham Co., Idaho.

35. Bear River, Logan, Cache Co., Utah.

36. Woods Cross, Morgan Co., Utah.

37. Oak Creek, Coconino Co., Arizona.

38. San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California,
Mexico.

Material—One hundred specimens have been included in
the present study.

Variation —The variations shown by these specimens are as
follows:

The loreal is 1—1 in all specimens. Preoculars 1—1 in
eighty-one, or 81% ; 2—2 in thirteen, or 13% ; 1—2 in five, or
5% ; and 2—3 in one, or 1%. Postoculars are 3—3 in eighty-
eight, or 88% ; 2—3 in four, or 4% ; 3—4 in four, or 4% ; 44
in three, or 3% ; and 2—2 in one, or 1%. Temporals are 1+2
—1-+2 in sixty-seven, or 67% ; 1+2—1-+3 in twenty, or 20% ;
and 1+3—1+3 in thirteen, or 13%. The supralabials are
8—8 in eighty-nine, or 89% ; 7—8 in eight, or 8% ; and 7—7
in three, or 3%. The infralabials are 10—10 in eighty-six, or
86% ; 9—10 in seven, or 7% ; 10—11 in four, or 4% ; 9—8 in
one, or 1%; and 11—11 in one, or 1%. The scale-rows are
21—21—17 in fifty-five, or 55% ; 21—19—17 in thirty-three,
or 33%; 19—21—19—17 in four, or 4%; 19—21—17 in
three, or 3% ; 19—19—17 in one, or 1% ; 20—21—19—17 in
one, or 1% ; and 20—21—17—17 in one, or 1%. The gastro-
steges vary in number from 148 to 182, males having from
159 to 182, females from 148 to 177; the average in fifty-three
males is 174.2, in forty-seven females, 169. The urosteges
vary from 67 to 95, males having from 79 to 95, females from
67 to 83; the average in forty-four males is 86, in thirty-five
females, 76.

This variation is shown in full in the following table of
scale-counts.

Number

$2664
C5584
C5583
C5582
C5585
$6317
$5261
$6502
$6503
$6504
$5234
$6316
$1660
$4063
C6085
C6086
C6083
C5958
$6525
C1520
C1521
C1522
C1523
C1524
C1525
C1517
C1518
C1519
C1526
C1527
C1271
47995
$6530
$6558
$6559
$6565
$6566
$6567
$6568
$6569
$6570
$6572
37829
37830
37831
37832
37833
37834
37835
37836
37837
37838
37839
37840
40936
40937
40938
40939
40940
40941
40942
40943
40944
40945
$2665
$2666
$2667
$1658
$1661
$1659

Vor, VIII]

Sex

40100, , 0,0, 2,0, 0, 010100,0,0, 0, 0,400,0,,A)! O,4,0,,00, 100,100, 1004,0,1010100, 01010010100, 0,0, 10.0, 9,000.9, 0, 101010900, 109,100,909, 109,970

Scale counts in Thamnophts ordinoides vagrans

VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES

Scale rows

19—21—19—17
21—21—19—17
21—21—19—17
21—21—19-—17
21—21—19—17
21—21—17 117,
21—21—X—X
21—21—X—17
21 — 21 Ai
21—21—17—17
21—21—17—17
21—21—17—17
21—21—19—17
19—21—17—17
21—21—19—17
19—19—17—17
19—21—19—17
21—21—19—17
21—21—19—17
21—21—17,
21—21—17,
21—21—17
21—21—17
21—21—17
21—21—17
21—21—17
21—21—17
19—21—17
21—21—17
21—21—17
21—21—17
21—19—17
21—21—19—17
21—21—19—17
21—21—21—17
20—21—19—17
21—21—19—17
21—21—19—17
21—21—19—_17
21—21—21—17
21—21—21—17
21—21—21—17
21—21—17—17
21—21—17—17
21—21—17—17
21—19—17—17
21—21—17—17
21—21—17—17
21—21—17—17
21—21—17—17
21—21—17—17
21—21—19—17
21—21—17—17
21—21—19—17
21—21—17—17
21—21—17—17
21—21—17—17
21—21—17—17
21—21—17—17
21—21—17—17
21—21—17—17
21—21—17—17
21—21—17—17
21—21—17—17
19—21—17—17
21—21—17—17
19—21—19—17
19—21—19—17
21—21—17—17
221 AF
20—21—47— 07
21—21—19-—17
2191-1917,
21—21—19—17
242 i

Gastro-

steges

163
174
173
172
166
172
x
170
179
172
176
172
166
164
166
175
174
162
166
176
178
182
173
177
180
178
179
178
176
171
174
166
177
175
174
173
171
170
173
175
169
174
179
171

Uro-
steges

Supra-

labials

ao
8—8
7—i
I—7
7—8
8—8
8—8
8—8
8—7
8—8
8—8
8—7
8—8
8—8
8—8
8—8
8—8
8—8
8—8
8—8
8—8
8—8
8—8

Infra- Pre- Post-

labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals
ajafecenchel i—1 3—3 17
10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1
10—10 1i—1 3—3 1—t
10—10 1—1 4—3 I—t1
10—10 | 2—2 3—3 1—1
10—10 i—1 3—3 i—1
10—9 2—2 3—3 i—1
10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1
10—10 1—t 3—3 1—1
10—10) | 2—1 3—3 1—1
9—8 2—2, 3—3 1—1
9—10 1—1 2—3 1—1
10—10 |} 1—1 3—3 1—1
10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1
9-10 1 3—3 i—1
10—10 i—1 3—3 i—1
10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1
10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1
11—11 i—1 3—3 1—1
10—10 i—1 3—3 i—1
10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1
10—i0 1—1 3—3 i—1
10—10 | 3—2 3—3 1—1
10—10 2—2 3—3 it}
10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1
10—10 | 2—2 3—3 1—1
10—10 2—2 4—3 1—1
10—10 | 2-2 4—4 1—1
10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1
10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1
10—10 i—1 3—3 i—1
10—10 1—1 2—2 1—1
10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1
10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1
10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1
10—10 i—1 3—3 i—1
10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1
10—10 sit 3—2 i—1
10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1
10—10 i—1 3—3 it
10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1
11—10 1—1 3—3 i—1
10—10 | 2—2 3—3 1—1
11—10 1—1 3—3 i—1
10—10 | 2—2 3—3 1—1
10—10} 1—1 3—3 1—1
10—10 | 2—1 3—3 1—1
10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1
10—10 |} 1—1 3—3 1—1
10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1
10—10} 1—1 3—3 1—1
10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1
10—10 1i—1 3—3 i—1
10—9 1—1 3—3 i—1
10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1
10—11 1—1 3—3 1—1
10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1
10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1
10—10 | 2—2 3—3 1—1
10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1
10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1
10—10 12 3—3 1—1
10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1
10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1
10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1
10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1
10—10 1—t 3—3 i—1
10—10 i 3—2 i—1
10—10] 1—1 3—3 i—1
10—10 1—t 3—3 1—1
10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1
10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1
10—10 1—1 3—2 1—1
10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1
10—10 1—t 4—4 i—1

Temporals

L212
1+2—1+2
1--2—1'-+-2
1--2—1'--2
1--2—1' 2
1+4+2—1+2
1+3—1+3
1+-2—1-+2
1+2-——1+2
1+2—1+3
14+-2—1-+2
1-+-2—1-+-2
1-+-2—1-+2
1+3—1+2
1+2—1+42
1+-2—1+2
1+2—1+3
1+2—1+2
1+2—1-+2
1+2—1+3
1+2—1+2
A 2— 1-2
1+2—1+2
1+2—1-+2
1-+-2—1+2
1+2—1-+2
1+4+2—1+2
1 2—1- 2
1-+-2—1'-+-2
14+3—1+3
1+2—1 +2
1+3—1+2
1+-2—1-+2
1+2—1+2
1+2—1+3
1+2—1+2
1+3—1+2
1+2—1+2
1+2—1+-2
1+3—1+3
1+2—1+2
1+2—1+2
1+2—1-+2
1+3—1+3
1+3—1+2
1+3—1+3
1+3—1+2
1+3—1+3
1+-2—1-+2
1+2—1+2
14+2—1+2
1+-2—1-+2
1+3—1+3
1+2—1+2
1+3—1+3
1+3—1+2
1+2—1-+2
1+2—1-+3
1+3—1+2
1+2—1+3
1+-2—1-+2
1+3—1+3
1+3—1+42
1--2—1-+-2
--2—1-F2
1+3—1+3
1+2—1-+2
1+2—1+2
1+3—1-+3
1+2—1 +2
1+2—1-+2
1+2—1+2
1+2—1+2
1+3—1+2
1+2—1 +2

-
Sa
<

10

244

Scale counts in Thamnophis ordinoides vagrans—Continued

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

[Proc. 4TH Ser.

09,1000 09,09,00,0,0,100,10100,10010100,0,q,

Remarks.—This subspecies remains remarkably true to its

peculiar color characters throughout the vast area which con-
stitutes the greater portion of its range. It is only along the
western edge of this area that much variation occurs. Speci-
mens from western Nevada and from eastern California vary
towards T. 0. biscutatus, T. 0. couchii and T. o. elegans, so that
it may be said that intergradation with all these forms occurs.
Thus, specimens from Humboldt County, Nevada, frequently
have two preoculars as in T. 0. biscutatus, and certain speci-
mens from near Lake Tahoe leave one in doubt as to whether
they might best be referred to T. 0. vagrans, T. 0. couchit or
even T. 0. elegans.

The two specimens from the San Pedro Martir Mountains
in northern Lower California, which formerly were referred
to T. hammondii, are very typical vagrans in coloration, but
have low gastrostege counts. They constitute by far the most
southern record for this subspecies and offer an interesting
problem in distribution, for T. 0. vagrans has never been taken
in southern California.

The snakes taken at Elko, Nevada, had been feeding on the
larve of Rana pipiens.

Gastro-] Uro- | Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post-

Sex Scale rows steges | steges| labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals Temporals
21—21—19—17 170 79+ 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2—1+2
21—21—17—17| 171 79+ 8—8 10—10 1—1 4—3 i—t 1+4+2—1+2
21—21—19—17 167 89c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 is 1+2—1+42
21—21—19—17]| 167 79c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2—1+2
21—21—17—-17 172 86c 8—8 10—1t i—1 4—4 I—1 1+2—1+2
21—21—19—17 167 82c 8—8 10—10 1—4 3—3 i—1 1+2—1+2
21—21—17—17]| 165 wc 8—8 10—10 i—i 3—3 i—1 1+2—1+42
21—21—17—17 164 87c 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1. 1+3—1+2
21—21—19—17 170 Tic 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 i—t 1+2—1+2
21—21—-19—17 165 77c 8—8 10—10 2—1 3—3 i—1t 1+2—1+2
21—21—17—17| 170 87c 8—8 10—10 1i—1 3—3 i—1 1+3—1+42
21—21—19—17 172 72c 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1i—1 1+3—1+3
21—21—17—17 168 84c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2—1+2
21—21—21—-17 170 88c 7—8 10—10 1—2 3—3 11 1+2—1+2
21—21—37 175 91c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+3—1+3
21—21—17—17 176 75¢c 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—t 1+3—1+2
21—21—19—17| 174 83c 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2—1+2
21—21—19—17 169 71c 8—8 10—10 1—1 4—3 i—1 1+3—1+2
21—21—19—17 175 90c 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2—1+2
21—21—19—17} 175 80c 8—8 10—9 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2—1+3
21—21—19—17| 170 72¢ 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2—1+2
21—21—17—17 168 73c 8—8 9—10 2—2 3—3 i—1 1+2—1 +2
21—19—17 148 76c 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2—1 +2
19—21—17 160 80c 7I—7 10—10 1i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2—1+2
21—19—17 150 67c 8—7 10—9 i—1 3—3 y | 1+4+2—1+2

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. VIII [VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN ]} Plate 11

Thamnophis ordinoides biscutatus, Klamath Garter-Snake :—Photograph
from living specimen collected at Klamath Falls, Klamath County, Oregon,

June 14, 1918.

men. Scale-counts of the Warner Mountain specimens are as
follows:
Gastro-| Uro- | Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post-

Number | Sex Scale rows steges | steges| labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals Temporals
C2164 1°) 21—21—-17 171 78 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 /14+2+2—14+2+42
C2165 oy 21—21—17 176 84 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 | ——————1+2+3
C2166 ou 21—21—17 178 94 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+3—14+2-+3
C2167 a 21—21—17 188 59+ 8—7 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—142+3
C2168 2 21—21—-17 171 79 8—8 10—9 i—1 3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—1+2+3
C2169 2 21—21—-17 172 78 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+3+3—142+4+3
C2170 fou 19—19—17 175 77 S= 7) | os ee 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—142+2
C2171 fou 21—21—17 177 87 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 /14+2+2—142+2
C2172 9 21—21 17 171 719 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 /1+243—1+2+4+3
C2173 9 21—21—17 168 80 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—4 1—1) }1+2+3—142+43
C2179 9 21—21—17 171 81 8—8 10—10 i—1 ad fa eratelecolatereicieteisinetcl=

Vor. VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 245

The specimens from the Pine Forest Mountains, Nevada,
were collected at altitudes of 4300, 6000, 7800, and 8400 feet.

Eleven specimens from the Warner Mountains, Modoc
County, California, collected at altitudes of from 5000 to 7300
feet on Parker Creek and Squaw Peak (Nos. C2164 to
2179) have not been included in the analysis given above.
No. 2164 has the coloration of nearly typical T. 0. vagrans.
The others show various degrees of approach to the coloration
of T. 0. elegans. No. C2166 is very close to the elegans style.
No. C2168 is similar in coloration to the Klamath Falls snakes,
but all of these Warner Mountain specimens have single pre-
oculars. It is probable that the type of Cope’s Eutenia elegans
brunnea, from Fort Bidwell, Modoc County, is such a speci-

Thamnophis ordinoides biscutatus (Cope)
Klamath Garter-Snake.

Diagnosis —Normally with eight supralabials; twenty-one
or twenty-three rows of scales; dorsal line distinct ; dorsal spots
invading edges of dorsal line but often not showing by reason
of the dark ground color; often with dark markings on the
gastrosteges ; usually more than one preocular.

Type Locality—Klamath Lake, Oregon.

Synonyms.—lIt is probable that Yarrow’s Eutenia Henshawi
from Fort Walla Walla, Washington, may have been based
upon a specimen of this subspecies. Ruthven included these
snakes under the name T. o. elegans.

246 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

Range.—This subspecies is or was exceedingly abundant
about the Klamath lakes. Thence it ranges east to Goose Lake,
Modoc County, California, west to Josephine County, Oregon,
and Del Norte County, California. Farther north it occurs
near Puget Sound, Washington, and in British Columbia.

We have examined specimens from the following locali-
ties :-—

1. Lillooet River Valley, British Columbia.

2. San Juan Islands, San Juan Co., Washington.

3. Rogue River, Grants Pass, Josephine Co., Oregon.

4. South Fork, Coquille River, 20 miles above Myrtle Point,
Coos Co., Ore.

5. Gasquet, Del Norte Co., California.

6. Klamath Falls, Klamath Co., Ore.

7.. Lower Klamath Lake, Siskiyou Co., Cal.

8. Goose Lake, Modoc Co., Cal.

9. Davis Creek, Modoc Co., Cal.

Material—More than two hundred and fifty specimens have
been studied by us.

Variation.—The variations shown by these specimens are as
follows:

The loreal is 1—1 in all specimens. Preoculars are 2—2 in
one hundred and fifty-nine, or 63%; 1—2 in twenty-five, or
10% ; 1—1 in sixty-three, or 25%; and 2—3 in one. Post-
oculars are 3—3 in two hundred and thirteen, or 80% ; 3—4 in
twenty-six, or 10% ; 4+—4 in five, or 2% ; 2—3 in three, or 1%;
and 4—1 in one. Temporals are 1+2—1-+2 in one hundred
and ninety, or 77% ; 1+-3—1--3 in sixteen, or 6% ; 1+2—1-+3
in thirty-nine, or 15%. The supralabials are 8—8 in two hun-
dred and thirty-two, or 92% ; 7—8 in eleven, or 4% ; and 7—7
in four, or 1%. The infralabials are 10O—10 in two hundred
and twenty-two, or 88%; 9—10 in thirteen, or 5%; 9—9 in
eight, or 3%; 10—11 in two, and 8—8 in one. The scale-
rows are 21—21—17 in two hundred and sixteen, or 87%;
21—19—17 in nine, or 3%; 21—23—17 in six, or 2%; 21—
17—17 in three, or 1%; 19—-17—17 in three, or 1%; 19—
19—17 in two, 19—17—15 in two, 23—19—17 in two, 23—
21—19 in one, 17—17—17 in one, and 20—21—17 in one.

Vor. VIII]

VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES

247

The gastrosteges vary in number from 151 to 183, males hav-
ing from 157 to 183, females from 151 to 176; the average in
one hundred and twenty males is 171, in one hundred and
twenty-three females, 166. The urosteges vary from 63 to 97,
males having from 76 to 97, females from 63 to 91; the aver-
age in one hundred and twelve males is 84, in one hundred and
three females, 77. These variations are shown in full in the
following table of scale-counts.

Scale counts in Thamnophis ordinoides biscutatus (Cope)

Gastro-| Uro-

Number | Sex Scale rows steges | steges
$5169 a 19—17—15 166 86c
$5172 z 21—17—-17 156 71c
$5173 a} 21—19—17 169 | 84+
$5175 g 21—19—17 164 31+
$6516 2 23—21—-19 158 69c
$4059 2 2I—AD— Ni 162 80c
$4471 ou 19—17—17 158 83c
$4473 (ofl 19—17—15 157 86c
$4474 i?) 17—17—17 151 T7c
$4476 2 19—17—17 156 78c
$4479 i] 19—17—17 159 76c
$4264 fou 21—_19—17 166 86c
20161 fof 21—17 170 76
20162 fou) 21—21—-17 172 89
20163 io} 21—21—17 165 79
20164 fo 21—21—17 177 91
20165 fou 21—21—-17 175 89
20166 a 21—21—_17 166 23+
20167 te} 21—21—17 170 82
20168 2 21—21—17 166 444
20169 Gell Po dca poet 176 88
20170 2 21—17 164 77
20171 ie} 21—21—17 163 73
20172 2 21—23—17 164 78
20173 Re hal |e Te eee 172 76
20174 2 21—21—17 163 77
20175 2 19—19—17 164 FO
20176 fous 21—21—17 171 73+
20177 foul 21—21—17 168 90
20178 9 21—21—17 169 78
20179 a 21—21—17 175 92
20180 ou 21— 2A — 7 171 63+
20181 ou 21—21—17 171 86
20182 fou 21—21—_17 172 91
20183 fog 21—21—17 175 87
20185 a 21—21—17 172 41+
20186 a 242A — fii, 172 90
20187 a 21—21—17 175 88
20189 fou 21—21—17 170 85
20190 fos 21—21—-17 173 79
20191 fou 2i1—21—17 173 83
20192 fous 21—21—17 167 92
20193 ofl 21—21—17 171 93
20194 oy 2i— FI — 17 168 86
20195 oy 21—21—_17 169 88
20197 a 21—21—_-17 174 95
20198 fos! 21—21—17 170 88
20199 fog 21—21—17 172 91
20200 a 21—21—17 173 75+
20201 oy 21—21—_17 170 86
20202 fou 21—21—_17 174 93
20203 2 21—21—17 161 77
20204 foul 21—21—17 175 86
20205 te 21—21—17 163 82

Supra- Infra- Pre- Post-

labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals Temporals
8—8 10—10 2—2 3—2 i—1 1+4+2——1+2
8—8 9—10 stl 3 i—1 1+2——_1 +3
8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 11 1+2——1 +2
8—8 10—10 2——2 3—3 i—t 1+3——1 +2
8—8 11—10 2—2. 3—4 i—1 1+3——_1+3
8—8 10—10 1—1 4—3 i—t 1+3 1+2
8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+3
8—8 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 |}1+2——1+3
8—8 9—9 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+3——_1+3
8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+3——1+2
8—8 10—10 2—1 3—3 1—t 1+3——1+3
8—8 10—9 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+3 1+3
8—8 10—10 d——1 4—3 1—1 14+24+3—142+3
8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1424+3—1+42+4+3
8—8 10—10 2—2 4—3 1—1 143+3
8—7 9—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 14+24+3—142+43
8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 i—1 1+24+3—1+43+3
8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 i—1 14+2+4+3—142+3
8—8 10—10 i—1 4—4 i—1 1+2+43—1+42-+3
8—8 10—10 2—2 4—4 1—1 |14+2+3—1+2+3
8—8 9—9 2—2 3—3 1—1 |142+44—1+42+3
8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 14+2+3—1+42+3
8—8 10—10 2—1 3—3 1—t 14243—1+2+3
8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 i—1 14+2+43—1+2+3
8—8 9—9 2—2 3—3 1—1 142+43—1+4+2+43
8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 14243—1+2+43
7—7 9—10 1) 3—3 i—1 14+242—1+242
8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 |1+2+4+3—1+42+3
7—8 10—10 1—2 3—3 i! 142+43—1+42+3
8—8 10—10 1—1 53) i—1 142+4+3—1+42+43
8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 14+2+3—1+2+4
8—8 10—10 2—2 Ss} i—1 142+3—1+2+3
8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 i—1 142+43—1+4243
8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 14243—1+2+43
8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 i—1 14+2+43—1+2+3
8—8 S—10 2—3 1—4 1h 14243—1+42+43
8—8 10—10 12 3—3 {—1 14+242—1+2-+43
8—8 —) 1-1 3—3 ic 14+243—1+2-+3
8—8 10—10 22 3—3 1—1 14243—1+2+43
8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1i—1 142.4-3—_———_
8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 142+4+3—1+2-+43
8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 14+2+3—1+42+3
8—8 10—10 7. 3—3 1—t 142+3—1+2+3
8—8 10—10 it 3—3 1—1 142+3—1+4+2+3
8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 1+3+3—1+42+43
8—8 10—10 el 4—3 i—1 14+2+3—1+3+3
8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 i—1 1+3 =—1+3
8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 i—1 14+2+4+3—1+42+3
8—8 10—10 1—2 3—3 1—1 14+2+4+2—1+42+3
8—8 10—10 Z—2 3—3 i—1 14+3+3—1+43+3
8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 14+2+3—1+42+3
8—8 10—10 2—1 4-3 1—1 |1+2+3—1+42+3
8—8 10—10 i—2) 3—3 1—1 1+2+3—1+2+3
8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—t 1+2+4+3—1+42+3

Local-

o
<

WDANADAAANAADADANDARAADANDANDAAADADAAADANDAAAANDAAADAUE PER PWD RR

Number

20206

20207

20208

20209
20210
20216
20217

20218
20219
20220
20221

20222
20223
20224
20225
20226
20227
20228
20229
20230
20231
20232
20233
20234
20235
20236
20237
20238
20239
20240
20241
20242
20243
20244
20245
20246
20247
20248
20249
20250
20251
20252
20253
20254
20255
20256
20257
20258
20259
20260
20261
20262
20263
20264
20265
20266
20267
20268
20269
20270
20271
20272
20273
20274
20275
20276
20277
20278
20279
20280
20281

20282
20283
20284
20285

Sex

248

OYA A Ay A400 O10 100 0,010 909,100, 0,900, 10100, 00,0 9,00,0,100,0,0,0,0,0,00000,0,0000,000004,0,009,0,40,0AA0q Gag,

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

[Proc. 4TH Ser.

Scale counts in Thamnophts ordinoides biscutatus (Cope)—Continued

Scale rows

21—2)—17

21—21—17
21—21—17
21—21—17
21—21—-17
21—21—17
21—21—17
2
21—21—17
21—21—17
21—21 7.
21—J1— 17
21—21—17
21—21—17
21—21—17
21 —21—17
21—21—17

23-19
21—2i— 1
21 — 21 — 3
21—21—17

?—21—?
21—21—17
21—21—17
21—19—17
21—21—17
21—21—17
2i—21— 97
21—21—17
21—21—17
21— 21 —
21—21—17
21—21—1 7.
21—21—17'
21—21—17
21—21—17,
21-—21—17
21—21— Ti,
21—21—-17
21—21—17
21—23—17
21—21—17
21—21—17
21—21—17
21—21—17
21—21—17
21—21—17
(9 oT Ni
21—21—17
21—21—17
21—21—17
21 —21—17,
21—21—17
21 — 21 — 17)
21—21—17
211i
21—21—17
21—21—17
21—21—17
21 —2 1A,
21—21—17
21—21—17
21—21—17
21—21— 17,
21—21—17
212i
zi—21—17
21—21—17
21—21—47.
21—21—17
21—21—17
21—21—17
21—21—17

Gastro-] Uro-

steges | steges
177 87
174 89
172 91
173 | 90
168 86
169 93
165 92
170 92
167 78
173 89
168 90
171 87
169 79
169 79
169 73
170 | 91
168 | 88
169 63
167 77
167 88
162 86
165 79
173 89
167 84
163 74
161 80
175 34+
174 85
166 75
161 78
176 91
170 85
175 87
180 69+
168 74+
175 {90
171 85
173 | 92
164 72
172 90
165 | 90
169 76
173 | 94
166 | 80
a7 84
166 73+
174 53+
164 58+
170 81
173 63+
168 84
169 93
171 88
166 70
171 90
164 76
166 79
164 79
168 47+
173 89
170 | 81
166 80
160 73
175 89
169 75
170 77
171 96
167 80
169 90
175 | 89
163 75
174 90
167 84
173 90
167 76

Supra-

labials

8—8
8—8
8—8
8—8

Infra-
labials

10—10

10—10
10—10
10—10
10—10
10—10
10—10
10—10
10—10
10—10
10—10
10—10
10—10
10—10
2
10—10
10—10
10—10
10—10
10—10

Pre-
oculars

2—2
2—2
2—2
2—2
aw
2—2
2—2
i)
2—1
2—2
L—!
2—2
jal
1—1
2—2
2—2
2—1
2—2
2—2
ie
2—2
i—1
i—1
2—2
2—2
2—1
2—2
2—2
2—2
2—2
i—1
2—2
2—2
2—2
2—2
2—2
2—2
2—2
2—2
2—2
i—1
2—2
2-2
2—2
2—1
2—2
2-1
L—
2—2
2—2
2—2
2-2
i—i
2—2
2—2
2—2
i
2—2
2—2
I—2
2—2
1—Z
1—2
2—2
2—2
Zs
1—1
L—1
2—1
2—2
Pat |
2—2
a2
2—2

Post-
oculars | Loreals Temporals
3—3 1—1 [1+2+3—1+2+43
3—3 1—1 {1+2+3—1+3+3
3—3 1—1. |1+-3——1+2
3—3 1—1 |1-+-2-+-3—1-F2-++3
3—3 1—1 /1+2+3—1+3+3
3—3 1—1 |1+2+3—1+42+3
3=3 1—1 |14+2+3—1+2+3
3—3 1—1 |1+2+3—1+2+43
2—3 1—1 |1+2+3—1+4+2+3
3—3 1—1 =|14+2+3—1+2+3
3—3 1—1 (|14+2+3—1+2+3
3—3 1—1 /1+2+3—1+2+43
3—3 1—1 /1+2+3—1+2+3
3—3 i—1 /1+2-+3—1+2+35
3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—142+3
3—3 1—1 |1+2+3—142+43
3—3 1—1 |1+2+4+3—1+42+43
3—3 1—1 /1+2+3—1+42+3
3—3 1—1 /14+2+3—1+2+3
3—4 1—1 1 }14+2+4+3—14+2+3
3—3 1—1 1=/1+2+3—1+4+2+4+3
3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—1+2+43
3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+4+2+42
3—3 1—1 = |1+2+4+3—1+42+3
3—3 1—1 |1+2+3—1+42-+3
3—3 1—1 |142+3—1+42+43
3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—1+42+43
3—3 1—1 /14+2+3—1+42+43
3—3 1—1 |14+2+4+1—1+2+3
3—3 1—1 [1+2+3—142+3
2—2 1—1 /14+2+43—1+42+43
3—3 1—1 |1+3+3—1+3+3
3—3 1—1 /14+2+3—1+3+3
3—3 1—1 |1+2+3————
2—3 1—1 = |1+2+43—142+4+3
3—3 1—1 }14+2+3—14+2+3
3—3 1—1 |1+2+3—14243
3—3 1—1 /14+2+43—1+2+3
3—3 1—1 /14+2+43—14243
3—3 1—1 |14+24+3—1+42+3
3—3 1—1 /14+2+3—1+4+3+43
4—4 1i—1 |1+3+3—1+2-+43
3—4 1—1 |14243—1+42+3
3—3 1—1 |14+3+4—142+3
3—3 1—1 1 |1+3+3—1+3+3
3—3 1—1 1 |1424+3—142+3
3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—1+42+43
3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—142+4+3
3—3 i—1 |14+2+4—1+42+43
3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—1+42+43
3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—142+3
3—3 1—1 = /1+2+4+2—1+42+3
3—3 1—1 |1+2+3—1+3+4
3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—1+42+3
4—3 1—1 |1+2+3—1+2+42
4-3 1—1 /14+2+3—1+4+3+3
3—3. 1—1 (142+4—1+43+3
3—3 1—1 |1+3+3—14+2+3
3—3 1—1 |1+2+3—142+3
4-3 1—1 |14+243—1+42+3
3—3 1—1 /142+3—1+2+43
3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—1+42+43
3—3 1—1 /142+3—1+42+43
3—3 1—1 /14+24+3—142+43
3—3 1—1 }14+2+3—1+2+43
3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—1+2+3
4—3 1—1 1 /1+2+3—1+42+3
3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—1+2-+42
3—3 1—1 |14+2+2—1+3+43
3—3 1—1 1 |142+3—1+4+2+3
3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+3+3
3—3 1—1 |1+2+3—1+4+2+3
3—3 1—1 |1+2+3—1+2+3
4—3 1—1 |1+2+4+3—1+42+3

Local-

>
<

ANA NN NX NAN ANN NA NAN HANA HANAN ANA HANA NANA NANA AA NANAHNANAAAAAAAAAADADARADAQAQAGQAA

Vor. VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 249

Scale counts in Thamnophis ordinoides biscutatus (Cope)—Continued

Gastro-| Uro- | Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- Local-
Number |Sex Scale rows steges |'steges| labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals Temporals ity
20286 i} 21—21—17 173 81 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—1+2-+42 6
20287 i?) 21—21—-17 170 86 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+3—1+2+3 6
20288 foil 21—21—17 173 89 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—1+42+3 6
20289 ol 21—21—17 169 93 8—8 10—10 2—2, 3—3 1—1 |1+2+42—1+3+43 6
20290 9 21—21—17 166 78 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 |1+4+2+3—1+42+2 6
20291 Q 21—21—-17 166 79 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 |14+2+4+3—1+2+43 6
20292 g 21—21—17 171 93 8—8 10—10 | 2—2 3—3 1—1 |14+3+3—142+3 6
20293 a 21—21—17 171 97 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—1+42+43 6
20294 a 21—21—-17 172 88 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—1+42+3 6
20295 g 21—21—-17 162 81 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |14+2+43—1+42-+43 6
20296 io] 21—21—-17 164 82 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 |1+3+4—1+3+43 6
20297 2 21—21—17 167 80 8—8 10—10 ay) 3—3 1—1. /1+3+4+3—142-+43 6
20298 2 21—21—17 168 73 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 /14+2+43—1+3+4 6
20299 ie} 21—21—17 166 78 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 1 |14+2+3—1+42+43 6
20300 2 21—21—-17 169 78 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—1+42+3 6
20301 ou 21—21—17 168 96 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+3+3—1+2+3 6
20302 9 21—21—-17 172 82 8—8 10—10 1—2 3—3 1—1 /1+2+3—1+2+3 6
20303 ou 21—21—17 172 91 8—8 10—10 oy) 3—3 1—1 11+3+3—1+3+43 6
20304 g 21—21—-17 169 83 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 |1+2+3—142+3 6
20305 a 21—21—17 178 91 8—8 10—10 J—1 3—3 1—1 |14+343—1+42+43 6
20306 a 21—21—17 173 94 7—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—1+43+43 6
20307 a 21—21—-17 170 87 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 |142+3—1+42+3 6
20308 a 21—21—17 176 | 90 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 }1+2+3—1+42+43 6
20309 (of 21—21—17 174 92 7—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 1 |14+2+3—1+42+3 6
20310 g 21—21—17 164 | 78 8—8 10—10 1—2 3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—1+43+3 6
20311 g 21—21—17 163 75 7—7 10—9 2—2 3—3 1—1 1 |142+43—14+2+3 6
20312 rou 21—21—17 172 90 8—8 10—10 | 1—1 3—3 1—1 [14+2+3—1+42+3 6
20313 Q 21—21—17 170 | 63+ 8—8 10—10 | 2—2 3—3 1—1 |1+2+3—1+2+43 6
20314 i] 21—21—17 164 84 8—8 10—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 /1+2+3—1+2-+3 6
20315 rol 21—21—17 173 92 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—142+3 6
20316 Q 21—21—17 165 85 8—8 10—10 | 2—2 3—3 1—1 /1+2+3—1+42+3 6
20317 fe) 21—21—17 170 | 70 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2-++3—1+2+3}) 6
20318 Q 21—21—17 164 76 8—8 10—10 22 4—3 1—1 |14+2+3—1+42+43 6
20319 9 21—21—17 162 82 8—8 10—10 | 2—2 3—3 1—1 |1+2+3—1+42+3) 6
20320 fou 21—19—17 171 82 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 |14+2+4+3—1+42+3 6
20321 i) 21—21—17 169 87 8—8 10—10 2-1 3—3 1—1 |14+2+4+3—1+2+3 6
20322 Qg 21—21—17 165 78 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 |1+2+3—1+2-+3 6
20323 fou 21—21—i7 167 92 8—8 10—10 22 3—3 1—1 }14+2+3—1+2-+3 6
20324 g 21—21—17 172 73 8—8 10—10 | 2—2 3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—1+2+3] 6
20325 a 21—21—-17 172 88 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 |1+2+4+3—1+2+3 6
20326 9 21—21—17 163 75 8—8 10—10 | 2—2 3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—142+3] 6
20327 ie] 21—21—17 170 74 8—9 10—10 2—2 3—4 1—1 |14+2+3—1+42+3 6
20328 9 21—21—17 165 87 8—8 10—10 | 2—2 3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—142+3) 6
20329 2 21—21—17 167 81 8—8 9—10 2—2 4—3 1—1 |1+3——1-+2 6
20330 fod 21—21—17 176 | 87 8—8 10—10 | 2—2 3—3 1—1 /14+2+3—142+3) 6
20331 fo 21—21—17 167 89 8—8 10—10 2—2 4—3 1—1 |14+2+4+3—1+42+42 6
20332 g 21—21—17 167 75 8—8 10—10 | .2—2 3—3 1—1 (14+2+3—1+2+2 6
20333 fou 21—23—17 169 90 8—8 10—10 | 2—2 3—3 I—1 }1+2+3—142+3 6
20334 a 21—21—17 173 89 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 [1+2+3—1+2+3) 6
20335 g 21—21—17 160 73 8—8 10—10 | 2—2 3—3 1—1 [14+243—142+3 6
20336 fod 21—21—17 166 | 93 8—8 10—10 | 2—2 3—3 1—1 /14+2+3—142+3) 6
20337 a 21—21—17 172 89 8—8 10—10 | 2—2 3—4 1—1 }1+2+3—1+2+3 6
20338 rou 21—21—17 174 | 94 8—8 10—10 | 2—2 3—3 1—1 1 /14+2+3—142-+43 6
20339 a 21—21—17 171 94 8—8 10—10 | 2—2 3—3 1—1 |142+3—1+2+31 6
20340 2 21—21—17 167 82 8—8 10—10 2—2 34 1—1 1 /142+4—14+2+4 6
20341 rou 21—21—17 170 | 87 8—8 10—10 | 2—2 3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—1+2+3) 6
20343 Q 21—21—17 170 78 8—8 10—10 | 2—2 3—3 1—1 |1+3 143 6
20344 oh 21—21—17 169 86 8—8 10—10 2-—2 3—3 1-1 |14+243—142+43 6
20345 for) 21—21—17 170 85 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 |142+44—142+3 6
20346 a 21—21—17 171 94 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |14+3+4+3—1+42+3 6
20347 g 21—21—17 165 80 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—4 |, 1-1 [14244—1+42+3 6
20349 fou 21—21—17 171 93 8—8 10—10 2 3—3 1—1 |142+3—1+42+3 6
20350 rol 21—21—17 174 | 91 8—8 ?—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 }/1+2+3—14+2+3, 6
20351 ro) 21—21—17 167 58+ 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 /1424+3—14-243) o
20352 a 21—21—17 168 89 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 I—1 414243—14243 G
20353 g 21—21—17 175 | 60+ | 8—8 | 10—10] 1—1 4—3 1—1 /14+243—142+43] 6
20354 a 21—21—17 174 | 91 8—8 10—10 | 2—2 3—3 1—1 |14+3+4+3—1+2+43 &
20355 g 21—21—17 171 80 8—8 10—10 | 2—2 3—3 1—1 11424+3—14243) G
20356 9 [hat 1917 171 | 79 8—8 9—9 29 3—3 1— 1. |to-3 a oer S| g
20357 g 21—21—17 169 78 8—8 10—10 | 2—2 3—3 1—1 /142+4+3—142+3/ 6
20358 g 21—21—17 165 79 8—8 10—10 | 2—2 3—3 1—1 /14343—143+43 6
20359 9 21—21—17 165 76 8—8 10—10 | 2—2 3—3 I—1) |14+2+4+3—1+4243 6
20360 g 21—17 169 70 8—8 10—10 | 2—1 3—3 I—1 (14+2+3—1+42+43 6
20361 ge 21—21—17 168 66 8—9 10—10 2-1 4—4 I—1 (14243—14243 6
20362 9 21—21—17 164 43+ 8—8 10—10 | 2—2 3—4 I—1 /14+2+4+3—1+42+43 6

a — ee SSSSssesssse

250

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Scale counts in Thamnophis ordinoides biscutatus (Cope)—Continued

Gastro-| Uro- | Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- Local-
Number | Sex Scale rows steges | steges| labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals Temporals ity
20363 2 21—21—-17 168 74 8—8 9—10 Jims} 3—4 1—1 |1+2+3—1+2+43 6
20364 i°} 21—21—17 168 82 8—8 10—10 2 3—3 1—1 |1-+3--35—1-+3-3 6
20365 a 21—21—17 169 57+ 8—8 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—1+42+43 6
20366 2 21—21—17 168 82 7—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—1+2+43 6
20367 a 21—21—17 173 83 8—8s 10—9 2—2 3—3 1—1 /14+2+3—1+2+3 6
20368 i?) 21—21—17 168 82 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 I—1 #}1-+-2--3—1-4-23 6
20369 2 21—21—-17 163 79 8—8s 10—10 2—2 3-3 1—1 /14+2+3—1+4273 6
20370 a 21—21—-17 177 92 8—8 10—10 i1—2 3—3 1—1 j1+2+3—1+2-3 6
20371 9 21—21—17 168 79 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+3—1+42-+3 6
20372 9 21—21—17 168 21+ 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |} -F-2———1 +3 6
20373 g 21—21—_17 164 75 8—9 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |‘ -++2:4-3—1-+-2-+3 6
20374 ce] 21—21—17 162 80 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 |14+24+-3—1+2+43 6
20375 fou) 21—71—17 171 93 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 |1+4+2+3—1+42+3 6
20376 a 21—21—-17 173 91 8—8 10—10 2—2 2—3 1—1 |1+2+3—1+2+3 6
20377 juv.| 21—17 161 79 7—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 |1+2+3—1+42+3 6
20378 ie 23—17 161 84 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 |1+2+3—1+2-+42 6
20379 ae 21 171 77 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1i—1 |1+2-+3—1+42+3 6
20380 a 23 165 75 8—8 10—10 2—2 4—4 1—1 |1+2+3—1+3 6
20381 ss 21—17 172 93 8—8 10—10 is) oe | 1—1 1 |1+2+4+2—1+4242 6
20382 : 21 170 90 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 |t-+2--2-—1-4-2-72 6
20383 st 21—21—-17 166 77 8—8 10—10 ty 4-3 1—1 |1+2+3—1+42 6
20384 af 21—17 173 88 8—7 10—10 2—2 Bars 1—1 |14+2+3—1+42+3 6
20385 isi 21—21—17 163 ot 8—8 10—10 2—2 J—s 1—1 |14+2+2—1+42-+42 6
20386 g 23 165 89 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 i—1 |1+2+3—1-++-2+3 6
20387 i] 21—21—17 168 68+ 7—8 10—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—1+42+43 6
20390 fog 21—21—17 170 90 8—8 10—11 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+3+3—1+42-+4 6
20391 ie} 21—21—-17 167 81 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—1+2+3 6
20392 g 21—21—17 171 40+ 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |14+2+-3—1--274-4 6
20393 g 21—21—17. 170 68+ 8—8 10—10 2—2 4—3 1—1 |14+2+3—1+2+3 6
20394 g 21—21—17 171 65+ 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—1+42+43 6
20395 2 21—21—17 165 80 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 i—t [142+3—1-+2+43 6
20396 t°} 21—21—_17 170 53+ 8—8 10—11 i—1 3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—1+3+43 6
20397 ? 21—21—17 168 60+ 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 |1+2+4—1+42+3 6
20398 2 21—21—17 166 19+ 8—8 10—10 2—2 4—3 1—1 |1+2+3—1+42+3 6
20399 2 21—21—17 165 76 8—8 10—10 2—2 <3 1—1) |1-+3-14—1-73-4 6
20400 g 21—19—17 162 73 8—7 10—10 i—1 33 1—1 {1+2+3—1+2+3 6
$1782 a 23—19—17 172 86+ 8—8 10—10 2—2 3-3 1—1_ _|{1+2——1+42 6
$1783 foul 21—19—17 172 93c 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 6
$1785 2 23—19—17 168 Tic 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+3 6
$4134 2 21 —Vi—1i 165 71+ 8—8 10—10 2—2 3-3 1—1 |1+3——1+3 6
C5431 ie} 21—21—-17 166 70 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—1+2+3 7
C5432 2 21—21—-17 165 69+ 7—8 10—10 1—2 3—3 11 it 1-13: 7
C2147 fon! 21—21—-17 177 85 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 |14+2+4+2—1+2-+2 8
C2149 g 19—19—17 173 82 8—8 10—10 i 3—3 > Ce HN Sn CcAn 8
C2152 fou 20—21—17 179 83 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 |1+2+3—1-+2-3 8
C2153 a 21—21—17 183 92 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |14-2-4-3—1-4-2'-43 8
C2158 Set 21—21—17 175 91 8—8 9—10 2—2 3—3 tt | 3-312 8
C2163 2? 21—21—_17 171 74 8—8 10—10 2—1 3—3 i—1 142 9

Remarks.—These snakes from the Klamath region are very
similar to T. 0. vagrans but the ground color of the dorso-

lateral regions usually is much darker.
dark spots usually are inconspicuous.

For this reason the
Occasional specimens

show the spots very distinctly, and in most specimens they may
be seen when looked for. These spots invade the dorsal line
just as they do in typical T. o. vagrans. The chief point of
distinction between T. 0. biscutatus and T. o. vagrans is the in-
crease in the number of preoculars. Less than twenty-five per
cent of the Klamath specimens do not show this increase on at
least one side of the head, so that it must be regarded as a per-

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. VIII [VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN] Plate 12

a—Thamnophis ordinoides couchii, Giant Garter-Snake :—Photograph

from living specimen collected at Gadwall, Merced County, California,
May 12, 1918

~.

ae
I

L — — — : — —

b—Thamnophis ordinoides couchii, Giant Garter-Snake :—Photograph
from living specimen collected at Gadwall, Merced County, California,
May 12, 1918.

Vor. VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 251

fectly good subspecific character. A small number of the
specimens also show an increased number of body scale-rows.

Specimens from northwestern Nevada, as those from the
Pine Forest Mountains, Virgin Valley, and Quinn River Cross-
ing, in Humboldt County, appear to be intermediate between
this form and true T. 0. vagrans, the coloration being typical
of the latter while a tendency toward an increase in the num-
ber of preoculars is still present. These are listed with T. 0.
vagrans.

In the region of Puget Sound snakes of the vagrans type, a
majority of which have two preoculars, are again encountered.
We can see no reason for not including them here. It seems
best to include here also the snakes from Del Norte County,
California, and from Josephine and Coos counties, Oregon,
although the number of specimens from these localities is so
small as to leave one in doubt as to the usual number of pre-
oculars, and the coloration is more like that of T. 0. couchit.

Perhaps nowhere else in the world are snakes so abundant
as near Klamath Falls. We counted a hundred and eighty on
a small rock about a yard in diameter in Link River, and, at
another point on the same river, caught fourteen with one grab
with both hands.?. They feed upon small fish and toads. Most
of these snakes are of this subspecies, but a few are Thamno-
phis sirtalis infernalis.

Thamnophis ordinoides couchii (Kennicott)
Giant Garter-Snake.

Diagnosis—Normally with eight supralabials; twenty-one
rows of scales; no red in coloration; dorsal line absent or indis-
tinct posteriorly, usually distinct on neck; usually some dark
markings on gastrosteges, preocular usually single; infralabials
often more than ten.

Type Locality.—Pitt River, California.

2In June, 1918, some nine years later, they were not especially abundant here.

252 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

Synonyms.—No other names have been based upon indi-
viduals of this race. Specimens have been referred sometimes
to hammondii, sometimes to vagrans, or elegans.

Range.—This subspecies is the common water-snake of the
Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys of California from Shasta
to Kern counties. It ranges west into Monterey County, where
it has been taken in the valleys of the Carmel River and San
Antonio and Nacimiento creeks. It ascends the valley of the
Kern River to an altitude of some 6000 feet, and, doubtless,
crosses through Walker Pass to the east side of the Sierra
Nevada where it occurs in Owens Valley and about Pyramid
Lake and Lake Tahoe. Its range lies chiefly in the Lower and
Upper Sonoran zones.

We have examined specimens from the following locali-
ties :—

1. Carmel Valley, Monterey Co., California.
2. San Antonio Creek, near Mission San Antonio, Mon-
terey Co., Cal.
3. Nacimiento Creek, Monterey Co., Cal.
4. Long’s Ranch, Battle Creek, Shasta Co., Cal.
5. Cottonwood, Shasta Co., Cal.
6. Orland, Glenn Co., Cal.
7. Stoney Creek, Glenn Co., Cal.
8. Strawberry Valley, Yuba Co., Cal.
9. Red Point, Placer Co., Cal.
10. Fyffe, El Dorado Co., Cal.
11. Riverton, El Dorado Co., Cal.
12. Priest Hill, Tuolumne Co., Cal.
13. Pleasant Valley, Mariposa Co., Cal.
14. Yosemite Valley, Mariposa Co., Cal.
15. Los Banos, Merced Co., Cal.
16. Merced Co., Cal.
17. Gadwall, Merced Co., Cal.
18. Raymond, Madera Co., Cal., at 940 feet altitude.
19. Hume, Fresno Co., Cal.
20. Fresno, Fresno Co., Cal.
21. Trout Meadows, Tulare Co., Cal.
22. Little Kern River Lake, Tulare Co., Cal.
23. Trout Creek, 6000 feet, Sierra Nevada, Tulare Co., Cal.

Vor. VIIT) VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 253

24. Cannell Meadows, Sierra Nevada, Tulare Co., Cal.
25. Walkers Basin, Kern Co., Cal.

26. Kern River, near Bodfish, Kern Co., Cal., at 2400 feet.
27. Buena Vista Lake, Kern Co., Cal.

28. Mt. Tallac, El Dorado Co., Cal.

29. Fallen Leaf Lake, El Dorado Co., Cal.

30. Fallen Leaf Lake, El Dorado Co., Cal.

31. Tahoe City, Placer Co., Cal.

32. Lake Tahoe, El Dorado Co., (?) Cal.

33. Glenbrook, Douglas Co., Nevada.

34. Wadsworth, Washoe Co., Nev.

35. Pyramid Lake, Washoe Co., Nev.

36. Owens Valley, Inyo Co., Cal.

37. Laws, Inyo Co., Cal.

Material.—Sixty-seven specimens from these thirty-seven
localities have been included in this study.

Variation.—Sixty-five specimens show the following varia-
tions: :

Loreal 1—1 in all specimens. Preoculars 1—1 in fifty-two,
or 81%; 2—2 in eleven, or 17%; and 1—2 in one, or 2%.
Postoculars 3—3 in fifty-six, or 89% ; 2—3 in six, or 9% ; and
2—2 in one, or 2%. Temporals 1+2—1-+2 in thirty-eight, or
60% ; 1+3—1-+3 in thirteen, or 20%; 1+2—1-+3 in eleven,
or 17%; and 1+3—1-+4 in one, or 2%. The supralabials are
8—8 in sixty-two, or 95% ; and 8—9 in three, or 5%. ‘The in-
fralabials are 1O—10 in forty, or 61%; 11—11 in twelve, or
18% ; 9—10 in six, or 9% ; 10O—11 in five, or 8%; 11—9 in
one, or 2% ; and 9—9 in one, or 2%. The scale-rows are 21—
19—17 in thirty-one, or 48% ; 21—21—17 in twenty-four, or
38% ; 19—21—19—17 in six, or 9% ; 19—19—17 in two, or
3% ; and 23—21—17 in two, or 3%. The gastrosteges vary
from 153 to 181, males having from 160 to 181, females from
153 to 177; the average in twenty-two males is 172.3, in forty-
three females, 167. The urosteges vary from 65 to 99, males
having from 77 to 99, females from 65 to 88; the average in
fourteen males is 88.4, in thirty-eight females, 81.7.

This variation is shown in full in the following table of
scale-counts.

254

Number

$4273
$4326
$6513
$6518
$6519
$6708
$4432
$4433
$4431
$4430
$6309
$1805
$4169
$4376
$4377
39636
$4132
C5893
C5898
C5899
C5897
C5904
C5902
13635
13636
13637
13638
17999
36071
13640
C5428
C2753
C6265
$1753
$1754
$1756
$4127
$1755
$1665
$1666
C2808
C2809
C2806
C2807
C2800
C2799
43256
43257
43258
43259
43260
$6675
$5313
36320
36321
36322
36324
$6560
$6561
$1695
$6532
37999
$6563
$6564
C6684
C6685

n
o
Eel

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.
Scale counts in Thamnophis ordinoides couchii
Gastro-| Uro- | Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- Local-

Scale rows steges |steges | labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals Temporals ity
21—21—19—17] 164 | 68c 8—9 | 10-10] 2-2 3—3 1—1 |1+2 142 1
21—21—17—17| 165 | 73c 8—8 | 10-10] 2-2 3—3 1—1 /1+3——1+43 1
21—21—19—17| 166 | 73+ | 8—8 | 10—10] 2—2 3—3 1—1 |1+3——1+2 2
21—21—19—17] 162 | 68c 8—8 | 10-10 | 2—2 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 3
21—21—19—17] 156 | 71c 8—8 | 10-10] 1-2 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 3
21—21—19—17] 171 | 75c 8—s | 11-11] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+3 4
19—19—17—17| 160 | 81c 8—8 | 10-10] 1—1 2—2 1—1 |1+3——1+2 5
19—21—19—17] 170 | 84c 8—8 | 10-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 [1+2——1+42 5
19—19—17—17| 162 | 83c 8—8 | 10-10] 1-1 3—3 1—1 [1+3——1+3 6
19—21—19—17| 167 | 75+] 8—8 | 10—10| 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 7
21—21—19—17] 177 | 89c 8—8 | 11-11] 1-1 3—3 1—1 |1+3——1+3 8
21—21—17—17] 169 | 79c 8—8 | 11-11] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+3 9
21—21—17—17] 175 | 77c 8—8 | 10-10] 1—1 2-3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 10
21—21—19—17] 163 | 83c 8—8 | 11-11] 1-1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 11
21—21—17—17| 168 | .... | 8—8 | 10—10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+3——1+3 it
21—21—19—17| 179 | 99c 8—8 9—10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+3——1+43 11
21—21—19—17| 167 | 82c 8—8 | 10-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+3——1+3 12
21—21—19—17/ 170 | 68+] 8—8 | 10—10| 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 13
21—21—19—17| 163 | 80c 8—8 | 10-10} 1—1 3—2 1—1 |1+2——1+2 13
21—21—19—17 167 || 724. | 8—8 | 11-11] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+3 13
21—21—19—17| 176 | 37+ | 8—8 | 10-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 14
21—21—19—17| 174 | 85c 8—s | 10-10] 1-1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+3 14
21—21—19—17] 181 | 97¢ 8—8 9—10| 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 14
21—21—-17 155 | 71c 8—8 | 10-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 15
21—21—17 160 | 77c 8s—s | X—9 2—2 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 15
23—21—17 159 | 68 8—s | 10-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+42 15
21—21—17 159 | 70c s8—s | 11-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+42 15
21—21—17 157 | 41+] 8—8 9—10 | 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 15
21—21—17 157 | 65c 8—s | 11—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 15
21—21—17 156 | 71c 8—s | 11-11] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+3 16
21—21—17 159 | 68 8—s8 | 10—-10| 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 17
21—21—17 166 | 81ic 8—8 | 11-11 | 2—2 3—3 i—1 |1+3——1+3 18
2i—21—19—17|] 176 | &8c 8—8 | 10—10| 2—2 3—3 1—1 |1+3——1+42 19
21—21—17 169 | 82c 8—8 | 10-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+3——1+2 20
21—21—17 169 | 81c 8—8 | 10-10] 2-2 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 20
21—21—17 170 | 594+] 8—8 | 10-10] 2-1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 20
21—21—17 172 | 94c 8—8 | 10—-10| 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 20
21—19—17 168 | 78 8—8 | 10-10| 1—1 3-3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 20
21—21—17 169 | 80c s—s | 10-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 {1+3——1— 21
21—21—17 174 | 85c s8—s | 11-11] 1-1 3—3 i—1 |14+2——1-+2 22
21—21—17 175 | 5i+ | 8—8 | 10-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+2+42] 23
21—21—17 166 | 84c 8—8 | 10—10] i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+2+42] 23
19—21—17 170 | 88 8—8 | 10-10] 1-1 3—3 1—1 /1+2+2—14+2+2] 2¢
21—21—17 165 | 84c 8—8 | 10-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+42+1] 24
21—21—17 173 | 82c 8—8 | 10-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 25
21—21—-17 172, | 31+ | 8—8 | 11-11] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+2+2] 26
21—21—19—17] 155 | 75¢ 8—8 | 11-11] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 27
21—21—19—17] 162 | 78 8—8 | 10-10 | 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 27
21—21—19—17] 158 | 69c 8—8 | 11-10] 1—2 3—2 1—1 |1+2——1+2 27
23—21—19—17| 153 | 72c 8—s | 10-11] 1—1 3—3 i—1 |1+2——1+2 27
21—21—19—17| 167 | 83c 8—s | 10-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 27
21—21—17 170 | 85c 8—8 | 11-10] 2-2 3—3 1—1 {1+2——1+2 28
21—21—19—17| 167 | 80c 8—8 | 10-10] 2—2 3—3 1—1 |1+3——1+3 29
21—21—17 179 | 98 8—8 | 10-9 2—2 2—3 1—1 |1+3——1+3 29
19—21—17 174 | 79c 8—8 | 10—-10| 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 29
21—21—17 162 | 84c 8—8 9-9 1—_1 3—3 1—1 |1+3——1+2 29
19—21—17 166 | 78c 8—8 | 10-10 | 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 29
21—21—19—17/ 176 | 44+ | 8—8 | 11-11 | 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+3——1+2 31
19—21—19—17| 170 | 77+] 8—9 | 10-10] 1—1 3—2 1—1 |1+3——-1+4 31
21—21—19—17| 177 | 92c 8—8 | 11-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+42 3
21—21—19—17| 166 | 77c 8—9 | 10-10|] 1-1 2—3 1—1 |1+3——1+3 32
21—21—19—17} 171 | 88c 8—8 | 10-10] 2—2 3—3 1—1 |1+3——1+43 33
21—21—21—17| 176 | 96c 8—8 | 10-10 | 2—2 3—3 1—1 |1+3——1+2 34
21—21—21—17| 177 | 78c 8—8 | 10-10 | 2—2 3—3 1—1 |1+3——1+3 35
21—21—19—17/ 170 | .... | 8—8 | 10-10] 1—2 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 36
21—19—17—17] 169 | 83c 8—8 | 10-11 | 1—1 2-2 1—1 |1+2——1+2 37

Vor. VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 255

Remarks.—Garter-snakes from the San Joaquin Valley and
Lower Sierra Nevada have been referred usually to T. vagrans
or T. hammondii. This has never been satisfactory, for,
although the San Joaquin snakes resemble both these sub-
species, they are not like typical specimens of either, but rather
may be said to combine characters of both. Certain specimens
resemble T. 0. hammondii rather closely, but the presence of a
dorsal line on at least a portion of the neck will usually serve to
distinguish them from that form. Sometimes the line is con-
tinued along the back, but it often is very indistinct. The gas-
trosteges seem to be somewhat more numerous than in T. 0.
hammondii, and a similar tendency is apparent in the infra-
labials, which often are eleven instead of ten. On the other
hand, two preoculars are found much less frequently than in
T. 0. hammondii. Intergradation between these two subspecies
is shown by certain specimens from the San Joaquin Valley,
but seems to be individual rather than geographic. It doubt-
less will become more evidently geographic when specimens are
secured from the proper areas.

The relationship of T. 0. couchii to T. 0. vagrans is still
closer than to T. 0. hammondii. This is shown by the charac-
ter of the spotting adjacent to the dorsal line when present, the
frequent occurrence of more or less dark pigment on the gas-
trosteges, and the fact that in many of the specimens of T. 0.
couchii some indication of a dorsal line is present.

In typical T. 0. vagrans, as it occurs in Idaho, Utah and
eastern Nevada, the dorsal line is well marked, the dorsal spots
are very evident and invade the edges of the dorsal line, and the
gastrosteges almost always are rather heavily pigmented. T. o.
couchii differs from this type of coloration in the shortness or
indistinctness of its dorsal line, which may be only a half-inch
in length, in the less frequent and less extensive pigmentation
of the gastrosteges, and in the absence, indefiniteness, or less
characteristic arrangement of the dorsal spots. Intergradation
between T. 0. couchii and T. 0. vagrans is to be looked for in
western Nevada.

The relationship between T. 0. couchit and T. o. elegans also
is very close. Typical T. 0. elegans seems to occur only at
considerable elevations in the Sierra Nevada and in the moun-
tains of southern California. T. 0. couchii occupies the lower

256 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

levels, but extends its range up in the Sierra Nevada so far, at
certain points, that it overlaps that of T. o. elegans, just as the
range of T. 0. hammondti overlaps that of T. 0. elegans in the
San Bernardino Mountains of southern California. But, while
T. 0. hammondii and T. o. elegans seem to remain perfectly
distinct and true to character at the places where their ranges
meet, specimens showing intermediate characters are found at
the points where T. 0. couchii and T. 0. elegans come in contact,
as at Jackass Meadows, 7,750 feet, Tulare County, and in the
Yosemite Valley. At other places, as at Fallen Leaf Lake, El
Dorado County, and at Glenbrook, Nevada, snakes of both
types have been taken but no intermediate specimens have been
secured.

One specimen had eaten a young blackbird. Another had
caught a six-inch trout.

Where conditions are favorable these snakes often attain
enormous size. No. 43256 measures fifty-five and a half inches,
of which twelve and a quarter inches represent the tail. No.
43259 has the same measurement to anus, but the tail is
one and a quarter inches shorter. These snakes were secured
at Buena Vista Lake, where they live in patches of tules out in
the lake and doubtless eat fish. Although they may be seen in
considerable numbers sunning themselves on the broken-down
tules, they are hard to shoot, for they are very shy and slide
into the water at the least alarm. Several were seen which
appeared to be larger than any secured by us. The largest
specimens sometimes show no lateral lines or other markings.
Specimens of similar size occur in the marshes near Los Bafios.

Thamnophis ordinoides hammondii (Kennicott)
California Garter-Snake.

Diagnosis —Normally with eight supralabials; twenty-one
rows of scales; no red in coloration; no dorsal line; no black
on gastrosteges; often with two preoculars; infralabials rarely
more than ten.

Type Locality.—San Diego and Fort Tejon, California.

Synonyms.—The only other name which has been based
upon individuals of this race seems to be Tropidonotus digueti

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCl., 4th Series, Vol. VIII [VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN } Plate 13

a—Thamnophis ordinoides hammondii, California Garter-Snake :—
Photograph from living specimen collected at Los Angeles, California,
May 13, 1915

b—Thamnophis ordinoides hammondi', California Garter-Snake :—
Photograph of living young specimen collected at Los Angeles, May

13; 1915.

ie

sen

4

Vor. VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 257

Mocquard, 1899; type localities Mulege and San Ignacio,
Lower California, Mexico.

Range.—This subspecies is the common water-snake of
southern California west of the deserts. Where streams run
from the western mountains down onto the desert this snake
may follow them for some distance, as, to Victorville on the
Mohave River, and Palm Canyon at the eastern base of the San
Jacinto Mountains. It ranges at least from sea level to an
altitude of 8000 feet. The most northern locality from which
we have seen a typical specimen is Oceano, San Luis Obispo
County. It occurs also in Santa Barbara, Ventura, Los An-
geles, San Bernardino, Riverside and San Diego counties, and
northwestern Lower California. Its range is chiefly in the
Upper Sonoran Zone but extends into the Lower Sonoran and
Transition zones.

We have examined specimens from the following locali-
ties :—

. Oceano, San Luis Obispo Co., California.

. Santa Inez River, Santa Barbara Co., Cal.

. Santa Paula, Ventura Co., Cal.

. West Fork of San Gabriel River, Los Angeles Co., Cal.
Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., Cal.

. Los Angeles, Los Angeles Co., Cal.

Rock Creek, Los Angeles Co., Cal.

. San Bernardino Co., Cal.

. Victorville, San Bernardino Co., Cal.

10. Santa Ana Canyon, San Bernardino Co., Cal.

11. Santa Ana River, San Bernardino Mountains, San Ber-
nardino Co., Cal.

12. San Bernardino Mountains, San Bernardino Co., Cal.

13. Ontario, San Bernardino Co., Cal.

14. Chino, San Bernardino Co., Cal.

15. Riverside, Riverside Co., Cal.

16. San Jacinto Valley, Riverside Co., Cal.

17. Keen Camp, Riverside Co., Cal.

18. Hemet Lake, Riverside Co., Cal.

19. Base of San Jacinto Mountains, near Cabazon, Riverside
Com Cal!

WDANAUNAWNE

258 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

20. Mouth of Palm Canyon, San Jacinto Mountains, River-
side Co., Cal.

21. Tahquitz Valley, 8000 feet, San Jacinto Mountains,
Riverside Co., Cal.

22. San Diego 'Go., Cal:

23. Agua Caliente, San Diego Co., Cal.

24. Oak Grove, San Diego Co., Cal.

25. Near Carlsbad, San Diego Co., Cal.

26. Santa Isabel Valley, San Diego Co., Cal.

27. Witch Creek, San Diego Co., Cal.

28. Cuyamaca Mountains, San Diego Co., Cal.

29. Sweet Water Dam, San Diego Co., Cal.

30. Dulzura, San Diego Co., Cal.

31. Campo, San Diego Co., Cal.

Material.—Seventy-five specimens from these thirty-one lo-
calities in California have been included in this study.

Variation.—These specimens show the following variations:

Loreal 1—1 in all specimens. Preoculars 2—2 in thirty-one,
or 42% ; 1—1 in twenty-seven, or 36% ; 2—1 in thirteen, or
18% ; 3—3 in two, or 3% ; and 2—3 in one, or 1%. Postocu-
lars 3—3 in sixty-six, or 92% ; 3—4 in three, or 4% ; 44 in
two, or 3% ; and 3—2 in one, or 1%. Temporals 1+2—1-+2 in
torty-two, or 56% ; 1+2—1+3 in twenty-one, or 28% ; 1+3—
1+3 in twelve, or 16%. The supralabials are 8—8 in all ex-
cept one specimen which has 8—9. The infralabials are 10—10
in sixty-nine, or 92% ; 10—9 in three, or 4% ; 9—9 in two, or
3% ; and 10—11 in one, or 1%. The scale-rows are 21—21—
17 in sixty-two, or 83% ; 21—19—17 in eleven, or 15% ; 19-—
21—17 in one, or 1%; and 19—19—17 in one, or 1%. The
gastrosteges vary from 156 to 173, males having from 163 to
173, females from 156 to 171; the average in thirty-seven
males is 168.1, in thirty-four females, 162.6. The urosteges
vary from 67 to 88, males having from 69 to 88, females from
67 to 82; the average in twenty-five males is 81.2, in twenty-
one females, 73.1.

This variation is shown in full in the following table of
scale-counts.

Vor. VIIT] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 259

Scale counts in Thamnophis ordinoides hammondit

Gastro-| Uro- | Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- Local-
Number | Sex Scale rows steges | steges| labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals Temporals ity
43368 Q |19—21—19—17| 160 58+ 8—8 10—10 1—2 3—3 i—1 1+2—1+3 1
C4319 Q |19—19—17 170 80 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+-2—1/-++-2 2
$4190 Q |21—21—17 164 75c 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 1=-2—1'---2 3
C4318 o | 21—21—17 169 83 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 i—1 1+2—1 +2 4
27812 o |21—21—17 168 82c 8—8 9—10 2—2 4—4 1—1 1+-2—1 +2 4
C757 Q |21—21—17 168 76 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3. 1—1 1+3—1+3 iS)
40031 Q |21—21—19—17 160 39+ 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 1+2—1+3 6
40032 Q@ |21—21—19—17 167 70c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+3—1+3 6
$5645 o |21—21—17 164 88c 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 t—=f 1+3—1+3 7
$4395 9 |21—21—17 169 72c 8—8 10—10 1——t 3—3 i—1 1+-2—1-+-2 8
$4396 o |21—21—17 169 45+ 8—8 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1 +2 8
$4397 Q |21—21—17 163 67c 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—2 1—1 1+2—1+3 8
$4398 Q |21—21—17 161 72+ 8—8 10—10 2-1 3—3 i—1 1+2—1 +2 8
$4399 o | 21—21—17 169 33+ 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 i—t 1+2—1+2 8
$4400 o |21—21—17 172 80c 8—8 10—10 1—1 2—2 1—1 1+2—1+2 8
$4401 co |21—21—17 170 61+ 8—8 10—10 1—1 Ses! 1—1 1+2—1-+2 8
$4402 Q |21—21—17 156 78c 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1 +2 8
$4403 o |21—21—17 169 81ic 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 it 1+3—1-+2 8
$6307 ot | 21—21—17 171 78c 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 1+2—1 +2 8
C766 o@ |21—21—17 178 80 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—4 1—1 1+3—1+3 9
C5388 oo | 21—21—17 164 83 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1+3 9
42850 Q |21—19—17 171 xX 8—8 10—10 1—2 3—3 1—1 1+3—1+3 9
$5165 o | 21—21—17 169 38+ 8—8 10—10 2—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1 +2 10
C742 Q |21—21—17 159 59+ 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1+2 11
C640 ot | 21—21—17 168 85 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 1+2—1+2 il
C709 o | 21—21—17 170 85 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 1-+-2—1-+2 11
$4390 co |21—21—17 168 76+ 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 1+2—1+2 12
$4391 o 121—21—17 166 60+ 8—8 10—10 2—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1-+2 12
$4392 Q |21—21—17 162 39+ 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1 +2 12
$4393 co |21—21—17 170 82c 8—8 10—10 1—2 4—3 1—1 1+2—1-+2 12
$4394 o | 21—21—17 166 49+ 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1+3 12
$5241 o |21—21—17 164 50+ 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1-+2 12
$4315 Q |21—21—17 160 62+ 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1+2 13
$4316 9 |21—21—17 158 .72¢ 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1-+2 13
$4317 Q |21—21—17 161 71+ 8—8 10—10 2—2 4—4 1—1 1+3—1+2 13
$4318 Q |21—21—17 161 72¢c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1-+2 13
$4324 o | 21—21—17 167 87c 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 i—1 1+2—1 +2 14
$5516 o’ |21—X—17 173 84c 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 1+2—1 +2 15
$6306 o’ |21—21—17 170 82+ 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 1+3—1+3 15
$1141 o |21—21—17 167 72+ 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+3—1+3 16
$1142 Q |21—21—17 160 67c 8—8 10—10 2-1 3—3 1—-1 1+3—1 +2 16
$1176 oc |21—21—17 165 83c 8—8 10—10) 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1 +2 16
$1178 o | 21—21—17 168 82c 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 1+2—1-+2 16
$1179 co | 21—21—17 164 66+ 8—8 9—9 1—2 3—3 i—1 1+2—1-+2 16
$1180 o | 21—20—19—17 165 82c 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 i—1 1-+-2—1-+2 16
$1181 o | 21—21—17 172 78c 8—8 10—10 1—2 3—3 1—1 1+3—1 +3 16
$1182 Q |21—21—17 162 72c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—_1 1+3—1+2 16
$1211 o |21—21—17 167 78c 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 1+3—1+3 16
$4321 co |21—21—17 172 83c 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 1+2—1+2 16
42876 Q |21—21—19—17 160 54+ 8—9 10—11 1—2 3—3 1—1 1+3—1+2 17
43100 Q |21—21—19—17 165 41+ 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 1+2—1+3 18
C138 o | 21—21—17 163 88 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 1+2—1+3 19
C226 o |21—21—17 171 50+ 8—8 10—10 3—3 3—3 i—1 1+2—1+3 19
C244 Q |21—21—17 165 73 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 1+2—1+2 20
C555 o' |21—21—17 168 83 8—8 10—10 aerats Ke 1—1 1+2—1+2 21
$1143 9 |21—21—17 159 69c 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 1+3—1+3 22
$1144 Q |21—21—17 162 73c 8—8 10—10 1i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1+2 23
$1212 Q |21—21—17 164 73c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+3—1+2 23
$1183 o |21—21—17 173 75c 8—8 10—9 1—1 33: i—1 1+2—1-+2 24
$1185 Q |21—21—17 164 82c 8—8 10—10 2—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1+3 24
$1186 Q |21—21—17 161 73c 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 1+3—1-+2 24
$5598 Q |21—21—17 158 62 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1-+2 24
$5599 of | 21—21—17 169 86c 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 1+3—1+3 24
$1184 o | 21—21—17 172 83+ 8—8 9—10 3—3 33) 1—1 1+2—1-+2 25
$1187 o' |21—21—17 166 80c 8—8 10—10 1—2 3—3 1—1 1+2—1+2 26
C625 Q |21—21—17 163 74 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—4 1—1 1+2—1+2 27
C624 Q |21—21—17 162 58+ 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 11 1+2—1 +2 28
13632 o |21—21—17 167 69+ 8—8 10—10 2—3 3—3 1—1 1+2—1 +2 29
C1002 o |21—21—17 170 59+ 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 1+2—1+3 30
C1007 Q |21—21—17 162 71 8—8 10—10 2—1 3—3 1—1 1+3—1+2 30
40105 Q |21—21—19—17 164 43+ 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 14+3—1+43 31
40106 Q |21—21—19—17 160 73c 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 1+3—1-+2 31
40107 Q |21—21—19—17 164 74c 8—8 i0—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 1+3—1-+2 31
40108 o | 21—21—19—17 169 65+ 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 1+3—1+2 31
40109 Q |21—21—19—17 168 39+ 8—8 10—10 1i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2—1+2 31

260 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Remarks.—Thamnophis ordinoides hammondii is a well dif-
ferentiated subspecies. The dorsal line is completely lacking in
all specimens we have examined—even the youngest ones—
which had been taken in southern California. Some specimens
show a nuchal spot, but none even a short line. Specimens
from this area also show little or no black on the belly. The
name hammondii often has been applied to snakes collected
farther north, as in the San Joaquin Valley, and the Sierra
Nevada. These northern snakes, however, almost invariably
have at least some trace of a dorsal line, and often show more
or less black on the belly scutes, as in vagrans. Their status is
discussed in this paper under the name T. ordinoides couchit.
T. 0. hammondii often (62%) has two preoculars on at least
one side of the head, while T. 0. couchii shows no such ten-
dency. T. 0. hammondu, however, shows no tendency toward
an increase in the number of infralabials, while T. 0. couchii
does.

The specimens from San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara and
Ventura counties are perfectly typical hammondit. The locali-
ties where intergradation with couchit occurs cannot yet be de-
fined. They are, doubtless, in southern Kern County. Indi-
vidual variation, in a very few specimens from the San Joaquin
Valley, almost bridges the space between the characters of
typical couchii and hammondii.

In the San Bernardino Mountains T. 0. hammondti occurs
with T. 0. elegans at altitudes of 5000 to 7000 feet. Here the
two forms seem to remain true to type, for no intermediate
specimens have been taken. T. 0. elegans seems to be a moun-
tain form while T. 0. hammondit occupies the lower country as
well as higher elevations.

The snakes which formerly were recorded as T. hammondit
from San Pedro Martir Mountains, on reéxamination, prove to
be typical T. 0. vagrans. T. 0. hammondii has been recorded
by others from San Antonio and La Guilla, Lower California.

So far as known the ranges of T. 0. hammondiu and T.
marcianus do not meet.

This snake feeds on tadpoles, frogs and fish.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. VIII VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN ] Plate 14

Thamnophis marcianus, Marcy’s Garter-Snake :—Photograph from living
specimen (No. 35159) collected at Fairbanks, Cochise County, Arizona, in
August, 1912

Vor. VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 261

Thamnophis marcianus (Baird & Girard)

Marcy’s Garter-Snake.

Diagnosis.—Normally with eight supralabials; twenty-one
(or more) rows of scales; dorsal line distinct; lateral line an-
teriorly on scales of third row only; large, distinct dorsal dark
spots and dark nuchal blotches; light postoral crescents; pre-
ocular single; infralabials often eleven.

Type Locality—Red River, Arkansas=Cache Creek, Okla-
homa, according to Ruthven.

Synonyms.—Eutenia nigrolateris Brown, 1889; type local-
ity, Tucson, Arizona.

Range.—This garter-snake seems to occupy territory near
the United States and Mexican border from the Gulf of Mexico
to the Colorado River, extending its range north through
Texas to Oklahoma. The details of its distribution through
this area are yet to be worked out. As regards Arizona, au-
thentic specimens have been recorded from the vicinity of
Tucson and Yuma. At Yuma it occurs on both banks of the
Colorado River, and the westernmost limits of its known range
are along the banks of this river from Yuma north to River-
side Mountain in Riverside County.

We have examined specimens of Thamnophis marcianus
from the following localities :-—

1. Riverside Mountain, Colorado River, Riverside Co., Cali-
fornia.

2. Colorado River, 8 miles east from Picacho, Imperial Co.,
Cal.

3. Fairbanks, Cochise Co., Arizona.

4. Tucson, Pima Co., Ariz.

5. Yuma, Yuma Co., Ariz.

Material—Eight specimens from the above localities in
California and Arizona have been studied by us. They, of
course, are too few to show the limits of variation. Some data
given by Ruthven are added to our own.

Number

Ruthven
Ruthven
Ruthven
Ruthven
Ruthven
Ruthven
Ruthven
Ruthven

Gastro-| Uro- | Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post-

Sex Scale rows steges | steges} labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals Temporals
fo 21 —71—17. 162 79¢ 8—8 10—11 i—1 3—3 i—1 1-+-2—1'-+2
e 23—23—17 155 63c 8—8 10—10 —t 4—4 i—1
2 21—19—17 157 67¢ 8—8 10—it I—] 3—3 i—1
9 21—19—17 149 64c 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—4 i—1
rp 21—19—17 162 Jic 8—8 10—11 al 3—4 yl
e 21—19—17 156 6Sc 8—8 10—11 i—i 4—4 1—1
oe 21—19—17 159 6Sc 8—8 one mene fou eperaie
SiC 21—26 159 54+ 7—8
ro 21—19—17 160 Bieter 8—8
roi 21—19—17 160 eaiate 8—8
t°] 21—19—17 156 pierce 8—8
1°) 21—19—17 159 slave 8—8
g 21—_19—17 se praee 8—8
a 157 ae
foil 162
S 151
OP eseeeteore aire 156

262 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H SER.

Variation —The loreal is 1—1 in all our specimens. The
preoculars are 1—1 in all. The postoculars are 3—3 in two,
3—4 in two, and 44 in two. The temporals are 1+3—1-+3
in four, 1+2—1+2 in three, and 1+3—2+3 in one. The
supralabials are 8—8 in twelve, 7—8 in one. The infralabials
are 10—11 in four, and 10—10 in two. The scale-rows are
21—19—17 in ten, 21—21—17 in one, 23—23—17 in one,
and 21—26 in one. The gastrosteges vary in number from
149 to 162, males having from 157 to 162, females from 149
to 159; the average in six males is 160.5, in eight females,
154.9. The urosteges vary from 63 to 79, males having from
77 to 79, females from 63 to 67; the average in two males is
78, in four females, 64.7. These variations are shown in full
in the following table of scale-counts.

Scale counts in Thamnophis marcianus

Remarks.—Marcy's Garter-snake may usually be distin-
guished at a glance by its postoral crescents and the position of
its lateral line. The dorsal spots of certain specimens resemble
those of certain specimens of 7. 0. vagrans, but usually are
larger. The gastrosteges ordinarily lack the dark markings
which are so constant in 7. 0. vagrans, but frequently are
marked with black laterally. The posterior genials usually
are longer than the anterior.

Our specimens from Tucson were caught in mud puddles on
the desert a mile or more from the river.

pm De oe ee Oe oR fe Co BO ee

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. VIII [VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN] Plate 15

Thamnophis megalops, Mexican Garter-Snake :—Photograph from living

specimen (No. 35161) collected
August, 1912.

at Fairbanks, Cochise County, Arizona, in

Vor. VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 263

Thamnophis megalops (Kennicott)

Mexican Garter-Snake.

Diagnosis —Normally with eight supralabials; twenty-one
(or more) rows of scales; dorsal line distinct; lateral line in-
volving scales of the third and fourth rows; no light postoral
crescents ; preocular single; infralabials ten.

Type Locality Tucson and Santa Magdalena, Arizona.

Synonyms.—lIt appears that no other names have been based
upon specimens of this species taken in the United States.
Mexican specimens have served as the types of Eutenia mac-
rostemma Kennicott, 1860; type locality, City of Mexico;
Eutenia flavilabris Cope, 1866; type locality, tableland or
Southern Mountains of Mexico; and Eutenia insigniarum
Cope, 1885 ; type locality, Chapultepec, Mexico.

Range.—The range of this snake apparently extends over
most of the Mexican plateau region and north into southern
Arizona and New Mexico. In Arizona, authentic specimens
have been taken near Tucson and Fairbank. The species has
been recorded also from Yuma, and Fort Whipple, but these
records need confirmation,

We have examined specimens of Thamnophis megalops from
the following localities :—

1. Tucson, Pima Co., Arizona.
2. Fairbanks, Cochise Co., Ariz.

Material.—Only six specimens from these localities are avail-
able.

Variation.—The loreal is 1—1 in all. The preoculars are
1—1 in all. The postoculars are 3—4 in three, 3—3 in two,
and 4—4 in one. The temporals are 1+2—1+2 in three,
1+3—1+3 in two, and 1+2—1-+3 in one. The supralabials
are 8—8 in four and 8—9 intwo. The infralabials are 10—10
in all six. The scale-rows are 21—19—17 in five, 21—23—
21—19 in one. The gastrosteges vary in number from 154 to
162; the average in five females is 158.8. The urosteges vary
from 72 to 77; the average in four females is 74.5.

264

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Scale counts in Thamnophis megalops

Gastro-| Uro- | Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post-
Number | Sex Scale rows steges | steges| labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals Temporals
33876 9 |21—19—17 162 75c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—4 i—1 1+3—1+3
33877 Q |21—19—17 154 38+ 8—9 10—10 I—1t 3—4 i 1+2—1+3
33878 Q |21—19—17 157 74c 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+3—1+3
35158 Q |21—23—21—19 159 77c 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—4 1—1 1+2—1 +2
35160 ? |21—19—17 161 aaa 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2—1+42
35161 Q |21—19—17 162 72c 8—9 10—10 i—1 4—4 A—1 1+2—1+2
Ruthven -» |21—19—17 ieee arise 8—8 10—10 s isiieie SANG Been
Ruthven 21—19—17 Ble eicbeye arts 10—10
Ruthven 21—19—17 nee ACC ciate 10—10
Ruthven 21—19—17 slo's see's ates 10—10
Ruthven 21—19—17 ae AOS scahate 10—10
Ruthven 21—19—17 iis Sk cle pore 10—10
Ruthven 21—19—17 eis eatin arte 10—10
Ruthven 21—19—17 es PTO stalota 10—10

[Proc. 4TH Ser.

Remarks.—Our specimens from Tucson were caught close
to the Santa Cruz River. No. 33876 was caught at about 4
P. M. in a pool near a ditch. It was swimming several inches
below the surface of the water, seemingly in pursuit of small
fish which were very numerous in the pool. The snake soon
coiled up under some brush at the edge of the pool, and there
we captured it. On the morning of March 30, 1912, we were
walking along the banks of the Santa Cruz River hunting frogs
when we heard a cry similar to that of a young kitten. As we
drew nearer indistinct though loud croaking sounds could be
heard at intervals interspersed with the kitten-like cries. Soon
we discovered a garter-snake (No. 33877) of this species
coiled up on shore a couple of feet from the edge of the water
holding in its jaws a Rana pipiens which it had seized by one
hind leg and which was crying lustily. When we approached
still closer, the snake dropped the frog and both made for the
water, which the frog succeeded in reaching.

Thamnophis angustirostris (Kennicott)

Brown-spotted Garter-Snake.

Diagnosis—Normally with eight supralabials; scales in
twenty-one rows; dorsal line absent; dorsal spots numerous,
prominent; lateral lines showing faintly on second and third
rows of scales, or absent; no postoral crescents; usually two
preoculars; infralabials usually ten, often nine.

Type Locality.—Parras, Coahuila, Mexico.

Re RR RRR ee

Number

35238
35239
35240
35241
35242
35243
35244
35245
35246
35247
35248
35249
35250
35251
35252
35253
35254
35255

Vor. VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 265

Synonyms.—Chilopoma rufopunctatum Cope, 1875; type
locality “Southern Arizona.” Atomarchus multimaculatus
Cope, 1883; type locality San Francisco River.

Range.—This species occurs in the northern part of the
Mexican plateau south to Coahuila and Durango and north to
portions of southwestern New Mexico and southern and cen-
tral Arizona. The original Arizonan specimen was labeled
merely “Southern Arizona,” and no definite locality in that
state was recorded until our specimens were secured at

1. Oak Creek, Coconino County, Arizona.

Material—We have eighteen snakes of this species from
the above locality.

Variation.—The loreals are 1—1 in seventeen and 1—2 in
one. The preoculars are 2—2 in sixteen, or 89% ; 2—3 in
two, or 11%. The postoculars are 3—3 in ten, or 56%; and
3—4 in eight, or 44%. The temporals are 1+1—1-+1 in nine,
or 50% ; 1+1—1-+2 in eight, or 44% ; and 1+2—2-+2 in one,
or 6%. The supralabials are 8—8 in thirteen, or 72% ; 7—8 in
two, or 11%; 8—9 in two, or 11%; and 7—7 in one, or 6%.
The infralabials are 1O—10 in nine, or 53% ; 9—10 in four, or
24% ; and 9—9 in four, or 24%. The scale-rows are 21—19—
17 in all. The gastrosteges vary in number from 161 to 177,
males having from 165 to 177, females from 161 to 170; the
average in eleven males is 171.3, in seven females, 164.9. The
urosteges vary from 69 to 87, males having from 80 to 87,
females from 69 to 82; the average in eleven males is 84.2, in
seven females, 73.9. These variations are shown in full in the
following table of scale-counts.

Gastro-| Uro- | Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post-

Sex Scale rows steges | steges| labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals Temporals
fou 21—19—-17 175 85 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 1+1——1+1
2 21—19—17 165 69 8—8 9—9 2—2 3—3 1—1 1+1——1+1
9 21—19—17 170 82 8—7 9—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 1+2——1+1
a 21—19—17 170 84 8—9 9—10 2—2 3—3 i—1 14+2——1+1
9 21—19—17 166 72 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 i—1 i+1——1+1
9 21—19—17 165 75 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—4 i—1 1+1——1+1
a 21—19—17 177 87 8—8 9—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 14+1——1+42
fog 21—19—17 171 85 8—8 10—X 3—2 3—4 i—1 1+1——1+2
2 21—19—17 166 73 8—9 9—10 2—2 3—4 1—1 14+1——1+2
a 21—19—17 172 80 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—4 1—1 1+1——1+1
io} 21—19—17 161 72 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—4 1—1 1+1——1+1
a 21—19—17 172 83 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—4 1—1 2+2——1+42
ou 21—19—17 173 86 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 1+1——1+1
a 21—19—17 176 87 8—7 9—9 2—2 3—3 1i—1 1+1——1+2
a 21—19—17 167 80 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—4 i—1 1+1——1+2
fog 21—19—17 165 83 8—8 10—10 2—3 3—4 1—1 1+2——1+1
a 21—19—17 166 86 7—7 9—9 2—2 3—3 1i—1 14+1——1+1
ge 21—19—-17 161 74 8—8 9—9 2—-2 3—3 i—1 1+1——1+41

pe pe ph pe bat et tat et pak batt Pet bet tk

266 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

Remarks.—No. 35248 has the anal divided. The posterior
genials are either equal to or longer than the anterior.

Oak Creek is a mountain stream running through a deep
canyon with many oak trees. Perhaps a thousand feet above
the stream is the pine forest of the plateau of central Arizona.
These snakes were found in the stream, either on rocks or in
the water. Their general appearance is very different from
that of most garter-snakes. The absence of lines, the heavy
spotting, and the long, narrow head are not suggestive of
Thamnophis.

Vor, VIIT] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 267

BIBLIOGRAPHY.
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Boulenger, George A.
1893. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum.
Brown, A. E.
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Cope, E. D.
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1883. Notes on the Geographical Distribution of Batrachia and Rep-
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1883. A New Snake from New Mexico. Amer. Nat., 1883, pp. 1300-
1301.
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pp. 589-694.
1900. The Crocodilians, Lizards, and Snakes of North America. Re-
port U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898, pp. 153-1270.

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Coues, E.
1875. Synopsis of the Reptiles and Batrachians of Arizona. U. S.
Explor. Surv. West 100th Merid., V, pp. 585-633.
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1878. Notes on the Herpetology of Dakota and Montana. Bull. U. S.
Geol. Surv. Terr., IV, pp. 259-291.
Ditmars, R. L.
1907. The Reptile Book.
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trale.
Garman, S.
1883. The Reptiles and Batrachians of North America. Mem. Mus.
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Girard, Charles.
1858. Herpetology of the United States Exploring Expedition.
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XXXYV, pp. 1-64.
Grinnell, Joseph.
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Hallowell, Edward.
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1853. On Some New Reptiles from California. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
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Kennicott, Robert.
1859. U. S. Pacific R. R. Surv., X, Pt. IV, p. 10.
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Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila. 1860, pp. 328-338.
McLain, Robert Baird.
1899. Critical Notes on a Collection of Reptiles from the Western
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Mocquard, F.
1899. Contribution a la Faune Herpétologique de la Basse-Californie.
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Meek, S. E.
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Vor. VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 269

Richardson, C. H.
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Ruthven, A. G., and Gaige, Helen Thompson,
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pls. I-V.
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1891. Annotated List of Reptiles and Batrachians Collected by Dr. C.
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Van Denburgh, John.
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Van Denburgh, John, and Slevin, Joseph R.
1913. A List of the Amphibians and Reptiles of Arizona, with Notes
on the Species in the Collection of the Academy. Proc. Cal.
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1915. A List of the Amphibians and Reptiles of Utah, with Notes on
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270 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.

Yarrow, H. C. :
1875. Report upon the Collections of Batrachians and Reptiles. U. S.
Expl. Survey West 100th Merid., V, pp. 509-584.
Yarrow, H.'C., and Henshaw, H. W.
1878. Ann. Rep. Surv. West 100th Merid., Append. NN., p. 217.

Yarrow, H. C.
1882. Check List of North American Reptilia and Batrachia with Cata-
logue of Specimens in U. S. National Museum. Bull. U. S. Nat.
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National Museum. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VI, pp. 152-154.

ee re es ee) ay M
- WIE Fee iiae it DS ONGA TAD. 3OHF

;* oe F | :
mone Ss ran 0 ANG I 08 Rie meet me earth on arta pm Ae pw ot —

[VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN] Plate 16

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. VIII

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. VIII
[VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN ] Plate 17

:en
errs : _ ey

Map showing the distribution of garter-snakes, chiefly of the elegans group, in the states west of the Rocky Mountains,

Crescents indicate T. 0. ordinoides Half squares indicate T. 0. couchii 2 . ey" 3 ae eS .
Round marks “ “ “ atratus Squares “ «© © hammondii Bigs St RS ; ee Pee a
Half rounds“ “ “ elegans fe 2° roe us ee ne er ee Z P

ie eo, hh a - a rm x ah egal ee Ag
/ WN asine2 HB 02 GABA AAT/OORT — ae

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. Par

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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FourTH SERIES

Vo. VIII, No. 7, pp. 271-308 OcToBErR 18, 1918

NEW SPECIES OF HEMIPTERA CHIEFLY FROM
CALIFORNIA

BY EDWARD P. VAN DUZEE
Curator, Department of Entomology

Of the 39 species described in this paper 26 were taken dur-
ing my field work in southern California in May and June,
1917. The principal places visited were Coachella, a little
north of the Salton Sea, having a depression of 76 feet below
sea level; Palm Springs at the northwestern edge of the desert
near the foot of the San Jacinto Mountains, with an elevation
of about 425 feet above sea level; Soboba Springs in the San
Jacinto Mountains near the town of San Jacinto, with an eleva-
tion of about 2,000 feet; Keen Camp in the San Jacinto Moun-
tains at an elevation of 4,800 feet, with excursions on Mt.
Tahquitz to 8,000 feet, and Colton, in San Bernardino County,
with an elevation of about 800 feet. Unless otherwise stated,
all localities are in California and all specimens from Califor-
nia were taken by myself.

1. Trichopepla vandykei, new species

Narrower and more clearly marked than semivittata with a
shorter head. Length 7—8'%4 mm.

Head scarcely longer than its width across the eyes, less narrowed at tip
than in semivittata, with the sides more abruptly arcuated there. Second

antennal segment scarcely longer than the third, sometimes obviously
shorter, in semvittata usually a little longer. Rostrum not surpassing the

October 18, 1918

ay

272 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

“<

hind cox, in semivittata usually reaching on to the second ventral seg-
ment; both species having the basal segment longer than the buccule.
Carinate margins of the pronotum regularly but feebly arcuated; in semi-
vittata straight or feebly sinuated at the middle. Upper surface smoother
with more regular and shallower punctures than in the allied species.
Genital segment of the male short as in semivittata, but with its apical
margin roundedly excavated, its basal angles scarcely notched. Claspers
with the ventral angle produced outwardly in an acute rounded hook which
almost conceals the rounded apex when viewed from below.

Color pale yellowish testaceous, marked with areas of black punctures as
follows: a band on either margin of head before the eye superiorly and a
broader one inferiorly; a broad vitta down either side of the pale median
line, expanded so as to cover most of posterior disk of vertex, and four
well defined rays on anterior half of pronotum. Basal half of scutellum
polished black, crossed by three conspicuous pale calloused vitte. Beneath
with a fuscous or black cloud on side of pro- and meta-pleure, and some
faint clouds on mesopleure. Venter pale, with indications of lateral vitte
in the female, the male claspers lineate with black. Punctures on pale
portions of upper surface more or less infuscated. Membrane uniformly
whitish in male, faintly fuliginous in female. Legs pale, immaculate except
for a darkening on tips of tarsi. Hairy vestiture long, soft and pale as in
semivittata.

Described from one male and two female examples taken in
San Francisco, September 16, 1906, by Dr. Edwin C. Van
Dyke, after whom the species is named. So far as known to
me, this is the most clearly marked of all our species of Tricho-
pepla. It may become more suffused under other conditions.

Holotype (No. 383), male, allotype (No. 384), female, and
paratype, in collection of the California Academy of Sciences.

2. Trichopepla californica, new species

Aspect of atricornis but with a shorter head and a maculated
connexivum. Length 6% to 8 mm.

Head distinctly shorter than its width across the eyes; broadly rounded
or truncated at apex, the sides parallel or nearly so for a space before the
ante-ocular sinus. Third antennal segment not longer than second. Sides
of pronotum almost rectilinear for a space at the middle, moderately ex-
panded as in semivittata. Upper surface deeply punctured with black, the
ray-like markings much obscured. Male genital segment trisinuately ex-
cavated, with its lateral angles strongly notched. ‘Claspers obliquely pro-
duced at apex as in semivittata, with their ventral angle produced in an
acute, incurved hook as in vandyket. Rostrum short, scarcely exceeding the
intermediate coxe.

Color as in semivittata but with the ray-like markings more obscured by
large black punctures. The carinate pronotal margins seem always to be
pale and usually the median line of the pronotum and the three calloused
vitte of the scutellum are conspicuous. Beneath the sternum is black and
there is a black lateral vitta on the pleure and sides of the venter, the latter
placed halfway to median line. Male with disk of venter mostly black.
Legs testaceous-brown or more or less infuscated. Antenne nearly black,
connexivum about equally alternated with pale and black. Membrane quite
deeply infuscated.

Vor. VIII) VAN DUZEE—NEW SPECIES HEMIPTERA 273

Described from four male and 15 female examples repre-
senting the following localities: Mt. Tallac, Calif., 8,500 feet,
July 17, 1915, numbers taken running on the ground on a
sloping alpine meadow, by Dr. E. C. Van Dyke and myself;
Paradise Park, Mt. Rainier, Wash., 6,000 feet, July 14, 1906,
Dr. E. C. Van Dyke; Prairie Hills, B. C., July, 1908, Selkirk
Mountains, B. C., July, 1908, and Sisson, Calif., August 19,
1908, Dr. J. C. Bradley; Moscow, Idaho; Sierra Madre Moun-
tains, Mexico, September.

This species may be recognized by the short, blunt head, the
short rostrum, the obscured coloration, and the black vitta on
either side of the venter.

Holotype (No. 385), male, and allotype (No. 386), female,
from Mt. Tallac, in collection of the California Academy of
Sciences. Paratypes in the collections of the California Acad-
emy of Sciences and in that of the author.

3. Trichopepla aurora, new species

Aspect of a large semivittata but with a somewhat shorter
head and rounded, calloused pronotal margins. Length 8% to
9 mm.

Head as long as its width across the eyes; narrowed from the ante-
ocular sinus, with rounded apex. Second antennal segment distinctly
longer than third. Rostrum just passing the intermediate coxe. Surface
above coarsely, irregularly punctured with fuscous and black; connexivum
alternated. Membrane infuscated. ‘Genital segment of male broad, its
apical margin shallowly, trisinuately excavated; claspers very broad,
truncate, their apical margins rectilinear, not showing beyond the acutely
produced ventral angle.

Color as in semivittata, well obscured by black punctures; ray-like mark-
ings of head and anterior lobe of pronotum distinct, those on base of
scutellum mostly represented by three pale calloused spots. Calloused sides
of the pronotum pale, not at all elevated but rounding over in conformity
with the adjoining surface. Black alternations on the connexivum weak-
ened by pale interpunctural spaces. Venter showing faint indications of six
longitudinal darker vittee. Antenne mostly black. Legs pale, more or less
obscured by minute blackish punctures.

Described from three males taken in El Dorado County,
Calif., June 20, 1915, by F. W. Nunenmacher, one female
taken by me at Ross Valley, Marin County, Calif., April 28,

1918, and one female from Gallatin County, Mont., taken June
22, 1900, at an elevation of 7,000 feet, by E. Koch. The

274 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.

ecarinate sides of the pronotum and very broad male claspers
will distinguish this species.

Holotype (No. 387), male, from El Dorado County, in col-
lection of the California Academy of Sciences.

Allotype (No. 388), female, from Ross, Calif., in collection
of the California Academy of Sciences.

Paratypes in both collections and in that of Mr. L. R.
Reynolds.

4. Trichopepla grossa, new species

Aspect of a Carpocoris but with the longer and more atten-
uated odoriferous canal of Trichopepla. More uniform in
color than our other species of Trichopepla, the radiating vittz
conspicuous only on head and anterior field of pronotum.
Length 9 to 10 mm.

Head nearly vertical, as long as its width across the eyes, narrowing
anterior to the ante-ocular sinus; cheeks slightly surpassing the tylus.
Second antennal segment longer than third. Rostrum attaining the inter-
mediate coxe. Carinate sides of pronotum calloused but scarcely reflexed,
continuing the slope of the pronotal surface. Male genital segment feebly,
trisinuately excavated at apex. Claspers broad, truncate, their ventral
angle produced outwardly in a sharp bent tooth. Membrane fuliginous.
Upper surface regularly deeply punctured.

Color yellowish testaceous, fusco-punctate, the punctures concolor-
ous beneath and on apex of scutellum. Fuscous ray-like vitte dis-
tinct anteriorly, fading out toward middle of pronotum. Antenne black
with the first and base of second segment pale. Legs pale or obscurely
punctate. Connexivum black, broadly margined with pale. One male is
almost entirely black with the apex of the scutellum and the connexivum
pale, the legs strongly punctured with black and the pleure with lateral
vitte of black punctures.

Described from two males and two females. One black
male from Julietta, Idaho, and two females from Moscow and
Market Lake, Idaho, were received from Prof. J. M. Aldrich.
The other male was taken at Castella, Calif., by Mr. J. A.
Kusche, July, 1912.

Holotype (No. 389), male, from Castella, Calif., in collec-
tion of the California Academy of Sciences.

Allotype, female, from Moscow, Idaho, and paratypes in
collection of the author.

The following table will distinguish the species of Tricho-
pepla known to me:

Vor. VIIT} VAN DUZEE—NEW SPECIES HEMIPTERA 275

Sides of pronotum carinate, sometimes quite broadly reflexed.......... 1

Sides of pronotum calloused, ecarinate, continuing the slope of the disk 4

1. Head longer than width across the eyes, apex narrower and more
produced; sides approaching before the ante-ocular sinus; rostrum
atleast attaining. apex Of Hind! CORE. sai ci siele eta's.1o\eje «ers: eve olehers sumer Z

~. Head not longer than width across the eyes, rounded at apex with
the sides parallel for a space before the ante-ocular sinus; rostrum
not surpassing the base of the hind cox®.............seeeeeeeeee 3

2. Head distinctly longer than width across the eyes; apex narrow,
parabolic, but little arcuated; second antennal segment obviously
longer than third; membrane infuscated; posterior disk of pro-
notum coarsely irregularly punctured, male genital segment tri-
sinuately excavated; calloused lines on base of scutellum more or
fessibroken and obscured. 2.</..0.c s1e6.0.sceve/o siecttajsisveieie's semivittata Say.

~-. Head scarcely longer than width across the eyes; apex broadly
rounded; second and third antennal segments subequal; membrane
whitish hyaline; posterior disk of pronotum closely, finely punc-
tured; male genital segment deeply, roundedly excavated; three
calloused lines on base of scutellum very distinct and regular....
Foe SSER Bye cH NE TRE aya; v eNs.6: 80 aveie Oray ON enlo es waco OeeTe Meee vandykei, new species

3. Connexivum black, its margin quite broadly pale....atricornis Stal.

. Connexivum alternated with black at incisures...............0000
Se Re che: aa eee aN a aca eve nae pee see californica, new species

. Margin of connexivum broadly pale............ grossa, new species

-. Margin of connexivum alternated.............. aurora, new species

t

>

5. Carpocoris sulcatus, new species

Allied to remotus but differing in the longer head and mem-
brane, narrower scutellum and more maculated surface.
Length 9 to 10 mm.

Head a little longer than width across the eyes, in remotus a little
shorter; cheeks narrower, making the head look still longer. Sides of
pronotum a little sinuated, in remotus feebly arcuated. Scutellum more
narrowed beyond the frenulum with its apex more angulate, the base cal-
loused and bevelled, leaving a deep groove behind the pronotal margin.
Membrane surpassing abdomen for nearly one half its length beyond tip
of corium. Rostrum attaining apex of hind coxe, the basal segment
scarcely reaching the apex of the buccule. Second antennal segment little
if any longer than third. Genital segment of male deeply trisinuate, the
median lobe less deeply cleft than in remotus; claspers broad, truncate,
with their ventral angle produced exteriorly; viewed from below these
claspers are curved outward, oblique at tip, with the outer angle subacute.

‘Color pale yellowish testaceous with four black ray-like vitte, more or less
distinct, on head and anterior field of pronotum. Base of scutellum with
a blackish cloud either side of a pale median vitta sometimes confined to
the calloused depressed base. Punctures of upper surface sometimes dark-
ened in places. Connexivum maculated in mature examples. Antenne
black, with basal segment and extreme base of second pale. Beneath
and legs pale, immaculate, apex of tibize and tarsi somewhat infuscated.

Described from one male taken at Alpine, San Diego County,
Calif., October 3, 1913, on grass under oak trees; one male
taken by F. W. Nunenmacher in Mariposa County, Calif.,
June 15, 1914; one female taken by Dr. F. C. Clark, in Bear

276 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H SER.

Valley, Santa Cruz Mountains, in August, 1913, and one
female taken by me near Redding, Calif., July 7, 1918. This
species is a little larger than remotus and may be distinguished
by the narrower and longer head, different relative lengths of
the antennal segments, shorter basal segment of the rostrum,
the black markings of the upper surface of the head, pronotum,
scutellum and connexivum, and, especially, by the calloused
and bevelled base of the scutellum. The colors are doubtless
subject to variation but here there is none of the pink tint
found on the corium of remotus. The male genital characters
do not differ materially from those of remotus so far as can be
seen without dissection.

Holotype, male from San Diego County, in collection of the
author.

Allotype (No. 390), female from Bear Valley, and para-
types in collection of the California Academy of Sciences.

6. Brochymena sulcata, new species

Closely allied to 4-pustulata and affinis and somewhat inter-
mediate between those species, but quite distinct in its male
genital characters; cheeks more produced before the tylus;
arolia narrower; male genital segment transversely sulcate, the
claspers narrower, elliptical; length 12-15 mm.

Head as long as the pronotum on its median line; cheeks surpassing the
tylus by their own width at that point, their inner margins at the sinus
parallel or diverging, not approaching or overlapping as is usually the case
in 4-pustulata, their lateral tooth rectangular. Segments two to five of the
antenne subequal in length, the third sometimes a little longer, normally
so in 4-pustulata. Rostrum attaining the middle of the second ventral
segment. Pronotum across the humeri a little more than twice broader
than its median length; lateral margins before the sinus with four to six
triangular flattish teeth that merge into the adjoining surface, the humeri
with six to eight serrations or small teeth; in 4-pustulata these lateral
teeth are more terete and calloused and sometimes are curved backward.
Exserted ostiolar canal tongue-shaped, narrowed at base, rather longer
than the external diameter of the orificial tube; in 4-pustulata lanceolate,
broadest at base, and distinctly shorter. Male genital segment almost at-
taining the outer angle of the sixth ventral segment, its apical margin
transversely sulcate, omitting the smoothly rounded median excavation;
either side the sulcus clothed with long pale hairs; claspers elliptical ven-
trally, in 4-pustulata broadly rounded. Other structural characters sub-
stantially as in 4-pustulata.

Color above as in the allied species; beneath pale with the marginal alter-
nations, slender edge of the segments, stigmata, a line behind them, and a
spot on the middle of the sixth segment blackish. Femora fuscous with
their base, an apical and a subapical spot pale, the latter often produced
basally as a vitta. Tibie with a broad median pale annulus carrying a
fuscous spot on the exterior face; the posterior rarely marked with a pale

Vor. VIII] VAN DUZEE—NEW SPECIES HEMIPTERA 277

basal spot exteriorly. Antenne black with the incisures very slenderly
pale. Rostrum pale with its median line and apex black.

Described from six male and twelve female examples taken
as follows: San Diego, Calif., April, June, October and De-
cember, taken by myself; Los Angeles, Calif., April, M. C.
Van Duzee; San Jacinto Mountains, 5000 ft., June, and Kemlo,
Calif., June, Fordyce Grinnell; Cisco, Calif., July, C. von
Geldern; Sobra Vista, Sonoma County, Calif., April, and south
Sonoma County, Calif., June, J. A. Kusche; Martinez, Contra
Costa County, Calif., J. C. Grundell; Santa Cruz Mountains,
Chas. Fuchs; western San Joaquin County, Calif.; and Pres-
ton, Ariz., J. A. Kusche. I have heretofore determined this
species as 4-pustulata and it seems to represent that species west
of the Rocky Mountains.

Holotype (No. 391), male, from San Diego, in collection
of the California Academy of Sciences; allotype, female, from
San Diego in collection of the author; paratypes in both col-
lections.

7. Harmostes angustatus, new species

Allied to fraterculus but with the antenne longer with longer
basal segment, the bucculz lower and the colors paler. Length
7 to 8 mm.

, Head as in the allied species, the clypeus broader and less elevated than
in reflexulus or fraterculus; buccule lower than in fraterculus, scarcely
surpassing anterior line of eyes, becoming almost evanescent posteriorly.
Rostrum long, attaining base of second ventral segment; first segment
reaching to within its own width of the base of the head. Antenne long,
slender; first segment clavate, surpassing the clypeus by one fourth its
length; second as long as the head and equal to third, these segments un-
usually slender. Pronotum a little shorter than the head; sides irregularly
arcuated, strongly carinated but not expanded or reflexed except for a
short space at anterior angle, which is rounded with the usual prominent
tooth; hind edge almost straight, disk with a distinct median carina which
hardly attains the anterior margin. Scutellum distinctly tricarinate, its
apex deeply impressed and upturned. Elytra parallel. the costa rectilinear
from near its base; median areole of corium hyaline, the inner partly so.
Venter deeply sulcate to fifth segment. Male claspers unusually slender,
viewed from the side oblique at apex and much produced dorsally, median
process acute or subacute.

Color pale testaceous-brown or tinged with green or yellow, more or
less marked with fuscous, this color forming four obscure spots on hind
margin of pronotum and clouding apical half of clavus and apex of corium;
the nervures dotted with fuscous. Membrane whitish hyaline, ovscurely
dotted at times. Tergum deep black with a pale median vitta from base
of the fourth segment, expanded posteriorly; apical segment with two black
vitte in male. Head, pronotum, scutellum, coriaceous portions of elytra,
legs and often lower surface of body coarsely punctured with brown or
rufous. A few individuals show the rosy tints on the clavus often found in
the allied species.

278 “CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

Described from ten males and seven females. I have taken
this species at Mussey’s in San Diego County, Palm Springs,
May 18 to 23, and Keen Camp in the San Jacinto Mountains,
Calif., June 6, to 12, 1917, and have examples in my collection
from El Paso, Texas, taken April 5, 1902; Alamogordo, N.
Mex., taken June 9, 1902, and Bill Williams’ Fork, Ariz., taken
by Prof. F. H. Snow in August. At Palm Springs it was taken
with its young on Hymenoclea salsola T. & G. The short buc-
cule and narrow pronotal margins will distinguish this species.
These carinate margins are at times more or less crenulate but
not strongly as in affinis and its allies.

Holotype (No. 392), male, and allotype (No. 393), female,
from Palm Springs in collection of the California Academy of
Sciences.

Paratypes in collection of the California Academy of Sciences
and in that of the author.

The North American species known to me may be distin-
guished as follows:

gQToOOVe ......... elias ele we cisepeter shee aneinie eee eA croceus Gibson
-. Color more yellowish or testaceous; base of vertex with a median
IE OOV GI a — cee te lasapnr is ra ieic:<.eere winiele cay arerava aiaiete miagaie eiaona eee ae 3

palace belussrelarers Ss wittn aisle ecerald nce Sameieises soceesses.fraterculus Say.
= Basal segment of antenne much surpassing clypeus; buccule attaining
hind margin of eyes; membrane without vitte......reflerulus Say.

8. Teleonemia vidua, new species

Closely allied to nigrina, proportionately a little longer with
more slender antenne; color a uniform dark fuscous with the
head and basal segment of the antenne black. Length 4 mm.

Elongate, narrow; elytra nearly parallel, a little expanded at the middle.
Vertex with two short porrect frontal spines, the anterior just above the
line connecting the base of the antenne, the posterior continuing the
superior line of the vertex. Antenne longer and more slender than in
nigrina, clothed with very short hairs; segments one and two sub-equal;
four scarcely as long as one and two together, fusiform with cinerous
pubescence at apex; three nearly three times the length of four. Pronotum
less convex than in migrina with posterior scutellar portion longer, the
anterior margin not elevated nor produced medially; carine feeble; surface

Vor. VIII] VAN DUZEE—NEW SPECIES HEMIPTERA 279

rugose but scarcely punctured, becoming obscurely areolate posteriorly.
Rostrum almost attaining hind edge of mesosternum, the rostral canal
nearly parallel on the mesosternum, (metasternum covered in mounting).
Discal area of corium coarsely and deeply punctured; subcostal area, nar-
row, obscurely biseriate; costal very narrow, whitish, the areoles longer
than broad and distinguished by heavy veinlets. Membrane regularly dis-
tinctly areolate. Genital segment of female armed with a long pilose
protuberance either side. These are not broadly divergent as in nigrina
but diverge at first and are then bent backward so as to become parallel,
their apices flattened and rounded. In nigrina these protuberences may be
reduced to mere tubercles and the same may be true in the present species.

Color a nearly uniform fuscous becoming still darker beneath. Head
and basal segment of antennz black; costal areoles whitish; tibiz pale, a
little darker at base. Head, antennz and legs somewhat polished.

Described from one female example taken at Keen Camp in
the San Jacinto Mountains, June 8, 1917, at an elevation of
nearly 6,000 feet. This is so evidently distinct from the related
species it seems safe to describe it from a single example.

Holotype (No. 394), female, in collection of the California
Academy of Sciences.

9. Teleonemia monile, new species

Broader and more clearly marked than nigrina; subcostal
area with two series of very distinct hyaline areole; antenne
short and stout. Length 4 mm.

Tubercles of the vertex small and inconspicuous; Antenne short and
thick as in nigvina; basal segment short-pilose, the third hardly more than
twice the length of the fourth, the latter shorter than the basal two united.
Pronotum nearly as in nigrina, the flattened anterior portion more angu-
larly produced and distinctly areolate at the middle; posterior scutellar
portion coarsely areolate; carinz very distinct, subfoliaceous and areolate.
Elytra considerably expanded at the middle, broader and truncate at apex;
discal area very coarsely punctate, the punctures becoming subareolate
exteriorly; subcostal area broad, distinctly biseriate, the areoles whitish
hyaline; costal area rather broad, hyaline,, the areoles elongated, separated
by heavy veinlets. Membrane distinctly areolate. Rostrum about reaching
hind margin of mesosternum; rostral canal broad on mesosternum and a
little narrowing posteriorly. Female genital segment with a large rounded
and flattened tubercle either side.

Color cinereous brown becoming lighter on the pronotum posteriorly
and on the elytra; most of the elytral veinlets and the interstices between
the punctures fuscous; linear costal area alternated with blackish and white,
giving it a beaded appearance; beneath more fusco-ferruginous. Tibie
pale on their apical two thirds. Second and third antennal segments quite
strongly tinged with castaneous.

Described from one male and three female examples taken
by Prof. H. F. Wickham at Lundy, Mono County, Calif., July
8-10, at an elevation of nearly 8000 feet. The broader form,
short stout antenne, distinctly areolate elytra, conspicuously

280 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

biseriate subcostal area and clearly marked moniliform costal
area, which is continued about the apex of the elytra, will dis-
tinguish this species.

Holotype, male, and allotype, female, in collection of the
author.

Paratypes in collection of the California Academy of
Sciences and in that of the author.

Our California species of Teleonemia may be distinguished
by the following key:

Stibcostal’ area "biserates es. 222 cis shn.sysse cis diasesrayescyasei sue ayelertieie,@ie oeave scree 1

Siubcostal, area UniSeriate; i iec:t cbr since pisim clieketrnan eeram aceasta loa aenee 2

1. Subcostal area conspicuously biseriate; pronotal carinze conspicuous ;
large. ibrowi SPECIES; s...cc0% 5 sre chats nat trom meas « monile, new species

—. Subcostal area narrow, obscurely biseriate; pronotal carinz incon-
spicuous; smaller cinereous species............ ...schwarzi Drake.

2. Antenne stouter; third segment about twice the length of the
fourth; costal area conspicuously areolate; color fuscous varied
With) CINELEOUS) A ideis es ares avteieala.cie Be lawateinase.c nigrina Champ.

~. Antennz more slender; third segment nearly three times the length
of fourth; costal area very narrow, obscurely areolate; color
brown, nearly uniform, with the head black...vidua, new species

10. Oncerometopus californicus, new species

Larger and darker than nigriclavus; sanguineous, antenne,
legs, callosities, clavus, inner field of corium, membrane and
genital segment black; disk of pronotum more or less infus-
cated either side of the pale median line. Length to tip of
membrane 614 mm.

Vertex and tylus rather more convex than in nigriclavus. Antenne with
the second segment distinctly longer than in nigriclavus, a little longer than
the pronotum; third and fourth together a fourth shorter than second, in
nigriclavus nearly a fourth longer. Pronotum proportionately longer, its
length two fifths its basal width, in nigriclavus scarcely more than one
half; sides nearly rectilinear, a little expanded at the humeral angles; col-
lum as long as the thickness of first antennal segment; callosities prominent,
distinguished by a deep incision which is especially distinct behind the
median bridge connecting them anteriorly. In nigriclavus this incised line
is not conspicuous and behind the median bridge is represented by two
impressed punctures; surface transversely rugose with scattering shallow
punctures and an obvious obtuse median carina; hind margin almost trun-
cate. Elytra nearly parallel, a little expanded at the middle, the embolium
narrowly linear, distinct; surface polished, distinctly uniformly shagreened,
in nigriclavus more opaque and but obscurely shagreened. Apex of abdo-
men in both sexes reaching midway between the tip of the cuneus and that
of the membrane. Tibiz short-setose. Tarsi; basal segment scarcely ex-
panded, second a little shorter than median length of first, in nigriclavus
hardly half that length. Male genital characters rather obscure, the dextral
hook lunate, a little narrowed posteriorly and lying against the excavated
margin of the segment.

Vor. VIII) VAN DUZEE—NEW SPECIES HEMIPTERA 281

Color sanguineous, obscured on the vertex and pronotum; clypeus, an-
tenne, legs, callosities, clavus, inner field of corium, membrane and genital
segments black; vertex, at least posteriorly, and disk of pronotum more or
less infuscated, the collum, sides and median line remaining paler. An-
tennz in the male testaceous with the first segment and narrow base of the
second black; third and fourth in the female often paler.

Described from one male and ten female examples taken
from the flowers of a bush sunflower growing along the road
at Soboba Springs, near San Jacinto, Calif., June 1, 1917.
Both this species and nigriclavus vary considerably in the ex-
tent of their dark markings but the characters given seem suf-
ficient to separate them.

Holotype (No. 395), male, allotype (No. 396), female, and
paratypes, in collection of the California Academy of Sciences.

11. Neurocolpus simplex, new species

Allied to mexicanus, proportionately shorter and broader
than nubilus with basal segment of antennze and hind femora
more thickened; color yellowish, inclined to fulvous, the hairy
vestiture white. Length 6% to 7 mm.

Head about as in nubilus, the tumid vertex scarcely projecting beyond
the line of the clypeus. Basal segment of antenne clavate, shorter than in
nubilus and thicker at apex than in either of our other species, its hairy
vestiture silvery white, the hairs less flattened than in the allied forms;
second segment almost twice the length of first, shaped as in nubilus, less
clavate than in mexicanus; third and fourth together subequal to first,
slender. Pronotum as in nubilus, its length one half its basal width, clothed
with short matted scale-like hairs; collum not so strongly distinguished as
in the allied species. Rostrum reaching to apex of the intermediate coxz.
Albdomen somewhat expanded, the connexivum surpassing the elytra in
some examples.

Color obscure fulvous or honey-yellow, becoming clearer yellow on pos-
terior disk of pronotum, apical lobe of scutellum, and base of elytra; the
whole surface clothed with a white vestiture of scale-like hairs which show
an inclination to form three lines on the vertex, to become somewhat
matted on the pronotum, and are larger and more conspicuous on the legs.
Membrane whitish hyaline with the nervures yellowish, becoming more or
less infuscated at base. Sometimes there is a faint fuscous cloud on outer
margin of membrane before its apex. One immature example has the apex
of the tibiz and of the embolium greenish.

Described from four females taken on the palo-verde, Cer-
cidium torreyanum, among the foothills west of Coachella,
Calif., May 16, 1917. This species is very distinct in its pale
color, white vestiture and the form of the antennal segments.

Holotype (No. 397), female, and paratypes in the collection
of the California Academy of Sciences.

282 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

12. Phytocoris plenus, new species

Very close to imops Uhl.; differing in the absence of a pale
median annulus on second antennal segment, the more pro-
duced head and form of the male genitalia. Length 7 mm.

Head prominent, nearly vertical; viewed from the side extending below
the eye for a space equal to about three fourths the greatest length of the
eye; clypeus prominent, convex; gula oblique. In inops the head projects
hardly more than one half the greatest length of the eye, the clypeus is less
prominent and the gula is but slightly oblique. Rostrum long, in the male
passing the apex of the fourth ventral segment, the basal segment broadly
linear, attaining the middle of the anterior coxe. Vertex viewed from
above flat, obviously wider than the eyes; tumidly convex before; in inops
not wider than the eyes and less convex before. Antenne about as in
inops, the first segment a little longer. Pronotal collum strongly differ-
entiated; in inops but feebly so. Elytra with three polished areas, the basal
but poorly distinguished; the apical conspicuous, resting on the base of the
cuneus. Hind femora long, alniost attaining the apex of the membrane.
Apical margin of last ventral segment of male thickened, produced in a
subacute angle; sinistral notch right-angled, terminating above in a blunt,
blackish tooth which usually is somewhat longer than its width. In inops
this tooth is longer, terete and much more slender. Dextral notch nearly
as deep as the sinistral but more rounded at its fundus. In inops the ventral
apex of this segment is less acute with both notches more rounded, the
dextral shallower.

Color cinereous mottled with fuscous as in inops but with the markings
more contrasted. Vertex distinctly striated anteriorly, its disk paler. Disk
of pronotum paler; median line at base, sides and anterior angles infus-
cated; posterior submarginal line broken into dots, or nearly so. Antennz
fuscous, without pale annulations; the basal segment dotted with pale; the
extreme base of segmenis two and three white. Scutellum distinctly varied
with pale and fuscous, the anterior lobe fuscous with three pale marks, its
apex conspicuously pale. Elytra rather evenly mottled with the costa
dotted; corium with the three polished areas paler; cuneus pale within,
its outer and inner margins varied with fuscous. Membrane evenly
irrorate as in inops, its outer margin with two clear spots, the anterior at
apex of the cuneus; nervures pale becoming fuscous at base. Legs irrorate
with fuscous; coxz and narrow base of femora white, the former bivittate
with fuscous; tibia fuscous irrorate with white and marked with four white
rings which are subequal to their interspaces, the basal on the hind pair
obscure; tarsi fuscous with a pale annulus. Rostrum pale with its apex
broadly fuscous. Sternum fuscous. Venter white, irrorate with fuscous,
with a narrow pale vitta and a few orange dots on either side, the genital
segments mostly fuscous. Behind each eye is a small tuberculate ivory
mark and behind that is a larger one on the incised line of the collum.

Described from one male taken at Keen Camp in the San
Jacinto Mountains, June 8, 1917; one male taken on the hills
at Foster, San Diego County, April 11, 1914, and two males
taken at Lakeside, San Diego County, Calif., May 5, 1913. I
have seen no females I could certainly associate with these
males.

This species is closely allied to inops but it is well distin-
guished by the characters given above. In the allied forms the

Vor. VIII] VAN DUZEE—NEW SPECIES HEMIPTERA 283

female has the vertex broader and the rostrum shorter than
their males and the same may be true in this species. For ready
recognition the banding of the tibize will be found a convenient
character: In plenus the anterior tibie are narrowly black at
either end with three dark rings between; in inops and related
forms the apical ring is broad and there are but two between
that and the narrow basal one. In inops the second antennal
segment is fuscous with a pale median annulus. In the San
Diego County males of plenws the basal half of the second an-
tennal segment is paler.

Holotype (No. 398), male, from Keen Camp, in collection
of the California Academy of Sciences.
Paratypes in the collection of the author.

13. Phytocoris fraterculus, new species

Allied to mops, averaging larger and darker with a longer
head and wanting the median pale annulus on second antennal
segment. Differs from plenus in the shorter pronotum and by
the presence of a distinct pale annulus near the apex of the hind
femora, and from both species by the characters of the male
genitalia. Length 7 to 7%4 mm.

Head produced below the eye for a space nearly equal to the length of
the eye; clypeus prominent; gula oblique; cheeks prominent, rounded, not
angularly produced as in inops. Vertex flattened, scarcely advanced to the
line of the clypeus, not projecting before it as in inops. Rostrum attaining
apex of second ventral segment; its first segment reaching to middle of
anterior coxe. Antenne slender; first segment linear, hardly longer than
the pronotum; second equal to the costal margin of corium; third about
equal to first; fourth two-thirds the third; first armed with stiff hairs which
are a little longer than the thickness of the segment. Pronotum short, its
length one half its basal width; sides rectilinear; base slightly emarginate;
collum distinct as in plenus. Elytra with three polished areas as in plenus.
Legs long, about as in plenus; the hind femora reaching nearly or quite to
apex of membrane, distinctly shorter than in inops. Sinistral margin of
the genital segment with its superior angle unarmed, rounded; the sinistral]
hook long and curved as in inops, with a rounded notch at base; ventral
aspect of the genital segment rounded or subacute at apex about as in
inops. Surface clothed with close black pubescence and softer white de-
ciduous hairs.

Color cinereous mottled with fuscous as in the related species, sometimes
pale brownish and fuscous. Vertex distinctly striate; clypeus, lore and
cheeks brown, bordered with pale; hind margin of the eye and usually a
median spot on base of vertex whitish. Pronotum brown or fuscous becom-
ing pale about the callosities and blacker toward the margins; the hind edge
narrowly white behind a blackish vitta which may become broken into six
lobes or spots. Scutellum brown with basal angles and a geminate median

284 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

line fuscous and the sagitate apex white. Elytra cinereous or brown witha
darker, usually irrorate, area along the claval suture and on the radial
vein and costa; apical polished area angulate, pale, and invading the base
of the cuneus; margins of the cuneus variegated with black and pale.
Membrane about as in plenus; white, rather closely and evenly irrorate
with fuscous but shading darker toward its base; margin darker, alternated
with two white spots beyond tip of cuneus; nervures brownish, the radial
sometimes blackish. Beneath fuscous-brown; coxz and sometimes disk of
venter pale. Legs fuscous, irrorate with whitish and sometimes pale at
base; hind femora with an oblique pale subapical vitta and in the female
a pale ray from the base to near the middle; tibia showing three, more or
less distinct, pale bands, one, before the middle of the hind pair, unusually
distinct. Antennz fuscous; basal segment irrorate with pale; extreme
base a second and third segments white, the second without a pale median
annulus.

Described from three male and eleven female examples taken
at the following localities: Yosemite, Calif., June 16, 1916;
Fallen Leaf Lake, Calif., August 21, 1916, 6300 feet; Tallac,
Calif., August 22, 1916. 6000 ft., Soda Springs, Nevada
County, Calif., 6800 ft., August 24, 1916; all taken by Mr.
Walter M. Giffard; Bright Angel Camp, Ariz., 6900 ft., H. F.
Wickham, and Pine Hill in the Cuyamaca Mountains, San
Diego County, Calif., Oct. 19, 1913, 4300 ft., taken by myself.

Holotype (No. 399), male, and allotype (No. 400), female,
from Yosemite, in collection of the California Academy of
Sciences.

Paratypes in collection of Mr. Walter M. Giffard and in
that of the author.

14. Phytocoris hirtus, new species

Aspect of plenus but readily distinguished from that and
other allied forms in having the upper surface clothed with
unusually long hairs, especially upon the legs. Length 8% mm.

Head oblique, produced before the eye for a distance about equal to the
greatest length of the eye; cheeks tumidly convex but somewhat less so than
in inops; Vertex convex and swollen along the line of the clypeus much as
in inops. Rostrum reaching well on to the third ventral segment. Antenne
slender; first segment as long as basal width of pronotum, slightly thick-
ened basally; second segment nearly twice the length of first; third and
fourth together as long as second; first sparsely clothed with long pale
hairs which are at least twice as long as the thickness of the segment.
Pronotum long and well narrowed anteriorly as in plenus, the sides a little
convex; hind edge a little emarginate; collum distinct; callosities small and
inconspicuous. Elytra long with the costa slightly arcuated; venter reach-
ing to tip of cuneus. Upper surface and head clothed with nearly erect
brown hairs which are almost as long as the thickness of the hind tibie
and are interspersed with short scale-like deciduous hairs. Legs clothed
with soft pale hairs as long as the thickness of the anterior femora.

Vor. VIII) VAN DUZEE—NEW SPECIES HEMIPTERA 285

Color about is in plenus; pale brownish or cinereous varied with fuscous ;
disk of clypeus, lorze and cheeks and two vitte behind the eyes which are
continued across the inferior aspect of the pronotum, fuscous; frontal
strie distinct. First segment of antenne whitish, with a series of dots and
the broad apex fuscous; second segment pale brown, broadly white at base
becoming fuscous at apex and next the pale basal annulus; third and
fourth segments fuscous. the third narrowly pale at base. Pronotum be-
coming paler anteriorly and almost black before the narrow white posterior
margin. Scutellum variegated with a pale apex. Elytra with the three
polished areas paler, the posterior whitish and extended so as to cover
basal half of cuneus; apex of corium and cuneus blackish. Membrane
irregularly irrorate, the areoles and apex darker. Beneath pale or yellow-
ish, the pleural pieces mostly infuscated. Sides of venter mottled with
fuscous with indications of a paler longitudinal vitta below the stigmata.
Legs pale, the femora irrorate with brown, especially above; the tibie with
four fuscous annuli, more or less distinct.

Described from two females from southern California, one
taken by Mr. Fordyce Grinnell at Pasadena, the other taken
by me at North Island, Coronado, San Diego, June 30, 1913.
The large size and hairy vestiture of this species will warrant
its description from females only.

Holotype (No. 401), female, from Pasadena, in collection
of the California Academy of Sciences.

Paratype in author’s collection.

The following key will help to distinguish the six grey or
fuscous mottled species having finely irrorate membranes, which
have been reported from California:

Legs clothed with whitish hairs which are longer than the thickness
OF: the: tub 1a 6.55.5 ose d)a.avesierajerens (ste sca syehelstegeraserewiere hirtus, new species
Legs smooth or with minute pubescence only...............0e0eeeeee 1
1. Dimorphus; male linear, uniformly grey, irrorate; female brachyp-
terous with a fuscous ray on the clavus and wedge-shaped mark

Onithe Corum POstertorlyicc.< <.creece ereietereictarsiehereiare ole canescens Reut.
~, Sexes similar; above irregularly mottled... ... 5.22. ..0000c0eescene 2
2. Head short, vertical, produced below the eye for a space equal to
about one half the length of the eye... ccc. ss. ccc e eee eeeccesee 3
-. Head long, oblique, produced below the eye for a space nearly equal
to theslene thon then eyes sc/crsicestarssercrsterssetsterteieroieleieceelolesielsele eseiaeree 4
3. Smaller and pale; dextral margin of the male genital segment with-
Out astoothestipertorly-c).v.c ce sisiseeiteteieee ete: heidemanni Reut.
-. Larger and darker; dextral margin of the male genital segment pro-
duced ina terete tooth superiorly: 2.232). cec occas ones inops Uhl.

4. Hind femora without an oblique pale annulus; second antennal seg-
ment one half longer than first; dextral margin of male genital
segment produced in a ‘broad flattened tooth superiorly...........
Sayed custare rs ichahiste cit ever atetspsPeceis te eneiaer tomar eters RRA Te plenus, new species.

-. Hind femora with an oblique subapical pale annulus; second an-
tennal segment twice the length of first; dextral margin of male
genital segment without a tooth at superior angle................
Nearaliarersvapase\olaleral ay ofaversvave dee aielaver scr srsiave salar okerevetrs fraterculus, new species

286 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

15. Phytocoris geniculatus, new species

Pale greenish, sprinkled and varied with whitish; apex of
cuneus and the hind femora tinged with fulvous, the latter
armed at apex with two short black tubercules. Length 5 mm.

Head moderately produced, nearly vertical before; vertex and clypeus
strongly convex leaving a deep suture between them, the vertex about one
half wider than an eye in male, nearly twice as wide in female; frontal
strie conspicuous; cheeks prominent but scarcely angled before. Rostrum
attaining third ventral segment; its first segment reaching the base of the
head in male, a little longer in female. Antenne longer than the entire
body; first segment as long as head and pronotum together, linear, as thick
as two-thirds the superior width of an eye, sparsely clothed with fine pale
pubescence with a few longer stiff hairs intermixed; second segment nearly
twice the length of first; third three-fourths the length of second; fourth
one half of third. Pronotum strongly narrowed before, its length one half
the basal width; sides straight; collum distinct; callosities large, obscure.
Elytra somewhat polished all over, with two large areas more distinctly so.
Legs long, the hind femora surpassing the membrane and much flattened.
Apex of the male genital segment subacute; the sinistral notch deep and
acutely angled, the margin rounded and unarmed above; sinistral hook
short, crescentic, blunt at apex, not nearly reaching to the apex of the
segment.

‘Color pale greenish or yellowish, marbled with whitish, the two polished
areas of the elytra still whiter; apical half of cuneus and the hind femora
tinged with fulvous; hind femora armed with a small deep-black tubercle
on either side at apex. Whole upper surface sparsely clothed with a
deciduous white pubescence with scattering longer fuscous hairs; the ex-
treme tip of clavus with a minute tuft of black hairs, and in perfect ex-
amples there is another at the inner margin of the cuneus and probably a
third at its inner basal angle. Legs and antenne obscurely varied with
pale fulvous-brown and whitish; the apex of the second and third antennal
segments often infuscated as is the apical half of the fourth. Beneath,
with coxz and base of femora paler, the venter marbled more or less with
darker. Membrane white, more or less irrorate with minute brown points
and sometimes with a black point at the middle of the outer margin, the
nervures yellowish. :

Described from 32 examples, representing both sexes, taken
at Coachella and Palm Springs, Calif., May 14th to 19th, 1917.
At Coachella they were less mature and were found feeding on
a small-leaved Atriplex. This species may be distinguished by
its pale greenish white mottled aspect with a fulvous tinge to
the cuneus and hind femora and by the two black tubercles at
apex of these femora.

Holotype (No. 402), male, and allotype (No. 403), female,
from Palm Springs, and paratypes in collection of the Calif-
ornia Academy of Sciences.

Vo, VIIT) VAN DUZEE—NEW SPECIES HEMIPTERA 287

16. Phytocoris consors, new species

Closely allied to geniculatus; differs principally in wanting
the fulvous color on the cuneus and femora and the black
tubercles on the apex of the hind femora and in having the
basal segment of the antennz distinctly white-pilose; pale dull
greenish, evenly, finely marmorated with pale. Length 5 mm.

In its structural characters this species is almost identical with genicu-
latus but there are certain differences. The first antennal segment is much
more thickly set with long stiff white hairs; the elytra do not show the con-
trasting polished areas which are quite evident in its ally and the tubercles
at the apex of the hind femora are concolorous or barely tipped with black.
the male genital characters seem scarcely to differ.

Here the color is the same greenish white found in geniculatus but the
whole upper surface is quite uniformly marmorated with pale dull green.
The pale polished areas found in the allied form and the fulvous tint so
constant there are absent here. The antenne have the same mottled aspect
but none of the specimens before me show any trace of the fuscous apex
on the second and third segments found in the other form. The membrane
here is white with more or less of the fuscous dotting found in geniculatus
and the whole upper surface is dotted with soft white hairs as in that
species, but here I can detect in none of the specimens before me, all of
we seem to be perfect, the longer stiff brown hairs present in the allied

orm,

Described from two male and five female specimens taken at
Coachella and Palm Springs, Calif., May 14-21, 1917. Like
the preceding they were found on the whitish vegetation grow-
ing on the floor of the desert.

Holotype (No. 404), male, and allotype (No. 405), female,
and paratypes in collection of the California Academy of
Sciences.

17. Phytocoris ventralis, new species

Nearest geniculatus; small, short and broad with much the
aspect of a Psallus. White; elytra sparsely sprinkled with black ;
broad apex of the second antennal segment, knees, and a vitta
on either side of the venter black. Length 4% mm.

Head vertical, produced below the eye for a distance nearly equal to the
length of the eye in the female, for about half this length in the male.
Rostrum long, reaching to middle of venter in the female and to the sixth
ventral segment in the male. Antenne as long as the entire body in the
male, a little shorter in the female; first segment short, stout, as long as
the pronotum, clothed with soft white hairs which are nearly as long as
the thickness of the segment; second segment as long as the corium; third
two-thirds the length of second; fourth about equal to first. Pronotum
short, rather steeply declinate; hind edge slightly emarginate; callosities
large, not conspicuous; collum narrow, poorly distinguished. Elytra nearly
parallel, opaque white with a subhyaline, more polished area exteriorly at

288 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.

base and at apex. Abdomen reaching to tip of cuneus in the female. Legs
short for this genus. Dextral male clasper very small; sinistral broad and
angled superiorly at base, curved and lying against ventral margin of
genital segment, the apex of which it attains, its apex subacute.

Color testaceous-white, clear white on the pronotum and elytra; upper
surface clothed with short scale-like deciduous white hairs intermixed with
which are a few strongly clavate black ones, imparting a sprinkled effect;
apex of corium with a small fuscous cloud; apical margins of cuneus nar-
rowly infuscated. Callosities testaceous like the head. Membrane minutely
and irregularly irrorate with pale brown. Antenne white; extreme tip of
first segment fuscous; apex of second black for a space equal to one half
the length of the first segment; third and fourth black; base of third nar-
rowly white. Mesothorax beneath black with pale median and lateral
vitte. Venter with a broad deep-black vitta on either side attaining the
genital segment in the female. Legs white, apex of femora, and extreme
base of tibia more or less broadly black. A few small points on the tibie
and the base and apex of the tarsi brown. Tibie clothed with soft white
hairs and a few stiff brown bristles.

Described from one male and two female examples taken on
palo-verde growing among the foothills seven miles west of
Coachella, Calif., May 16, 1917. The male is immature with
the black ventral vittze scarcely indicated. The small eyes, ob-
long form, white color, black ventral vittee and the presence of
clavate black hairs above will distinguish this well-marked
species.

Holotype (No. 406), female, allotype (No. 407), male,
and paratype in collection of the California Academy of
Sciences.

18. Pallacocoris candidus, new species

Aspect of a Trigonotylus nearly; creamy white throughout
and clothed with a soft white pubescence, in’ fresh examples
showing a median line of white hairs on the vertex, pronotum
and scutellum ; antennz very long. Length 6 mm.

Head porrect; vertex nearly horizontal, viewed from above rounded
before and projecting for a third of its length before the eyes; clypeus
vertical, strongly convex, its basal suture deep, on a line with the insertion
of the antenne; cheeks prominent, cylindrical; gula horizontal; buccule
low. Antenne very long, one fourth longer than the entire body; first
segment stout, linear, as long as the head and pronotum, a little thicker
near its base, clothed above with soft appressed white hairs which become
shorter at apex, and beneath with matted hairs longer than the thickness
of the segment; second segment a little longer than the corium; third and
fourth nearly equal to second. Rostrum reaching to near the middle of the
venter, the first segment but little surpassing the base of the head. Pro-
notum trapezoidal, nearly horizontal, but little narrowed anteriorly; sides
straight, carinated; collum broad, depressed, but poorly distinguished ; cal-
losities small, obscure, set far apart; hind margin truncate. Scutellum
rather long; its basal field a little expanded. Elytra long, narrow, parallel.
Legs long, hind femora surpassing the abdomen, narrowing from near base

Vor. VIII] VAN DUZEE—NEW SPECIES HEMIPTERA 289

to apex; hind tibize very slender, as long as the entire elytra. Basal seg-
ment of the tarsi longer than the second and equal to the third. Male
genital characters inconspicuous, the dextral notch deep, the dextral
clasper short, scarcely produced.

Color uniformly creamy white, sometimes tinged with green on the
scutellum; antennz infuscated at apex; apical margin of the elytra with
three tufts of ferruginous hairs, one at tip of clavus and two on the inner
margin of cuneus. In fully colored examples the membrane is tinged
with ferruginous at apex and marked with two darker spots on the margin.
Apex of tarsi a little darker. Rostrum black at apex. Base of the female
oviduct infuscated.

Described from thirteen examples representing both sexes
taken at Coachella and Palm Springs, Calif., May 16 to 23,
1917. This genus is certainly close to Miridius Reuter and is
recognized here only in deference to Reuter’s views. The
species seems quite distinct from swavis. Generic characters
are included in the above description for convenience.

Holotype (No. 408), male, and allotype (No. 409), female,
and paratypes in collection of the California Academy of

Sciences.
19. Lygus abroniz, new species

Closely related to rubicundus Fall. as distinguished by Mr.
Knight in his review of this genus. Larger, face clothed with
long decumbent pale hairs; color bronze-grey to deep black;
second antennal segment, tibize and tarsi pale except at base and
apex, the femora always (?) black in mature examples; ex-
treme tip of scutellum pale; membrane bivittate with fuscous.
Length 5-6 mm.

Head more oblique than in rubicundus, moderately convex, distinctly
punctate; basal carina and an oblique line from the hind angle of the eye
half way to the middle, smooth; clothed with moderately long appressed
grey hairs which converge obliquely to the median line; frontal strie
obvious but not conspicuous; clypeus prominent, smooth; buccule high,
reaching to the basal third of the gula. Rostrum attaining middle of hind
coxe. Antenne short as in rubicundus; first segment surpassing the
clypeus by one half its length; second hardly three times the length of
first, gradually thickened apically; third slender, sub-equal to first; fourth
slender, about three fourths the length of third. Pronotum much as in
plagialus, more convex and sloping anteriorly than in rubicundus; closely
evenly punctured; sides gently arcuated; callosities small, poorly defined;
collum distinct; hind edge sinuated; sometimes a median smooth line is
indicated. Scutellum about as in plagiatus, strongly, transversely rugose.
Elytra closely, evenly punctured, the punctures coarser than in either of the
allied species; embolium rather broad, becoming evanescent at middle of
corium; cuneus moderately depressed as in rubicundus. Legs rather short
as in rubicundus, the tibial spines black and shorter than the thickness of
the member. Male genital segment produced on its ventral aspect, its apex
rounded and pale; the claspers inconspicuous, formed much as in rubi-
cundus but the sinistral shorter and blunter.

290 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Color a bronzy grey-brown, much as in plagiatus, varying to deep black,
when immature pale and tinged with green. In pale examples the collum
is yellowish and the callosities black, sometimes sending an indistinct
blackish ray either side the middle and another next the lateral margins.
Scutellum in pale examples with a black geminate median vitta omitting
the extreme tip which remains pale in the darkest individuals. Apex of
corium with a blackish cloud which is more extended as the individual
becomes darker. Extreme tip of clavus black. Cuneus always pale with
the tip black; sometimes it becomes rosy red but this color does not seem
dependent upon maturity. Membrane faintly enfumed with the nervures
yellowish or even red; apex of the larger areole with a fuscous cloud
which send a ray to the apex. These parallel rays are normally separated
by double their own width but they may become extended so as to cover
much of the surface. Antenne black; second segment pale with its ex-
treme base and apical one third black; narrow base of third segment pale.
Femora black in mature examples, the anterior and intermediate pale
when immature, more or less invaded with black; tibize and tarsi pale, the
narrow base and apex of the tibiz and apex of the tarsi black. Beneath
black with a large ivory-white spot on the orificies; either side with a
longitudinal pale vitta in pale examples which becomes nearly or quite
obsolete in black specimens. Whole surface with a short pale pubescence
which is easily rubbed off.

Described from four male and ten female examples taken
from yellow sand verbenas (Abronia latifolia), growing on
the sand dunes at Ingleside, San Francisco, March 24, 1918.
A few nymphs and immature were taken with these adults.
This species is perhaps nearest to plagiatus in many of its char-
acters but its true relationship is with rubicundus from which
its larger size, punctured hairy face, more convex pronotum,
black femora and different coloration, especially of the mem-
brane, will distinguish it. It pertains to Knight’s pratensis
group.

Holotype (No. 410), male, and allotype (No. 411), female,
in collection of the California Academy of Sciences.

Paratypes in collection of the Academy and in that of the
author.

20. Pilophorus discretus, new species

Allied to walshi, a little smaller and more constricted at the
middle; fulvous-brown, elytra paler, the apical silvery line
oblique but not dislocated, the polished outer half of the corium
beyond this line abruptly fuscous. Length about 4 mm.

Head more produced than in walshi, its length before the eye distinctly
more than the length of the eye, in walshi about the length of the eye;
base of the vertex depressed, sharply, slenderly carinate behind. Basal
segment of rostrum not exceeding the buccule. Pronotum polished; sides
almost parallel anterior to the middle or a little constricted at the middle,
the humeri angularly prominent; hind margin distinctly concavely arcu-

Vor. VIIT] VAN DUZEE—NEW SPECIES HEMIPTERA 291

ated; anterior narrowly depressed imitating an obscure collum. Elytra
parallel on basal half, much expanded posteriorly, the polished apical por-
tion of the corium strongly marked and covering only the costal half beyond
the second transverse line of silvery hairs; this line moderately oblique
and not at all dislocated on the clavus as in walshi. Antennz slender; first
segment about as long as the eye; second nearly as long as the head and
pronotum united, not obviously thicker at apex; third about one third the
length of second.

Color reddish or brownish fulvous, becoming pale on the elytra; disk
of the vertex and pronotum shading darker; extreme apex of the clavus
and polished area at apex of the corium fuscous. Scutellum and elytra
with the usual lines of deciduous silvery hairs; the basal line on the
corium short, the apical retreating somewhat at the costa and continuous on
the clavus. Cuneus fuscous with an oblique line of silvery hairs from near
the inner angle well toward the costa along the basal suture. Membrane
dark with a large smoky cloud. Beneath bright fulvous with the abdomen
piceous. Legs fulvous, the hind pair infuscated. Antenne reddish brown,
pale at base; (fourth segment wanting).

Described from two female examples; one taken at Colton,
Calif., May 28, 1917,the other from Alpine, San Diego County,
taken October 3, 1913. This is a small, clearly marked species
which may be distinguished by the slender antennz, long head,
short basal segment of the antennze and bicolored apex of the
corium.

Holotype (No. 412), female, from Colton, in collection of
the California Academy of Sciences.

Paratype, in collection of the author.

21. Pilophorus tomentosus, new species

Form of clavatus; dull cinnamon brown, rather densely
clothed with soft pale hairs; posterior silvery line not dislo-
cated on the clavus. Length 4% mm.

Head long, produced below the eye considerably more than the length
of the eye; base of the vertex but feebly depressed, the hind edge sharp
but scarcely carinated. First antennal segment barely attaining the apex
of the head; second as long as the head, pronotum and scutellum together,
moderately thickened at apex; third and fourth together three fourths
the length of second; fourth one half longer than third. Pronotum parallel
on anterior two thirds, then abruptly flaring to the humeri. Rostrum reach-
ing the tip of the hind coxe; first segment just surpassing the buccule.
Elytra a little narrower than in clavatus; moderately expanded at apex;
posterior line of silvery hairs a little oblique but not dislocated at the clavus.
Apical field of corium obscurely polished on costal half only.

Color a dull cinnamon brown, sometimes a little clearer on base of the
elytra and beneath, more or less tinged with red on the head, pronotum
and antenne. Apical portion of second and third antennal segments
fuscous, the fourth whitish, infuscated at apex. Scutellum with the usual
lateral and apical lines of silvery hairs. Posterior silvery line of the elytra
a little advanced at the commissure, not dislocated at claval suture. Pol-

292 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

ished apical area of the corium a very little darker. Basal submargin of
the cuneus with a cuneiform line of longer silvery hairs. Membrane ob-
scure with a fuscous median cloud. Venter with an oblique area of silvery
hairs on either side.

Described from three male and fourteen female examples
taken on willows at San Juan Capistrano, Calif., June 24, 1914.
The dull brownish color and pubescent surface will distinguish
this species.

Holotype and allotype in author’s collection.

Paratypes in collection of the California Academy of
Sciences and in that of the author.

22. Pilophorus tibialis, new species

Allied to clavatus and still more closely to cinnamopterus.
Second antennal segment gradually much thickened toward its
apex, third fuscous, fourth mostly white; posterior silvery line
on the elytra entire; hind tibiz flattened and curved ; membrane
with a fuscous area overrunning the areoles; apex of the
corium polished across its whole width. Length 5 mm.

Head shaped as in clavatus but somewhat broader at base; viewed from
before narrower and more pointed than in ama@nus; viewed from the side
more depressed and subcarinate below the eye, the apex surpassing the eye
by considerably more than the length of the eye; vertex deeply impressed
either side, the median line sometimes broadly, slightly carinate, not at all
sulcate ; the hind margin more strongly elevated than in either allied
species; cheeks pointed at apex, almost attaining the tip of the clypeus,
their sides feebly arquated. Antenne about as in ama@nus; the first segment
shorter and the third distinctly longer than in that species ; second longer
and more clavate than in clavatus, about as in amanus; fourth segment a
little shorter than third and about equal to first. Rostrum attaining tip
of intermediate cox, the basal segment reaching hardly more than half
way to the anterior angle of the eye. Pronotum about as in clavatus,
shorter and more finely rastrate than in amanus, distinctly impressed be-
tween the callosities. Elytra about as in ame@nus, the posterior silvery line
often a little sinuated but not dislocated at claval suture; corium beyond
this line polished across its whole width. Hind legs longer than in clavatus,
about as in ama@nus but with their tibie still broader and more curved in
both sexes, its width at the basal third nearly equal to the width of the
femora. Sinistral male clasper transverse, longer than broad, its apex
abruptly armed with a small acute, incurved tooth. In ama@nus this clasper
is more quadrangular with its apical hook scarcely more than an acute
tubercle while in clavatus this clasper is lunate with its apex flattened and
even broader than the base.

Color piceous-black, the elytra before the posterior silvery line dark
cinnamon brown; head, anterior portion of pronotum and beneath more or
less tinged with cinnamon; the anterior and intermediate tibiz, at least at
apex, paler; base of the vertex and clypeus infuscated in pale examples.
Antenne pale brown or tinged with castaneous, the clavate portion of the

Vor. VIII] VAN DUZEE—NEW SPECIES HEMIPTERA 293

second segment piceous; third infuscated, paler at base; fourth white,
minutely tipped with fuscous. Rostrum pale piceous. Posterior line of
silvery hairs on the elytra usually a little sinuated, not at all dislocated at
claval suture. Apex of clavus, corium behind the silvery line for its whole
width and the cuneus moderately polished and infuscated. Membrane in-
fuscated, with a deeper blackish cloud covering the larger areole and ad-
joining surface posteriorly. Raised disk of the scutellum bounded by the
usual lines of silvery hairs at each side and at the apex. Base of the hind
tarsi and often of the tibie paler brown.

Described from 32 examples, representing both sexes, taken
on coniferous trees at Cayton in eastern Shasta County, Calif.,
and at Sisson, Calif., July 15 to 2Z, 1918. These were much
more abundant on pines but were also taken on firs and cedars.
This species may be distinguished by the prominent base of the
vertex, the broad, curved hind tibize, and the fuscous third
and white fourth antennal segments. I have specimens from
Manitou, Colo., that do not differ from this species and Mr. W.
M. Giffard has taken it at Donner Lake, Placer County, Calif.,
at an elevation of 6000 feet. It is probably the common species
on pines throughout California.

Holotype (No. 413), male, and allotype (No. 414), female,
from Cayton, and paratypes in collection of the California
Academy of Sciences.

23. Pilophorus crassipes, new species

Allied to tibialis but with narrower hind tibiz; vertex with
a median sulcus; membrane with a blackish lunule behind the
areoles ; length 6 mm.

Head broad triangular and flattened much as in tibialis. Base of the
vertex much depressed; hind margin strongly elevated; median line sul-
cate; front of vertex with evident strie; apex of the cheeks narrowly
truncate, considerably exceeded by the clypeus; sides of the head bluntly
carinate before the eye as in the allied species. Second antennal segment
rather thicker than in either ama@nus or tibialis, becoming less abruptly
narrowed toward the base, thus giving the antenne a heavier look; third
segment nearly twice the length of first and almost as thick; fourth three
fourths the length of third and more slender. Rostrum attaining the hind
coxe; the basal segment much surpassing the buccule but not reaching
the base of the head. Pronotum broader than in tibialis and amanus; as
wide as the head across the eyes; disk posteriorly strongly rugose-shag-
reened. Posterior line of silvery hairs on elytra entire, not dislocated at
claval suture; the surface of the clavus and corium behind this line and the
cuneus polished. Hind tibiz long, flattened and curved but not so strongly
as in tibialis, its greatest width about half that of the femora. Upper sur-
face, of the elytra at least, clothed with scattering short erect stiff fuscous
hairs.

294 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SeER-

Color piceous-black, becoming more brownish on head and antenne, the
thickened apical portion of the second segment shading to darker piceous;
fourth segment white with only the tip dusky. Lines of silvery hairs on the
scutellum and elytra more slender than in the allied forms, the posterior
straight and entire, not dislocated on claval suture. Membrane paler than
in the allied forms, with a broad fuscous lunule at apex of the larger
areole.

Described from a male from Glen Echo, Md., July 20, a
female from Washington, D. C., June 15, both taken by the
late Otto Heidemann and determined by him as “Pilophorus
crassipes Uhl. MS.”, and a female taken by myself at Riverton,
N. J., August 17, 1902. Most of my material in both this
species and the next, including specimens determined by Dr.
Uhler, was sent to Dr. Reuter for study but a short time before
his death and has never found its way back to me. These
species however are very distinct and can safely be described
from scant material. Both were listed by Heidemann in 1892
(Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., ii, p. 225), but his comparative notes
do not form a proper description of the species. P. crassipes
is common on pine throughout the east.

Holotype, female, from Wash., D. C., and allotype, male,
from Glen Echo, in collection of the author. Paratype in col-
lection of the California Academy of Sciences.

24. Pilophorus letus, new species

Size and aspect of discretus but very distinct from all our
other species by the abruptly clavate second antennal segment.
Length 344 mm.

Head large; viewed from before broadly rounded at apex with the
narrow pointed clypeus projecting a little below the cheeks. Face convex;
vertex with a median sulcus, scarcely depressed at base, the hind edge
very slenderly carinate. Sides of the head strongly, obtusely carinate be-
yond the eyes. Antenne slender; the apical one third of second segment
abruptly, strongly clavate. Rostrum reaching the hind coxe, the first seg-
ment hardly attaining the base of the head. Pronotum short, sides parallel
anteriorly, the humeri angularly produced but not wider than the head
across the eyes. Elytra much expanded at apex; anterior silvery line
oblique, posterior interrupted from the cubital vein almost to the claval
suture, not dislocated on clavus; Apex of the clavus and corium beyond this
line for their whole width and the cuneus polished, the latter with a silvery
point at its inner angle.

‘Color piceous or more or less castaneous, becoming paler on the head
antenne and legs. Club of second antennal segment piceous, preceded by
a paler space; third segment white, fuscous at tip, (fourth segment want-
ing). Base of elytra bright cinnamon as in amanus. Membrane a little

Vor. VIII) VAN DUZEE—NEW SPECIES HEMIPTERA 295

fuliginous with a large fuscous cloud centered at the apex of the areoles.
Base of the anterior coxe, much of the posterior, and base of the tarsi
whitish.

Described from one female example collected by Mr. Otto
Heidemann at Rock Creek, D. C., June 20, 1890, and deter-
mined by him as “Pilophorus letus Uhl.” I took one male at
Washington, D. C., June 25, 1905, and a female at Woodbine,
N. J., August 21, 1902, but both are now too imperfect to be
used as types.

_ Holotype in collection of the author.

The following key will distinguish our recorded North
American species of Pilophorus :

Third antennal segment with the apical one third abruptly clavate;
posterior silvery line interrupted on the corium, not dislocated at
claval suture; length 334 mm... ..0...0ces00000+ letus, new species

Third antennal segment gradually thickened toward the apex or nearly
MSNA oy oss ascarohcp sca esses oreen’s ead lees elens ote fe oienete ra ere oreo ole erelekestare ASE oO 1

1. Third antennal segment linear or practically so; posterior silvery
line entire, a little oblique; length 4 mm.....discretus, new species

-. Third antennal segment obviously thicker at apex...............--.

. Third antennal segment but little thickened at apex................

-. Third antennal segment much thickened at apex, clavate; apex of
elytrassmooth length, 5° to) mimes nesses soso sce. s.cenoenacne

3. Surface clothed with rather long appressed grey hairs..............

-. Surface smooth or with scattering stiff hairs; apex of corium pol-
ished exterior to cubital vein only; posterior silvery line dislo-
Cate dee RES see iwisats leat ela te sien miata ROO Deh nah skin a ee 5

4. Apex of corium polished across its whole width; posterior silvery
line, dislocatedVat-the iclaviusa.. o.. see cteearnees schwarzi Reut.

-. Apex of corium polished exterior to cubital vein only; posterior
Silvery. line entire 2.06 eee seem emis tomentosus, new species

5. Length about 314 mm.; basal segment of rostrum scarcely surpassing
the buccule; base of fourth antennal segment broadly pale........
Neneh Sa Rena a eRe eet rts Gin ona ts Sis bre walshi Uhl.

-. Length 5 mm.; basal segment of rostrum nearly attaining base of
head; base of fourth antennal segment very narrowly pale........
OE en Pa ee Ean ee a abo Sob Ho toe o atthe clavatus Linn,

6. Elytra comparatively broad, but little widened apically; hind tibie
normal; fourth antennal segment white with apex black.........

Le schste iy HOSEL Ie hah Caters ERE EE aa pe neo S cinnamopterus Kb.

~. Elytra more expanded apically; hind tibize flattened and more or less
Tebt aiatt flee Sry eRt RAT otto a brett tetas UGidd Ul eclectic. So me coe eee 7

7. Third antennal segment white; base of vertex scarcely elevated, its
Mle diatiliti| SUL Gate we. cijerseseteeleimneieiere series « sels amenus Uhl.

= hird antennalisegment fuscous:omblackaecccicrie< oc Ae oe ots elene see &

8. Base of vertex sulcate; membrane with a blackish lunule at apex of
the areoles; elytra clothed with short, stiff, erect hairs......... te
aE Pepe EE cornoceascoanen vdarecaccone crassipes, new species

-. Base of vertex not sulcate; membrane with a large blackish cloud
covering the larger areole and invading the surface beyond; elytra
SIMOO Ch Harpe cine ea celts eecsioeie telacteree oer retorniens tibialis, new species

nN

AO wn

296 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Srp.

25. Lopidea occidentalis, new species

Closely allied to media Say and apparently the western rep-
resentative of that species; above sanguineous, scutellum, cal-
losities, antennze and markings on the head black; right clasper
of male without subapical tooth. Length 5% mm.

Structural characters very near to those of media. Vertex a little fuller
and more convex. Antenne shorter, as long as from apex of head to base
of cuneus. Dextral clasper of male broad, strap-shaped as in media but
without the subapical tooth, the basal tooth shorter, more slender and in-
curved from near its base, just attaining the base of the dorsal tooth of
the pygofer; this median dorsal tooth on the pygofer is much larger in
the present species, surpassing the anal tube, slender and hooked at apex.
Sinistral clasper elongate-triangular, acute at superior apical angle; fringed
ventrally with long pale hairs. In media the dextral clasper is armed with
a produced tooth before its apex dorsally; the basal tooth is very long,
curved, and fully equals the dorsal tooth of the pygofer; this dorsal tooth
much shorter and armed with an apical hook; the sinistral clasper, also, is
bilobed, both lobes being broadly rounded at apex.

Color sanguineous as in media; clypeus, two longitudinal areas on the
vertex and its base black, these markings sometimes extended so as to cover
most of the surface. Callosities black, contiguous. Scutellum black tinged
with red at apex. Clavus and inner field of corium more or less infuscated,
darker in the male. Membrane blackish, iridescent, the nervures black.
Antennz and legs black or nearly so, the femora invaded with pale at apex.
Sternum and middle of venter more or less clouded with black, the male
genitalia red. Rostrum piceous, reaching the hind coxe.

Described from 39 specimens, representing both sexes, taken
at Palm Springs, Calif., May 19, 1917, on Croton californicus,
found growing near the mouth of Andreas’ Canyon. The
male genital characters and shorter antenne will distinguish
this species from its eastern ally. The general color, also, 1s
deeper, more as in reuteri and cesar.

Holotype (No. 415), male, allotype (No. 416), female, and
paratypes in collection of the California Academy of Sciences.

26. Hadronema infans, new species

Small, black; posterior lobe of pronotum and elytra dull
sanguineous; inner field of corium obscured, the membrane
black; length 344-4 mm.

Head as in picta, the basal impression of the vertex deep; antennz short,
as long as from apex of head to base of cuneus. Basal lobe of scutellum
covered by the pronotum, the apical lobe convex, without a basal depres-
sion. Rostrum attaining the apex of hind coxe; tip of venter reaching
to apex of the cuneus. Male genital characters distinctive. Dextral clasper
elongate-conical, curved and almost hooked at apex which passes just above

Vor. VIII) VAN DUZEE—NEW SPECIES HEMIPTERA 297

the apex of the sinistral clasper; this sinistral clasper convex, ligulate,
rounded at tip and incurved against the apex of the genital segment; both
claspers with a few long stiff hairs ventrally.

Color black, more or less covered with a white bloom, especially on the
head and pronotum; head obscurely marked with pale next the eyes and on
the cheeks. Posterior lobe of pronotum and elytra obscure sanguineous,
paler on the humeri and base of the corium; the clavus and inner field of
the corium obscured or blackish. Scutellum blackish; membrane black;
sides of venter more or less tinged with reddish. Upper surface sparsely
clothed with very short appressed pale hairs.

Described from 69 examples taken at Palm Springs, Calif.,
May 22, 1917, on Dalea emoryi found growing on the floor of
the desert a mile or two east of town. This species is nearest
picta in size and genital characters but is very distinct from
any previously described species.

Holotype (No. 417), male, allotype (No. 418), female, and
paratypes in collection of California Academy of Sciences.

27. Hadronema albescens, new species

Allied to decorata Uhl.; white or almost lead-color; head,
base of antennz, scutellum and femora fulvous; inner angle of
corium with a blackish spot; length 4 mm.

Head about as in militaris, the vertex flatter than in robusta. Rostrum
attaining the middle of intermediate cox, its first segment scarcely sur-
passing the base of the head. Antenne about as in robusta; second and
third segments equal in length; first and fourth subequal, the first thickened
and fusiform. Pronotum rather less roughened than in the allied species,
the callosities large but not prominent; anterior margin showing a flat
membranous expansion covering the base of the head but this cannot
properly be designated as a collum and becomes a mere margin in the
allied forms; carinate lateral margins obtuse; humeral angles rather prom-
inent. Scutellum flattened. Elytra parallel; costal margin sharply distin-
guished and narrowly foliaceous; cuneus unusually long and narrow.
Upper surface of the pronotum, scutellum, clavus, and disk of the corium
clothed with scattering stiff fuscous hairs springing from fuscous dots;
sides of corium and cuneus with a softer white pubescence. Legs long,
the tibize armed with long stiff black bristles, much longer than the thick-
ness of the member. Male genital characters obscure. Dextral clasper
broad, flat, bent in its own plane at about the middle and truncate at apex;
sinistral clasper produced in a long acute black spine.

‘Color white or somewhat lead-color; head, scutellum and coxe of a pale
dull fulvous, the borders of the eyes, cheeks, lorze and bucculze white; basal
segment of the antenne and femora of a deeper fulvous. Antenne, except
basal segment, rostrum, tibiz and tarsi black; the base of the second anten-
nal segment, of the rostrum and of the tibie paler or fulvous; pronotum,
venter, clavus and disk of the corium more or less darkened or lead-color
and punctured with fuscous at base of the black hairs. Inner angle of
corium with a transverse blackish spot not passing the radial vein. Mem-
brane white, somewhat infuscated in the areoles, the veins blackish. Hind
femora and pygofer of the female blackish at base.

298 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

Described from 80 examples representing both sexes, taken
on Dalea emoryi at Palm Springs, Calif., May 18-22, 1917. A
few examples were also captured on a species of Atriplex where
they probably were resting. This is identical with the ‘‘imma-
ture variety” (No. 777) mentioned by Dr. Uhler in his de-
scription of Hadronema decorata but it is a very distinct species.
It is still nearer H. splendida Gibson (Can. Ent., 1, p. 84,
1918) but is sufficiently distinct.

Holotype (No. 419), male, allotype (No. 420), female, and
paratypes in collection of the California Academy of Sciences.

28. Orthotylus hamatus, new species

Form and size of languidus nearly; clear light green; mem-
brane uniformly whitish hyaline; length 6 mm.

Elongate oval, rather broad, nearly smooth, clothed only with very
minute pale pubescence. Vertex flattened across the base in the male,
scarcely so in the female, the basal carina sharp. Front moderately convex,
less so in the male; characters of the head about as in languidus; clypeus
prominent; antenne short; second segment distinctly shorter than in
languidus, hardly longer than the basal width of the pronotum. Pronotum
about as in languidus, its length one half its basal width; sides straight;
callosities large, oval, widely separated; hind margin concavely arcuated.
Elytral costa slightly arcuated. Apex of abdomen reaching to middle of
cuneus in the male, to its apex in the female. Rostrum attaining the pos-
terior margin of the metasternum; first segment slightly surpassing the
base of the head. Dextral clasper of male broad, strap-shaped, truncate at
its incurved apex, its base broadly extended dorsally and armed with a
sharp curved hook which is parallel to and about half as long as the broad
ventral portion, Sinistral clasper linear, subterete, attaining the apex of
the ventral plate of the genital segment. This genital conformation is very
nearly as in languidus with the addition of the sharp parallel dorsal hook
added to the dextral clasper.

Color a pale clear bluish green deepened along the clavale suture; head
and breast sometimes paler; membrane whitish hyaline, very slightly infus-
cated in the male, the apical margin slenderly darker. Eyes and tip of the
tarsi and rostrum black. Antenne tinged with yellow and somewhat in-
fuscated at apex.

Described from three male and seven female examples taken
on willows growing by the river above Colton, Calif., May 28,
1917, and one female taken at Soboba Springs near San
Jacinto, Calif., June 2, 1917.

This species may be distinguished from lan guidus by its more
pronounced green color, the darker line along the claval suture,
the uniformly hyaline membrane and especially by the want of

Vou. VIII] VAN DUZEE—NEW SPECIES HEMIPTERA 299

the conspicuous long pale hairs clothing the upper surface of
that species.

Holotype (No. 421), male, allotype (No. 422), female,
and paratypes in collection of the California Academy of
Sciences.

29. Orthotylus albocostatus, new species

Aspect of uniforms ; closely allied to fraternus but larger and
broader with the costal margin of the elytra quite broadly
whitish; length 5-514 mm.

Head about as in uniformis, longer and more oblique than in fraternus;
length below the eye distinctly greater than the greatest length of the
eye; clypeus very prominent and convex; vertex but little flattened, the
carina feeble. Pronotum short, transverse; humeri prominent, flattened;
sides sharply carinate; callosities but little elevated, in the female dis-
tinguished by a transverse depression. Elytra long, the costa feebly arcu-
ated in the male, more strongly in the female; cuneus in the male much
elongated, Rostrum reaching the apex of the intermediate coxe. Antenne
about as in fraternus; first segment thicker, armed within near the apex
with two or three stiff fuscous hairs which are longer than the thickness
of the segment; second segment distinctly longer than the basal width of
the pronotum; third nearly equal to second; fourth hardly longer than
first. Surface clothed with soft white hairs which become scale-like and
conspicuous on the pronotum and head and are intermixed with stiffer
fuscous ones on the elytra interior to the radial vein. Male genitalia small;
dextral clasper nearly circular, pedicellate; sinistral scarcely twice ithe size
of the dextral, transverse or a little oblique.

Color pale dull green, becoming still paler on the head and pronotum and
darker on the clavus. Pronotum and scutellum with an obscurely paler
median line; costal margin to the radial vein whitish hyaline, this pale
margin fading out on the cuneus. Membrane moderately infuscated, paler
in the areoles, the veins pale or green. Antenne green at base becoming
infuscated at apex. Tip of rostrum, apex of tarsi and tibial bristles black.

Described from twelve male and nine female examples taken
at Keen Camp, San Jacinto Mountains, Calif., June 12, 1917,
on a species of Gilia with slender foliage, and one male taken in
Muir Woods, Marin county, Calif., May 19, 1915. This form
may be distinguished among our green species by its long head,
the pale costal margin and the fact that the brown hairs on the
elytra are found only on the surface interior to the radial vein.

Holotype (No. 423), male, and allotype (No. 424), female,
from Keen Camp in collection of the California Academy of
Sciences.

Paratypes in the collection of the Academy and in that of the
author.

300 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

30. Parthenicus covillez, new species

Aspect of picicollis but paler; fulvous yellow with uniformly
black membrane; length 3-4 mm.

Head somewhat less produced than in picicollis, the extension below the
eye rather less than the greatest width of the eye; clypeus prominent with
a deep depression between its base and the apex of the front. Antenne
similar to those of picicollis; first segment thickened, scarcely surpassing
the apex of the head; second subequal to third and fourth united. Elytral
costa very slightly arcuated. Upper surface clothed with long stiff concol-
orous or pale hairs becoming blackish on the disk of the elytra and some-
what matted about the apex of the clavus giving that place a blackish aspect
in perfect examples. Male claspers small, rounded when viewed from the
side; the dextral subacute and oblique; the sinistral produced along the
ventral wall of the segment to its apex.

Color a soiled yellowish fulvous, more or less tinged with red, in fully
colored examples showing a transverse band covering the scutellum, base of
the elytra and the cuneus, reddish. Membrane uniformly deep fuscous,
the nervures red; sometimes there is a small paler lunule at the apex of the
cuneus. Legs and antenne paler, the basal segment of the latter more
reddish. Tarsal claws black. Abdomen of the male sometimes tinged
with green.

Described from 27 examples, representing both sexes, taken
on creasote bush, Covillea mexicana, at Palm Springs and Coa-
chella, Calif., May 18-21, 1917, where it was abundant and just
reaching maturity. The uniformly yellowish color and blackish
membrane will distinguish this species. Only the most fully
colored individuals show indications of sanguineous irrora-
tions in the reddish areas on the base of the elytra and cuneus.

Holotype (No. 425), male from Palm Springs, allotype
(No. 426), female from Coachella, and paratypes in collection
of the California Academy of Sciences.

31. Parthenicus candidus, new species

Closely allied to vaccini, the femora wanting the fuscous
dotting but marked with a few black points; white, dotted with
black; base of scutellum and thickened vein at base of mem-
brane sanguineous; membrane white with two marginal spots
and a few discal points brown; length 3-314 mm.

Male: Head short, vertical; produced below the eye for less than the
width of the eye; clypeus prominent; its basal incisure distinct. Antenne
as in vaccim; first segment but little surpassing the apex of the head,
thicker, armed near the apex with two black bristles set in black dots; sec-
ond as long as basal width of pronotum; third two thirds the length of
second; fourth hardly longer than basal. Rostrum attaining the middle
of the venter, the first segment passing the middle of the anterior coxe.

Vor. VIIT) VAN DUZEE—NEW SPECIES HEMIPTERA 301

Pronotum a little broader with the sides more oblique than in vaccint;
more strongly depressed anteriorly, the callosities obscure. Basal lobe of
scutellum somewhat exposed, Elytral costa feebly arcuated. Claspers
similar to those of vaccini. Sinistral narrow, lying along the ventral wall
of the segment and reaching to its middle line. Dextral terete, slender,
curved and overlapping the sinistral a little. In all specimens before me
this clasper is lifted free from the margin and this may be its normal
position.

Color a dead white becoming soiled or testaceous on the head and
anterior lobe of pronotum; surface of pronotum minutely dotted with
brown omitting its posterior disk. Basal lobe of scutellum clouded
with sanguineous which color may invade the base of the posterior
lobe. Elytra dotted with black, these dots arranged somewhat in
lines, two rows of seven each on the clavus being quite regular; those
of the corium paler and more confused, towards the apex carrying
brown hairs. Apex of the clavus with a pencil of black hairs and there
are three similar clusters on the cuneus, one at its basal angle and two
beyond the middle of the inner margin. Thickened vein at base of the
membrane sanguineous. Membrane clear white with two fuscous
clouds on the apical margin and a few faint brown points on the disk,
the veins white. Antenne with a black point near the apex of the first
segment and three or four fainter dots on the second, sometimes obsolete.
Femora with a few black points, one near the apex of the hind pair being
larger. Tibie strongly dotted.

Female sometimes brachypterous, then ovate with a shorter pronotum
and a soiled white color, more strongly spotted and wanting the sanguin-
eous marks. The macropterous female similar to the male.

Described from three male and three female examples taken
on Hymenoclea salsola at Coachella, Calif., May 16, 1917, and
at Palm Springs, May 21, 1917. This species is very close to
vaccini from Massachusetts but the difference in the food-plant
and locality in addition to color characters would seem to war-
rant its separation; vaccini has the femora infuscated or ir-
rorate at apex and the disk of the pronotum and scutellum
evenly dotted; it also wants the sanguineous markings and has
the dotting of the elytra confined to the corium and fainter and
more irregular, and the disk of the membrane without brown
points. Both have the pale hairy vestiture.

Holotype (No. 427), male, allotype (No. 428), female,
and paratypes in collection of the California Academy of
Sciences.

Our eight species of Parthenicus may be distinguished by
the following key:

Golor} including: the membrane; swhite sae letecrmtocieleis oc. eeree aa. s s7e.s/siaie 1
Color pale, usually irrorate with sanguineous or mostly sanguineous;
Membrane LUSCOUS OT MOStlyASO Besiccioaisleresereete|s ++ «0.0.62 nieisienieeois 2

1, Femora irrorate with fuscous at apex; elytral dots omitting the
clavus; disk of pronotum and scutellum dotted; no red markings,
Easterns «OM V ACCIMUMnsraicie.ciotsiate sislavacke siete oieveioiets eo 5: vaccini V. D.

302 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.

-. Femora with a few black points; clavus with two rows of black
points; disk of pronotum and scutellum free from points; base of
scutellum and basal vein of membrane sanguineous, western, on

ymenocled: (te osaanegens semen seein candidus, new species
2. Membrane fuscous with two pale marginal spots beyond the cuneus. 3
=, Membrane uniformly fuscous)...¢... 200. ecw sk eanawelne ee ences 4

3. Tibiez minutely dotted with sanguineous; inner angle of elytra infus-
cated, the surface minutely dotted with sanguineous; membrane
faintly ented 6c. smceu,eceeiiecicaeen vee theres psalloides Reut.

-. Tibiz coarsely dotted with fusco-sanguineous; elytra uniformly
more coarsely dotted with sanguineous or washed with that color;
membrane deeply enfumed, the paler spots contrasted. .ruber V. D.

4. General color white or pale salmon with a sanguineous band cross-
ing the scutellum and base of elytra; without sanguineous irrora-

tions; hind femora fusco-sanguineous.............. giffardi V. D.

—. General color croceus or testaceous, usually irrorate with sanguin-
e€OuS' Or mostly SANPUINEOUS......0..2.2 s:0.c05 00sec canes caeneceeceen' 5,

5. Pronotum and scutellum piceous-brown; elytra sanguineous or
heavily irrorate with that color................5+5 picicollis V. D.

—. Pronotum and scutellum not colored differently from elytra........ 6

6. Testaceous, irrorate with sanguineous; femora heavily irrorate,
vididus atiaiaraiaromaanral aa lepine Gre vorateraya. Sagem Sw Sree tn Sidin eis areislee soror V. D.

—. Croceus, without irrorations; base of elytra and cuneus sometimes
sanguineous; femora concolorous........... coville@, new species

32. Psallus croceus, new species

Aspect of seriatus but more brightly colored; whitish, thickly
sprinkled with bright croceus; membrane irrorate; length
3-34 mm.

Head short, projecting below the eye for a distance equal to the greatest
width of the eye; clypeus broad, poorly distinguished. Antenne normal
for the genus; first segment scarcely surpassing the apex of the head;
second nearly equal to the basal width of the pronotum; third and fourth
together not longer than second; third one fourth longer than the fourth.
Pronotum short and broad, but slightly declinate; its length two-fifths its
basal width; sides feebly arcuate; hind margin a little concavely arcuate;
callosities small. Basal lobe of scutellum exposed; costal margin of elytra
feebly arcuated. Hind femora broad, flattened. Dextral male clasper
long, curved and tapering, transverse, reaching across the genital segment;
sinistral porrect, triangular, flattened, but little shorter than the dextral.

Color testaceous-white ; upper surface closely sprinkled with rather large
orange dots, the disk of the cuneus quite strongly tinged with orange.
Membrane whitish hyaline, sparsely sprinkled with pale fuscous dots;
veins and a large spot at apex of cuneus white, the latter bordered behind
by a fuscous cloud; areoles infuscated about their margins, shading to
hyaline on their basal disk; hind femora usually with a few dusky dots,
about three of which are larger and persistent. Tibie armed with a few
stout bristles, posterior with a row of large black dots; the anterior and
intermediate with a few small dots toward their base. Base of the female
oviduct sometimes infuscated. Upper surface clothed with stiff somewhat
appressed pale hairs.

Described from six male and eight female examples taken on
a sycamore tree in Andreas’ Canyon at Palm Springs, Calif.,

Vor. VIIT) VAN DUZEE—NEW SPECIES HEMIPTERA 303

May 19, 1917. The coarse orange dotting of this species will
serve to distinguish it.

Holotype (No. 429), male, allotype (No. 430), female,
and paratypes in collection of the California Academy of
Sciences.

33. Atomoscelis peregrinus, new species

Color and aspect of Sthenarus cuncotinctus but aside from
generic characters it may be distinguished by its larger size and
uniformly pale antennz and legs; pale greenish with red
cuneus ; length 31% mm.

Head short, broad, vertical; clypeus prominent, abruptly bent so the
apex is inferior and almost horizontal; its base on the line connecting the
antenne, the suture distinct; apex of head forming a right-angle; gula
wanting; vertex broad, moderately convex, ecarinate at base. Antenne
reaching nearly to tip of clavus; basal segment thick, not surpassing apex
of head; second as long as the pronotum and half the scutellum, two fifths
the basal width of the pronotum. Rostrum a little surpassing the hind
cox in female, attaining the fifth ventral segment in male. Pronotum
short, trapezoidal, sides strongly oblique; callosities small, distinct; base
of scutellum covered. Elytra parallel or nearly so. Hind femora salta-
torial, broadly flattened. Surface above clothed with minute deciduous
scale-like white hairs. -Male claspers large, broad, plate-like; the dextral
nearly a parallelogram with its apex oblique and produced above; sinistral
transverse with its dorsal and ventral angles subacute.

‘Color pale yellowish becoming greenish on the elytra and abdomen or
at times altogether greenish; cuneus red; tarsi tipped with black, the legs
otherwise immaculate.

Described from two male and thirty-one female examples
taken on Dalea schottii at Coachella, Calif., May 16, 1917. At
Palm Springs it was also taken in numbers, with its young, on
this Dalea and on Krameria canescens.

Holotype (No. 431), male, allotype (No. 432), female,
from Coachella, and paratypes in collection of the California
Academy of Sciences.

34. Tuponia lucida, new species

Pale tender green with subhyaline elytra; hind tibiz dotted
with black; length about 4 mm.

Head short, vertical, somewhat produced, the facial angle being a little
less than a right angle; produced below the eye for almost the length of
the eye. Vertex broad, quite convex, ecarinate at base. Clypeus broad,
flat at base with the basal suture nearly obsolete; rounded and prominent

304 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.

at apex; gula scarcely indicated. Rostrum reaching hind cox; first seg-
ment attaining base of head. Basal segment of antennz scarcely surpassing
apex of head; second almost as long as basal width of pronotum, a little
longer than third and fourth together; fourth two thirds of third. Prono-
tum short, transverse; its length two fifths its basal width, the sides a little
rounding to the anterior angles; callosities narrow, well defined. Elytral
costa very slightly arcuated. Dextral male clasper elongated, obtuse, about
four times wider than long, just passing the middle of the genital segment;
sinistral porrect, triangular, transversely convex.

Color pale or whitish green, sometimes tinged with yellow on the head;
the elytra subhyaline. Membrane whitish hyaline, highly iridescent; veins
pale green. Antenne slightly infuscated at apex. Tibi dotted with black,
these dots on the anterior and intermediate very small; apex of tarsi
black. Upper surface clothed with soft white hairs.

Described from one male and seven female examples taken
on willows along the Tahquitz trail in the village of Palm
Springs, Calif., May 21, 1917. This form may be distinguished
by its uniform pale green color and spotted tibize. Its longer
head and uniform coloring will distinguish it from our other
species of Tuponia.

Holotype (No. 433), male, allotype (No. 434), female, and
paratypes in collection of the California Academy of Sciences.

35. Tuponia dubiosa, new species

Very close to /ucida; smaller, proportionately broader and
more deeply colored; light green, membrane immaculate; hind
femora broader and more distinctly dotted, the tibial dots
smaller; length 3 mm.

Characters of head about as in /ucida but with the vertex obviously nar-
rower; basal segment of rostrum not passing the base of the head; hind
femora broader than in Jucida, subovate.

Color more distinctly green than in lucida, more tinged with soiled
fulvous on the head and beneath, especially on hind femora and sides of
abdomen. Femora minutely but distinctly dotted with brown, the dots
on the anterior and intermediate sometimes almost obsolete; tibiz white.
the tibial spines pale, springing from minute black points which are much
smaller than in Jucida. Membrane whitish hyaline, immaculate or appar-
ently so. Upper surface clothed with soft white hairs. Base of oviduct
infuscated.

Described from six female examples taken on palo verde
at Coachella, Calif.. May 16, 1917. Although very close to
lucida this form seems to be distinct by its smaller size, less
elongated form, deeper color, immaculate membrane and nearly
impunctate tibize.

Holotype (No. 435), female, and paratypes in collection of
California Academy of Sciences.

Vor. VIIT VAN DUZEE—NEW SPECIES HEMIPTERA 305

36. Plagiognathus pictipes, new species

Above pale greenish becoming yellowish on the head; be-
neath and legs piceous or almost castaneous, somewhat irrorate
with pale; abdomen green; length 3 mm.

Head narrower than in Europiella stigmosa, but little more than half the
basal width of the pronotum, vertical before, the face scarcely inferior as in
Europiella; clypeus but little prominent, the basal suture distinct but not
deep, a little above the insertion of the antenne; facial angle rather less
than a right angle; gula none. Rostrum attaining the base of the inter-
mediate cox; basal segment dilated, just passing the base of the head.
Antenne short; first segment hardly attaining apex of clypeus; second as
long as the width of head across the eyes; third two thirds the length of
second; fourth two thirds of third. Pronotum but little declinate ante-
riorly, the callosities obvious but not prominent; basal lobe of scutellum
covered. ‘Costal margin of elytra but feebly arcuated; the abdomen of the
female reaching half way from tip of cuneus to apex of membrane. Hind
femora broad, compressed; hind tarsi with the third segment scarcely
longer than second. Characters of male claspers obscure, the sinistral
small, transverse.

‘Color above pale greenish or whitish, becoming yellowish or even fulvous
on the head; beneath clear pale green marked with fuscous or dark cas-
taneous on lower surface of head and on the breast. Legs whitish, coarsely,
irregularly dotted with blackish castaneous, at times becoming almost en-
tirely black, especially on the hind femora; all the tibiae white with white
spines springing from small black points; tarsal claws black; oviduct of
female sometimes infuscated. Apex of the antenne infuscated, the basal
segment more or less marked with castaneous. Elytra immaculate greenish.
Membrane whitish hyaline, faintly irrorate with dusky, nervures pale.
Wings whitish hyaline, highly iridescent.

Described from one male and nine female examples taken at
Coachella, Calif., near the railway station, May 13, 1916. The
single male is immature indicating that as in decolor the male
appears later than the female. This species like decolor has the
aspect and general characters of Europiella but the form of the
head and pronotum are those of Plagiognathus. In a measure
they seem to connect these two genera. In the present species
the upper surface is clothed with matted white hairs with some
longer fuscous ones intermixed on the corium and cuneus.

Holotype (No. 436), female, allotype (No. 437), male, and
paratypes in collection of the California Academy of Sciences.

37. Europiella sparsa, new species

A small thick-set pale greenish white insect, thickly clothed
above with deciduous scale-like white hairs intermixed on the
elytra with longer fuscous ones; femora and tibie dotted;
length 3 mm.

306 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H SER.

Head broad and short, its width across the eyes three fourths that of the
basal margin of the pronotum; nearly vertical, the face below somewhat
inferior; its apex, viewed from the side, broad and square; produced below
the eye for a distance almost equal to the length of the eye; clypeus flattish,
poorly distinguished, its basal suture indistinct but obvious, on a line dis-
tinctly above the base of the antenne; gula wanting. Rostrum attaining
the hind coxe; basal segment expanded reaching the base of the head.
Antenne short; basal segment about reaching apex of clypeus; second
equal to the width of the head across the eyes; third about two thirds of
second; fourth one half the third. Pronotum short and broad, feebly
convex; sides but little oblique, feebly arcuated; hind margin straight:
callosities indistinct. Basal field of scutellum covered. Elytra short and
broad; costa distinctly arcuated. Hind femora broad and much flattened;
third segment of hind tarsi scarcely longer than the second. Male genital
characters obscure, the sinistral clasper small and transverse.

‘Color obscure testaceous-white, sometimes tinged with yellow or green,
especially on the head and abdomen. Antenne becoming infuscated on
their apical half; Femora with a few large scattering brown dots toward
their apex, more apparent on the hind pair and less conspicuous in the
male, these dots tending to form a line near the lower margin. Tibie
white, armed with large conspicuous black spines set in black dots. Eyes,
apex of the tarsi and of the rostrum black. Oviduct of female more or
less infuscated. Lower surface of male sometimes infuscated. Upper sur-
face clothed with closely set silvery scale-like deciduous hairs, intermixed
on the elytra with longer fuscous ones. Membrane immaculate.

Described from 10 male and 14 female examples taken on
Atriplex at Coachella, Palm Springs and Soboba Springs,
Calif., May 13, to June 2, 1917. Among our pale species sparsa
may be distinguished by the stout black tibial spines and the
sparse coarse dotting of the femora.

Holotype (No. 438), male, allotype (No. 439), female,
and paratypes in collection of the California Academy of
Sciences.

38. Catonia helene, new species

Form and size of majusculus; cinereous varied with fuscous
and croceus; front with an interrupted black band at base and
an indefinite area at apex; length 7-8 mm.

Vertex nearly square, a little wider posteriorly; carine prominent; an-
terior margin feebly rounded, passage to the front abrupt; basal margin
scarcely angled. Front narrow, much wider at apex; sides straight; carine
prominent; clypeus more convex with conspicuous carine. Elytra long and
parallel; venation distinct; stigma about twice longer than wide and
crossed at its basal third by an oblique suture, the margin beyond with
three small areoles. Lateral plates of the female genital segment short,
transverse, their hind edge feebly sinuated and their inner angle obtuse.
Plates of the male lanceolate-triangular, acute at apex, their inner basal
angles approaching, exteriorly fringed with short pale hairs; median valve
produced in a long slender tooth which attains the middle of the plates.

Color soiled yellowish testaceous, tinged with fulvous on the front,
mesonotum and elytral nervures. Fove of the vertex and pronotum in-

Vor. VIII) VAN DUZEE—NEW SPECIES HEMIPTERA 307

fuscated, those of the front black at base and infuscated at apex next the
clypeus. Cheeks, pleural pieces and basal angles of the mesonotum marked
with black; median compartments of the mesonotum clouded with black
at base and again beyond the middle. Elytra cinereous becoming whitish
at apex, with pale fulvous nervures, dotted and maculated with fuscous,
the larger spots omitting the clavus and forming about three transverse
vitte on the corium; costal area with an elongated blackish spot near the
base, a small one at apex and two well defined spots between; the apical
two thirds of the stigma black; membranal portion mostly immaculate.
Abdomen more or less clouded with fuscous on its disk; legs pale. Basal
segment of the antenne pale yellowish. Ocelli fulvous.

Described from 35 specimens, representing both sexes, taken
on the dead reflexed leaves of the California fan palm, Wash-
ingtonia filifera, in Andreas’ Canyon at Palm Springs, Calif.,
May 9, 1917. I have dedicated this interesting species to my
wife, Helen Van Duzee, in recognition of her enthusiastic inter-
est in entomological pursuits. This is our largest Catonia and
quite distinct from any other known to me. It seems to be
confined to this palm and to find its sustenance among the dead
foliage only, as I was unable to obtain any from the living
leaves.

Holotype (No. 440), male, allotype (No. 441), female,
and paratypes in collection of the California Academy of
Sciences.

39. Catonia necopina, new species

Allied to nervata and albocostata; dark fuscous-brown with
the vertex and pronotum paler; costal and apical veins of the
elytra whitish; length 5-5% mm.

Vertex short, rounding over to the base of the front, the lateral carine
forming a subacute angle before; base angularly emarginate. Front a little
convex in both diameters, very slightly widened toward the clypeus with
the sides feebly arcuated; sides acute but scarcely elevated; median carina
obsolete; barely indicated at the clypeal suture; surface closely uniformly
punctured as is also the clypeus, the latter with an indistinct median carina.
Pronotum as in the allied forms. Mesonotum closely evenly punctured,
the carine obtuse, nearly parallel. Elytra deep smoky subhyaline without
reticulations or dots, the nervures distinct. Costal margin with but three
areoles between the stigmatal and transverse veins. Lateral plates of the
female genital segment transverse-quadrangular, their inner angles sub-
acute; plates of the male about twice longer than wide, parallel, their
apices obliquely cut off; median tooth half the length of the plates,
rounded at apex.

Color deep smoky brown becoming a paler fulvous-brown on the head
and pronotum; the patagie and costal margin whitish. Elytral nervures
paler beyond the middle, more conspicuously whitish at apex. Front deep
fuscous-brown shading to paler at base. Mesonotum tinged with cas-

308 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Sen.

taneous, the carine concolorous or slightly paler. Abdomen blackish
fuscous, the segments edged with pale, the genital pieces mostly pale. Legs
fuscous lined with pale, the tibie and tarsi mostly pale.

Described from one pair taken at Keen Camp, San Jacinto
Mountains, June 9, 1917, on Mt. Tahquitz, at an elevation of
about 7000 feet. The food plant is probably cypress. Among
the allied species with uniformly fuscous elytra bordered and
veined with pale this may be distinguished by the convex,
ecarinate, punctured front.

Holotype (No. 442), male, and allotype (No. 443), female,
in collection of the California Academy of Sciences.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE
~S.

%

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FourtH SERIES

VoL. VIII, Nos. 8 and 9, pp. 309-351 June 16, 1919

VIII

REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE ACADEMY
FOR THE YEAR 1918

BY

C. E. Grunsky
President of the Academy

Although no great event affecting the welfare and useful-
ness of the Academy can be announced as having occurred
during the last calendar year, the Academy has nevertheless
prospered and its membership may well be content with the
fact that despite the adverse conditions which prevailed dur-
ing the war, now happily ended, it has continued to function
properly and its activities have not been seriously interrupted.

There has been but slight change in the number of mem-
bers, as shown by the following summary :

The present membership in the Academy is 455, made
up of:

PAETOMST Aipctt a elatale < Giaee eiereace aie COSTE SisieTe NO RaT 010.» a aislave varie aries 6
Honorary Members ies ce cis creletn sclettoreeeioetete o ant eels sisraettra ays Sy
Mifer¢ Members) issceeras cles cake horse Sere eter ines o slelna aloe ate 78
Fre ll ows Se ese ttn see hats Tea cr ee eR RPG 5's elena naravecaptens 14
Members eave rarecsrale cavers chee etree er elev Oe TREC TERS os « ere inhoserctcboreaes 325

During the year 1918, 32 new members were admitted
and the Academy lost by death 13, by resignation 18 and by
being dropped for arrearages in dues 6.

June 16, 1919

310 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Serr.

Those who were called by death are as follows:

Mr. William Babcock......... Member ......... icneeees January 23, 1918
Mr. Frederick H. Beaver.... Member .................... July 23, 1918
Mr. George A. Clark......... Member) factiscceeccacncsrine April 27, 1918
Mrs. A. L. Coombs.......... Member! acvics,cpecrsisyhys ie ercisisrayeresers May 5, 1918
Hon. George W. Dickie..... Mentber: 3. s)sc)e.<:08.0, castes August 17, 1918
Mrs. Sarah Vaslit Hackett... Life, cacaues cos cuaneeros November 3, 1917
Mr. William J. Hackmeier... Member ................ January 21, 1918
Judge RalphuG, Harrisons... Wile... oncsmioeneeetieesteaee July 18, 1918
Mr. Livingston Jenks........ Member ............... November 11, 1918
Dr. Martin Krotoszyner...... Member consectee antec April 20, 1918
Dr. Benjamin R. Swan....... Whe Vict ceseieeeeee er January 27, 1918
Capt. Ignatius E. Thayer..... eth AS. fives setts ale reresiecte wissen May 14, 1918
Mr. Joseph S. Tobin..........Member ................. February 5, 1918
Mr. Clarence A. Waring..... Member = s:cvesrave clon eseine November 4, 1918

The Academy carries on its list of patrons the following
names :

Living
Mr. William B. Bourn Mr. Joseph D. Grant
Mr. William H. Crocker Mrs. Charlotte Hosmer
Mr. Peter F. Dunne Mr. A. Kingsley Macomber
Mr. Herbert Fleishhacker Mr. Alexander F. Morrison
Deceased
Mr. William Alvord Mr. John W. Hendrie
Mr. Charles Crocker Mr. James Lick

Mr. Ignatz Steinhart

The Treasurer’s report for the year 1918 shows that the
total receipts for the year were $67,885.96, of which
$15,569.67 were paid out as interest. The receipts include
$500.00 of the A. K. Macomber donation of $3500.00, which
made the installation of the White Pelican group possible.
Otherwise they are fairly representative of the annual gross
income of the Academy. The floating debt of the Academy
was reduced during the year by $14,000. The rest of the
income has been consumed in maintaining the Academy’s
museum and in carrying on the activities of the Academy in
its various departments. That these activities have been
productive of good results is apparent in the increase of the
Academy’s scientific collections and in the publications of the
Academy, and will be made clear, too, by the reports of the
Director of the Museum and of the curators.

Vor. VIIT] GRUNSKY—PRESIDENT’S REPORT FOR 1918 311

The Academy has published during 1918 the following
papers in continuation of the Fourth Series of the Proceed-
ings :

Vol. II, Part II, No. 12, pp. 1-187
A REVIEW OF THE ALBATROSSES, PETRELS AND DivinG PETRELS
by Leverett Mills Loomis.

Vol. VII, No. 12, pp. 319-330
REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE ACADEMY FOR THE YEAR 1917
by C. E. Grunsky.
Vol. VII, No. 13, pp. 331-364

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE MUSEUM FOR THE YEAR 1917
by Barton Warren Evermann.

Vol. VIII, No. 1, pp. 1-25

In MemMortaM: THEODORE Henry HItTrTeEL.
Vol. VIII, No. 2, pp. 27-34

In MEMorRIAM: CarL Fucus.
Vol. VIII, No. 3, pp. 35-112

SoME JAPANESE APHIDIDE
iby E. O. Essig and S. I. Kuwana.

Vol. VIII, No. 4, pp. 113-156
GEOLOGY OF THE NORTHERN END oF THE TAMPICO EMBAYMENT AREA
by E. T. Dumble.
Vol. VII, No. 5, pp. 157-179
Tue Kevp-Fiies or NorTH AMERICA
by J. M. Aldrich
Vol. VIII, No. 6, pp. 181-270
THe GarTER-SNAKES OF WESTERN NorTH AMERICA
by John Van Denburgh and Joseph R. Slevin.
Vol. VIII, No. 7, pp. 271-308

New Species OF HEMIPTERA CHIEFLY FROM CALIFORNIA
by Edward P. Van Duzee.

During the year 1918, 10 free lectures have been delivered
at the stated meetings of the Academy, as follows:

January 16. The Sea Lions of the Pacific Coast of America.
Prof. E. C. Starks, Department of Zoology,
Stanford University.

Marcx# 20. Fishes of the Lake Bonneville Basin.
Prof. John O. Snyder, Department of Zoology,
Stanford University.

Aprit 17. Sequoia National Park and its Extension.
Worth Ryder, Curator, Oakland Art Gallery.
May 15. Some Activities of the United States Department of Agri-

culture in California.
G. P. Rixford, Physiologist, Bureau of Plant Industry,
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.

312 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER

June 19. The Geography of Europe and the World War.
Prof. Earle G. Linsley, Department of Science.
Mills College.

Jury 17. The Influence of the Weather on Human Activities.
Edward A. Beals, District Forecaster, United States
Weather Bureau.

Aucust 21. The Early Days of the Academy.
Charles B. Turrill.

SepTeEMBER 18. The Ways in which Insects are Modified or Adapted to

their Environment and Mode of Life.

Dr. Edwin C. Van Dyke, Professor of Entomology,
University of California.

Ocroser 16. Some Philosophical Considerations of Mathematics.
Dr. Rufus L. Green, Professor of Mathematics,
Stanford University.

DeceMBER 18. Birds of the High Sierras and their Environment.
Dr. William F. Badé, President, California Associated
Societies for the Conservation of Wild Life.

The Sunday afternoon lectures delivered in the Museum
building during the year 1918 included the following :

January 6. Midwinter Birds of Golden Gate Park.
Dr. Joseph Grinnell, Director of the Museum of Verte-
brate Zoology, University of California.
January 13. Fish and Game in California.
Dr. H.'C. Bryant, Expert, Fish and Game Commission.
January 20. Forest Insects.
Prof. R. W. Doane, Department of Entomology,
Stanford University.
January 27. Experiences in a Georgia Swamp.
Prof. J. C. Bradley, Department of Entomology,
Cornell University.
Fesruary 3. Bird Life as seen through the Camera,
Dr. J. Rollin Slonaker, Department of Physiology,
Stanford University.
Fesruary 10. California Petroleum.
Dr. Roy E. Dickerson, Curator of Invertebrate Paleon-
tology, California Academy of Sciences.
Fesruary 17. Our Nearest Neighbor, the Moon.
Prof. E. G. Linsley, Department of Geology and
Astronomy, Mills College.
Frepruary 24. The Crab Fisheries of the Pacific Coast.
Dr. F. W. Weymouth, Department of Physiology,
Stanford University.
Marcu 3. The Pacific Whale Fisheries.
Dr. Harold Heath, Professor of Zoology,
Stanford University.

Vor. VIIT)

Marcu 17.

Marcu 24.

Marcu 31.

Apri. 7.

Apri 14.

Aprit 21.

Aprit 28.

May 5.

May 12.

May 19.

Octorer 6.

Octoser 13.

NoveMBeER 24.

DECEMBER 1.

DECEMBER 15.

GRUNSKY—PRESIDENT’S REPORT FOR 1918 Sl

(es)

Animal Experimentation and Medical Progress.
Dr. F. M. McFarland, Professor of Histology,
Stanford University.

Life on Other Worlds.
Dr. R. G. Aitken, Astronomer, Lick Observatory.

Influence of California’s Topography and Climate upon
Man’s Work.
Prof. R. S. Holway, Department of Geography,
University of California.

Circulation of the Blood.
Dr. A. A. D’Ancona, San Francisco Board of Education.

Geology of California.
Dr. J. Perrin Smith, Professor of Paleontology,
Stanford University.

Development in Teaching Geography.
Dr. Marsden Manson.
The Banking Problems of the War.
Professor M. S. Wildman, Department of Economics,
Stanford University.
The Hetch-Hetchy Water Supply.
M. M. O’Shaughnessy, City Engineer.
Collecting Bird Groups with Gun and Camera.
Paul Fair, Department of Exhibits, California
Academy of Sciences.
The Value to Mankind of Humanely Conducted Experi-
ments, upon Living Animals.
Dr. F. B. Sumner, Biologist, Scripps Institution for
Biological Research.
The Changes in the Newtonian Law of Gravitation indi-
cated by the latest researches on the Motions of the Planets
and of the Moon.
Dr. T. J. J. See, Professor of Mathematics,
United States Navy.

The coming Commonwealth of Man.
Edward Berwick, Member of the Institute of Inter-
national Law.
Animal Life of the Apache Trail, Arizona.
Harry S. Swarth, Curator of Birds, Museum of Verte-
brate Zoology, University of ‘California.
Some Activities of the United States Department of Agri-
culture in California.
G. P. Rixford, Physiologist, Bureau of Plant Industry,
United States Department of Agriculture.

Building of the first Transcontinental Railroad.
Charles B. Turrill.

314 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

DrecemMBer 22. The Application of the Science of Geology in Exploration
for Oil.
Dr. Bruce L. Clark, Department of Paleontology,
University of California.
DercempBer 29. The Lessons of the Southeast Wind.
Dr. Marsden Manson.

In the matter of the Ignatz Steinhart bequest of $250,000
to the Academy for the erection and equipment of an
aquarium in Golden Gate Park, it can now be reported that
the city through a charter amendment, adopted at the elec-
tion last November, has been definitely committed to an ac-
ceptance of the conditions named in the bequest. Your Board
of Trustees, too, has signified to the Executors of the Estate
their acceptance of the trust imposed by the Steinhart will.
There are, therefore, no obstacles in the way of proceeding
with the making of plans and the erection of the building
except only those incident to settling up'an estate which con-
sists in large part of real estate for which there is no imme-
diate demand.

Since the close of the year of which this report is a brief
record, the Council of the Academy has been advised by Mr.
John W. Mailliard and Mr. Joseph Mailliard that their large
and valuable collection of eggs and bird skins is to be donated
to the Academy. The plan of transfer, tentatively suggested
and which will within a few days be put into effect, will obligate
the Academy to immediately furnish space for a part of the
collection, which the Mailliard brothers desire to have ade-
quately housed in the Museum building. The rest of the col-
lection will follow from time to time at their pleasure; but the
question of ultimate ownership will be at once definitely settled.

The Academy is fortunate indeed to thus acquire the re-
sults of the lifetime work of two enthusiastic students of
birds, who have both long been active members of the
Academy; and I take this occasion to express the Academy’s
deepest gratitude to the donors. May they continue to take
the same satisfaction and pleasure in the collection in a new
home as they have heretofore.

Preliminary announcement should be made, too, of the
fact that under the terms of the will of the late S. Field
Thorn, long a resident of San Francisco, the Academy is to
receive a tract of land near Santa Cruz, containing about 240

Vor. VIIT) GRUNSK Y—PRESIDENT’S REPORT FOR 1018 315

acres. Apart from the advantage that would come to the
Academy by being thus placed in possession of more prop-
erty, if the desire of the testator be not frustrated, with cor-
responding increase of opportunity to be of service in the
advancement of science, such bequests show that the Acad-
emy’s work and its efforts to be of service in the community
are being appreciated in ever widening circles.

The accessions to the Museum and Library for the year
1918 may be summarized as follows:

Department of Botany

ES VREPlOTAL OTM © sie creseuscsrste ops e Gites caleisteterstele eee neNSreT exer eres 1216 specimens
IBS yep GIB toe wece arches toaks Seen Wie ora erste ciate, eee aes 805
By PEXCh ani Oss. «he < aysie syaysnevaistatsiare eres oiaia eoee sien e ustacbeion aie 1005
Bye Purchase sah som sears conslareusisvcrerrers seometote ote: wtelabelgauecotartys 1230
4256
Department of Entomology
By MEGxcp lor artiionn. recs’ Sisidiavectiin ova ayers alovatar ave telehal dfaataretayavacalars 10,019 specimens
BY AUGIEtS ov ave srasesciaiasandutiessnededhs serene eaten ne PAaCaT ate estos here 5,116
By tExchanges Muses auticrseticc eee easier miae ae htiaia eta 43
Department of Herpetology ma
By exploratiomarnssnacctogstiey nse easnalaeice events 1119 specimens
UES yee ascecs satay spate tecocaussereresahesevetaret ans ae eee af aT oho te cioi coos 605
Library We
Books, pamphlets and excerpts
Lehigh Ca dame pat ACR AIR td AEG es Eone enact | 3 ae eS 1077
Department of Paleontology
By Exp lonatiomirecretet cise eters oie siete tore rele sissslevoea ake 447 specimens
By Gint ave capa srssorzvaracaie erayssasstee, See Soiree epee asic a ste 339
786
Numerous boxes of fossils, shells and minerals.
Department of Ornithology
Important accessions of skins, nests and eggs of birds.
Department of Mammalogy
Bays MGA E Gora Sie cseveietousscicvel ep ensvccauevovevsictanegorar eran etaeaetavee 2:3 'svelerers 139 specimens

In the Mammal Hall of the Museum the fur-seal group is
under preparation. In the Bird Hall the generosity of Mr.
Herbert Fleishhacker and of Mr. A. K. Macomber has made
possible the installation of two more attractive large-size
habitat groups, that of the Water-Fowl group of San Joaquin
Valley and the White Pelican group respectively. ‘These were

316 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

both opened to the public during the year and it may be noted
that the artistic finish of the background paintings by Capt.
Chas. B. Hudson, has received much favorable comment
and so, too, the general arrangement and the grouping of the
birds by Mr. Paul Fair. A number of the smaller groups,
too, have been added in this hali.

For large exhibits the space in the Bird Hall is now ex-
hausted, and there are but two alcoves not yet in use in the
Mammal Hall. The space which the new building provided
a few years ago, is already practically in full use. The
Academy needs an auditorium. This is evidenced by the
large attendance at the popular Sunday afternoon lectures,
for which the space temporarily provided is not well suited.
This space should be added to the Bird Hall. The need is
pressing, in other words, for another section of the Museum
building. May we not hope that, recognizing this need and
the earnest endeavor of the Academy to be of public service,
that some one or more of those of this community who have
the means to do so will come to the Academy’s aid in this
matter and provide the funds which would enable an expan-
sion of its museum and of its general activities.

The activities in the several departments are fully set forth
in the reports of the Director of the Museum and of the
Curators. I need only say that the work that is being done
is creditable to the Academy and that there is no lack of in-
terest and endeavor to meet the task which the Academy has
made its own.

The time has now come for making some effort to increase
the membership of the Academy. Our dues are nominal, only
$5.00 per annum, and there is no admission fee. Any one
interested in science or desiring to aid in the advancement of
science is eligible to membership. The Council plans to name
and maintain a membership committee and requests that
notice be sent of any person desiring to become a member.

On behalf of the Officers of the Academy, I desire to again
express their appreciation of the support which they have
received from the membership in their efforts to make the
Academy useful and of service to the public. I take pleasure,
too, in acknowledging the faithful service which kas been
rendered by its staff of employees.

IX

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE MUSEUM FOR
THE YEAR 1918

BY

Barton WarRREN EvERMANN
Director of the Museum

The annual report of the Director for the year 1917 was
presented to the Academy at the annual meeting of February
20, 1918. At that time the following habitat groups had been
completed :

Large groups: San Joaquin Valley Elk, Columbian Black-
tailed Deer, Rocky Mountain Mule Deer, Antelope, Desert
Mountain Sheep, Stellar’s Sea Lion, California Sea Lion,
Leopard Seal, Farallon Islands Bird Rookery, San Joaquin
Valley Bird Group, Desert Bird Group, San Joaquin Valley
Water-Fowl Group, and California Condor.

Intermediate groups: Mountain Lion, Northwestern Black
Bear, Raccoon and Striped Skunk, and Coyote.

Small groups: California Ground Squirrel, Santa Cruz
Chipmunk, California Valley Quail, California Clapper Rail,
California House Finch, and Coast Bush-Tit. The installa-
tion of the Sulphur-bottom Whale skeleton had also been
completed. During the past year the following habitat groups
have been completed :

White Pelican.—This is one of the most interesting and
instructive, as well as beautiful, groups that have been in-
stalled. It represents a portion of the breeding ground of the
White Pelican on Anaho Island in Pyramid Lake, Nevada.

This rookery was selected in preference to any of those in
California (Buena Vista Lake, Eagle Lake, and Klamath
Lakes) because the topography presented an exceptionally
fine setting for the group. More than 10,000 birds nest on
this small island. The group was prepared by Mr. Paul J.
Fair, assisted by Mr. Arthur L. Reed and Miss Olive E.
Cutter. The background was painted by Charles Bradford
Hudson.

318 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

The Academy has been able to install this very beautiful
exhibit through the liberality of Mr. A. K. Macomber of
Paicines and Burlingame, who very generously met the ex-
pense connected with its preparation.

Nuttall Sparrow.—This is one of the small panel groups.
It shows a pair of this subspecies of the White-crowned Spar-
row and their nest placed in a Yellow Lupine (Lupinus ar-
boreus) as found in the sand dune region in the western part
of Golden Gate Park.

As the Nuttall Sparrow is the most abundant and most
familiar permanent resident of all the birds of the Park, this
group 1s of unusual interest to the school children who visit
the Museum.

This group was prepared by Mr. Fair, assisted by Mr.
Reed and Miss Cutter. The background was painted by Miss
Cutter.

Sharp-Shinned Hawk.—This is another of the small panel
groups. The Sharp-shinned Hawk is of occasional occurrence
in Golden Gate Park where it is destructive to the smaller
birds. In the group a hawk of this species is shown with a
Western Bluebird in its talons. The brightly colored foliage
is that of the Poison Oak.

We therefore have completed at this date 14 large, 25-foot
groups (eight mammal and six bird), four intermediate, 10-
foot groups (all mammals), and eight small panel groups
(two mammal and six bird).

Other groups now in preparation are the Fur-Seal (nearly
completed), the Roosevelt Elk, the Water Ouzel (nearly com-
pleted), and the Audubon Cottontail (Sylvilagus auduboni).

PERSON NEL

Only one or two slight changes in the personnel of the
Museum have occurred within the year. Mr. James H. Chas-
tain, janitor, resigned March 31 to engage in mining opera-
tions, and assistant janitor Wm. C. Lewis was promoted to
janitor. On the same date Mr. Fred Maag was appointed
assistant janitor and carpenter. On April 1, Mr. Geo. W.
Edwards was appointed assistant janitor. Mr. Joseph R.
Slevin, assistant curator of Herpetology, having been com-

Vor. VIII] EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1918 319

missioned an ensign in the United States Navy, was granted
indefinite leave of absence without pay July 31. He returned
to duty February 1, 1919. Miss Mary E. McLellan was
appointed check-room attendant March 16, 1918, and on
August 1, promoted to the position of library assistant.

The employees of the Academy at this date are the follow-

ing:

Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Director and Executive
Curator of the Museum, and Editor; W. W. Sargeant, Secre-
tary to the Board of Trustees; Miss Susie Peers, Stenog-
rapher and Typewriter; Joseph W. Hobson, Recording Secre-
tary; Miss Alice Eastwood, curator, Department of Botany ;
Edward P. Van Duzee, curator, Department of Entomology
and assistant librarian; Dr. John Van Denburgh, curator,
Department of Herpetology; Dr. Roy E. Dickerson’, curator,
Department of Invertebrate Paleontology; Dr. Walter K.
Fisher, curator, Department of Invertebrate Zoology; Paul J.
Fair, chief taxidermist; Charles Bradford Hudson, artist;
Joseph R. Slevin’, assistant curator of Herpetology; John I.
Carlson*, general Museum assistant; Arthur L. Reed, assist-
ant, Department of Exhibits; Miss Olive E. Cutter, assistant,
Department of Exhibits; Mrs. Marian L. Campbell, assistant,
Department of Botany; Mrs. Helen Van Duzee, assistant,
Department of Entomology and in the Library; Miss Mary E.
McLellan, library assistant; Georges Vorbe, assistant, Depart-
ment of Paleontology; Merle Israelsky. assistant, Department
of Paleontology; Raymond Smith, general assistant; Wm. C.
Lewis, janitor; Fred Maag, assistant janitor and carpenter;
Geo. W. Edwards, assistant janitor; Frank W. Yale, night
watchman; Mrs. Johanna E. Wilkens, janitress; Patrick J.
O’Brien, day watch.

ACCESSIONS TO THE MUSEUM

As in previous years, the accessions to the Museum have
been numerous as shown by the detailed list in the appendix
to this report. A few of the more notable ones are referred
to in the President’s report (pp. 314-315).

1On leave with the Standard Oil Company since June 30.
2On leave in the U. S. Navy since July 31.
3 On leave since March 15.

320 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Serr.

VISITORS TO THE MUSEUM

On account of the prevalence of Influenza in San Francisco
the Museum was closed to the public from Saturday, October
19, to Saturday, November 16, both inclusive. With the ex-
ception of this period of 29 days, the Museum has been open
to visitors every day.

Although the attendance has been large it has, of course,
suffered somewhat on account of war conditions and especially
the Influenza. The daily visitors have varied from a few
hundred on stormy days to more than 9000 on favorable days.

The public and private schools not only of San Francisco
but of the transbay cities continue to visit the Museum, the
teachers bringing the entire school to study the habitat groups
and other educational exhibits. The Director endeavors,
whenever possible, to conduct the classes about the Museum
and explain the various exhibits. When time permits the
schools are taken into the lecture hall where a special lesson
is given with stereopticon slides and moving pictures on some
one of the groups. The children thus leave the Museum with
at least one lesson clearly impressed on their minds.

The attendance by month during the year 1918, was as
follows:

JaMmuany? S2eag soon oe teat orate 25.260
LCS DS ab ak eee eee arene See we 23,698
March jcc.csehuatd g13 ptm aegae ments a: 26,810
PN TIL eer ereue Oravetey chs ciate) erie Suevs eo teree ete oe 23,274
MEA g etsetiic a cndy ot ci teore is ion ep tenia ate eee 26,391
JHE eects chance 2 tpcea ete capo see ah Se 29,843
ilftaliy, Seeegereperee cue et eras ate eae ees ne 31,420
AU SUSE ehethe ee cia ais care Sealants ete see ees ol 37
September 2= s5cch =< ans crc scemenetoete nere- 29,847
@CtOBER Gs avers suete Kuss aiced mylar chrome tne 14,743
INOWeIM ber ees tate ay ea roe eee ees 8,531
December fas ye seise ceo co cectoe ate 19,588

AO tall Fees me ceg My sreseree esac eae Meee 290,542

LECTURES

A course of free popular lectures on scientific subjects has
been maintained throughout the year, on the third Wednes-

Vor. VIII] EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1918 321

day evening of each month. These have been given at the
regular monthly meetings which, through the courtesy of
the Engineers’ Club of San Francisco, have been held in the
hall of that society on the ninth floor of the Mechanics’
Institute building. The list of lectures and their subjects will
be found in the President’s report (pp. 311-312).

The Academy has continued the Sunday afternoon course
of popular lectures which were begun October 22, 1916, soon
after the Museum was formally opened to the public. These
lectures are given in the auditorium of the Museum at 3
o'clock each Sunday afternoon. The popularity of the course
remains undiminished; the size of the audiences has been
limited only by the size of the auditorium. The lecture
committee for the year, Mr. W. W. Sargeant, Miss Alice
Eastwood and Mr. Paul J. Fair, has been energetic and re-
sourceful in securing lecturers and arranging the details for
these lectures. A list of the lectures given in 1918 will be
found on pages 312-314 of the President’s report.

Attention is again called to the fact that the Academy has
no funds from which to meet even the slight expense con-
nected with these lectures. It is hoped that some friend of
the Academy who feels an interest in the educational work
it is doing may provide a small endowment the income from
which can be applied to the expenses of public lectures.

FIELD WORK OF THE MUSEUM STAFF

Within the year the Museum conducted a number of import-
ant field investigations, as follows:

Channel Islands.—During the latter part of March (March
22-31) the Museum sent an expedition to the Channel Islands
off the coast of southern California. The party consisted of
the Director of the Museum, the Curator and Assistant Cura-
tor of the Department of Herpetology, Mr. Joseph Mailliard
of San Francisco, and Mr. J. Eugene Law of Los Angeles.
Through the courtesy of the California Fish and Game Com-
mission the party was able to visit San Clemente, San Nico-
las, Santa Barbara, and Santa Catalina islands. This oppor-
tunity is taken to express to the officials of the Fish and
Game Commission, especially Mr. Carl Westerfeld, Executive

322 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Secretary; Mr. N. B. Scofield, assistant in charge of commer-
cial fisheries; and Captain H. B. Nidiver of the Commission’s
patrol boat Albacore, the appreciation of the members of the
party of the courtesies extended. Captain Nidiver did every-
thing possible to enable the party to work effectively during
the entire period of the trip. Equal appreciation must be ex-
pressed also to Mr. FE. G. Blair, President of the San Clemente
Sheep Company, for permission to !and on San Clemente
Island and for making our stay on that island very pleasant.
We are also indebted to Captain H. W. Rhodes, Inspector
18th Lighthouse District, for permission to land on several
lighthouse reservations.

The trip to the islands proved quite successful. <A large
collection of lizards was obtained on San Clemente, and con-
siderable collections of birds, nests and eggs, insects, shells,
and plants were obtained from the various islands. One inter-
esting result of the expedition was the addition of several
birds to the known fauna of the islands, including the Pied-
billed Grebe and Arkansas Kingbird on Santa Catalina; a
species of Junco (probably Thurber’s), Western Chipping
Sparrow, Lincoln Sparrow, Dusky Warbler, and Audubon
Warbler on Santa Barbara, and what was believed to be the
Cactus Wren on San Clemente*.

Northern California and Southern Oregon.—From May 29
to July 7, a party consisting of the Director of the Museum
and the Curator and Assistant Curator of Herpetology made
a collecting trip through northern California and southern
Oregon chiefly in the interests of the departments of Herpe-
tology and Ornithology. The expedition was a camping trip
and large and valuable collections of reptiles and birds’ nests
and eggs were obtained.

USE OF THE ACADEMY’S COLLECTIONS AND LIBRARY BY
INVESTIGATORS AND STUDENTS

Students and investigators in the various departments have
continued to avail themselves of the facilities for study and
research which the Academy is always glad to supply. Space
will permit the mention of only a few of the specialists who
have made use of our collections. Dr. Joseph Grinnell has

*See Joseph Mailliard in the Condor, XX, No. 5, September-October, 1918, p. 189.

Vor. VIIT) EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 10918 323

consulted the collections of wood rats and elk. The ornitho-
logical and oological collections have been consulted by a
large number of students of birds, including L. M. Loomis,
Joseph Mailliard, Harry S. Swarth, Joseph Grinnell, John
Van Denburgh, O. P. Silliman, Roswell Wheeler, Donald G.
Cohen, Harold C. Hansen, Chase Littlejohn, and others.

In Entomology, practically all the entomologists of Cali-
fornia have made frequent use of the collections. Among
those who should be especially mentioned are Dr. Frank E.
Blaisdell, Dr. FE. C. Van Dyke, Mr. Lawrence R. Reynolds,
Mr. Ralph Hopping, Prof. F. C. Fall, Prof. J. M. Aldrich,
Mr. Walter M. Giffard, Mr. Wm. F. Breeze, Mr. Chas. L.
Ifox, and many others. The curator of this department has
been particularly active and successful in securing the co-
operation of specialists to identify our collections in the vari-
ous groups, as set forth fully in the curator’s report. Dr.
Blaisdell particularly has rendered very valuable service in
identifying the Coleoptera. ‘

The collections and publications in the department of
Paleontology have been consulted by many of the paleontolo-
gists, malacologists, and geologists of the Pacific Coast, among
whom should be mentioned Professor Charles W. Weaver,
and Miss Katheryn Van Winkle of the University of Wash-
ington; Dr. Earl L. Packard of the University of Oregon;
Dr. Bruce L. Clark of the University of California; Dr. W.
S. W. Kew, associate geologist, U. S. Geological Survey ;
Mr. Clark Gester, geologist, Southern Pacific Company; Mr.
Parker Trask, Mr. Anthony Folger and Miss Esther Rich-
ards, graduate students, University of California: Professor
Woodruff, Pomona College; Mrs. Ida S. Oldroyd, Stanford
University; Mr. I. M. Anderson, consulting geologist; Dr.
J. O. Nomland, geologist, Standard Oil Co., and several
others.

In the department of Botany practically all the botanists
of California have made use of the herbarium in verifying
their identifications of specimens or in other ways.

In addition to this, much of the time of the Director and
Curators has been employed in answering questions or supply-
ing information requested by correspondents or visitors. As
the Museum becomes better known and specialists and students

324 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41TH Ser.

come to understand that we are always ready to be of service,
the requests for information increase in number. While this
takes much time of the Director and Curators, it is proper
educational work and real service which the Museum is always
glad to render.

RESEARCH WORK
The members of the Museum staff have been active in re-
search and scientific investigation. They have contributed a
number of papers to scientific literature, among which the
following may be mentioned:

Van Denburgh, John and Slevin, Joseph R.
1. The Garter-Snakes of Western North America. <Proc. Calif.
Acad. Sci. Fourth Ser., Vol. VIII, No. 6, pp. 181-270, pls. 7-17,
October 18, 1918.

Van Duzee, Edward P.
1. New Species of Hemiptera chiefly from California. <Proc. Calif.
Acad. Sci., Fourth Ser., Vol. VIII, No. 7, pp. 271-308, October 18,
1918.

Evermann, Barton Warren

1. Notes on some Adirondack Reptiles and Amphibians. <Copeia, No.
56, April 15, 1918, pp. 48-51.

2. Notes on some Reptiles and Amphibians of Pike County, Pa.
<‘Copeia, No. 58, June 18, 1918, pp. 66-67.

3. George Archibald Clark. <Science, n. s. XLVIII, No. 1235, August
30, 1918, pp. 213-215.

4. Notes on some Reptiles and Amphibians of Waterville, New Hamp-
shire. <Copeia, No. 61, September 15, 1918, pp. 81-83.

5. Note on Flyingfishes. <The Catalina Islander, Vol. V, No. 42,
November 5, 1918, p. 4.

6. The Unionide of Lake Maxinkuckee. <Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci, 1917,
pp. 251-285. (Senior author with Howard Walton Clark.)

7. Fisheries Experiment Stations. < Pacific Fisherman, Vol. XVI, No.
12, December, 1918, p. 11.

DEPARTMENT ACTIVITIES

Although war conditions disorganized the work of the
Museum to some extent the curators and their assistants have,
as always, been active and efficient in increasing and caring
for the collections in different departments, and in research
work based upon the collections of the Museum. The condi-
tion and activities of the different departments are fuliy set

Vor. VIII] EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1018 325

forth in the reports of the respective curators and need be
referred to here only briefly.

The Department of Entomology did considerable field work.
The curator, Mr. E. P. Van Duzee, spent four weeks in
Shasta and Siskiyou counties, California, and Jackson County,
Oregon, during which important collections were obtained.
He also made numerous shorter collecting trips to the vicinity
of Los Banos, Sacramento, Mt. St. Helena, Cazadero, and
elsewhere.

The Department of Paleontology—Although Dr. Dicker-
son, the curator of this department, has been on leave most
of the year, he nevertheless did some work on the Petaluma,
Sonoma and Tomales quadrangles which added materially to
our knowledge of those regions and to the Academy’s collec-
tions of fossils. During the tine the curator has been on
leave he has had opportunity to do some collecting for the
Academy.

Department of Botany.—Miss Eastwood, the curator of
this department, has continued with her characteristic energy
and industry to build up and care for the Herbarium which
now contains more than 50,000 specimens all properly identi-
fied and authenticated, besides many specimens of fungi not
yet fully determined. Many important additions to the
Herbarium have been made during the vear as set forth in
detail in the curator’s report.

Departinent of Herpetology.—The curator and assistant
curator have been active in enlarging, caring for, and study-
ing the collections of this department. Two important col-
lecting trips were made, one in March to the Channel Islands,
the other in June and July through northern California and
southern Oregon, which added more than 1000 specimens to
the collections. The total accessions in the year number 1724.
and the total number in the department now exceeds 37,000.

Department of Ornithology.—Such field work as was done
in the interest of this department was chiefly in che section
of oology, to which very little attention has hitherto been
given. The total number of specimens added to the Academy’s
collection of nests and eggs during the year exceeds 1600,
some of them rare and of unusual interest. During the nest-

326 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H SER.

ing season the Director made numercus short week-end col-
lecting trips to Los Banos and other nearby fields. One longer
trip was made to the Channel Islands in March, and another
in June and July through northern California and southern
Oregon, which added greatly to the Academy’s oological col-
lections. Suitable cases have been provided in which these
collections are now being arranged.

Department of Mammalogy.—No effort has been made to
enlarge the collections in this department. A few miscellane-
ous specimens were, however, received, including specimens
chiefly from Marin County donated by Mr. Charles A. Allen,
the veteran naturalist and collector of San Geronimo, and 87
specimens chiefly from California, donated by the well-known
collector, Mr. J. August Kusche.

A considerable number of mammal skulls having accumu-
lated, Miss Lula M. Burt, an expert preparator, has been
employed for some weeks in cleaning skulls and skeletons.
More than 1200 skulls have already been cleaned by Miss
Burt.

Department of Invertebrate Zoology.—The curator of this
department, Dr. W. K. Fisher, was invited by Dr. C. C. Nut-
ting of the University of Iowa to accompany an expedition
organized by that institution for study of the marine fauna
of the Lesser Antilles. Through an arrangement with Stan-
ford University, Dr. Fisher was permitted to represent the
Academy and that institution. He sailed from New York for
the Antilles April 19th and returned August Ist. Collecting
was done about Antigua and the Barbados and considerable
collections of marine invertebrates were obtained.

Some work was done by the department at the San Juan
Islands, Puget Sound, where important collections were ob-
tained for the Academy by Mrs. Ida S. Oldroyd.

Library.—Very gratifying progress has been made in put-
ting the library in proper shape, especially in accessioning the
volumes. More than 8000 volumes have been accessioned.
These include all the volumes on the second floor and all those
in the departments of Ornithology, Herpetology, Botany and
Paleontology. Valuable assistance has been rendered the
librarian by Miss Mary E. McLellan and Mrs. Helen Van
Duzee.

Vor. VIIT] EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 10918 327

The Academy has not had available the funds really neces-
sary for the proper growth of the library, nevertheless the
accessions have numbered about 400 complete volumes and
several hundred pamphlets.

THE ACADEMY AND THE WAR

Many members of the Academy, including several of the
Museum staff, were active in war work of one kind or an-
other. The Academy’s service flag contains 17 stars. Men-
tion should first be made of those who were in actual war
service. The list includes the following:

Asert L. Barrows. Entered Officers Training Camp May, 1917; commis-
sioned in August First Lieutenant, Cavalry; at Camp Lewis in August
given commission First Lieutenant, Infantry; was made Adjutant of
the 347th Machine Gun Brigade; embarked for France July, 1918; still
in France.

Cuartes L. Camp, First Lieutenant, Field Artillery, American Expedition-
ary Forces, France.

Cuartes T. Crocker, Chief Petty Officers January 5, 1918. Commissioned
as Ensign, January 13, 1919. Detailed to the Naval Communication
Service in Third Naval District, in Office of Cable Censorship. Still
in active Service.

Witram WELLER CurtNer. Entered the service October 14, 1918; sent to
Vancouver Barracks, Washington; placed in the 15th Casual Deten-
tion Company of the Spruce Production Division. Honorably Dis-
charged December 13, 1918.

Mere IsrartsKy, Aid Department of Paleontology, California Naval Unit,
October 11 to December 21, 1918.

Cuartes A. Koro, Major, Sanitary Corps, National Army, January, 1918.
Still in service.

Norman B. Livermore. Entered U. S. Army Service September 2, 1917.
In October, 1917, commissioned as Captain of Engineers and sent to
France. In France during the close of 1917 and entire year of 1918.
Promoted to Major in the fall of 1918. Discharged about the middle
of January, 1919, in the United States.

Wayne F. Loet. Enlisted June 29, 1918, and assigned to 115th Engineers
at Camp Kearny; entered Engineers Officers Training School at Camp
A. A. Humphreys September 19, 1918; discharged at Camp Humphreys
November 27, 1918.

AtHott McBean, Director of the Bureau of Personnel, Pacific Division,
the American Red Cross, February 1 to April 24, 1918. Deputy Com-
missioner of the Switzerland Commission of the American Red Cross,
and Director of American Prisoner Relief, April 24 to October 31, 1918.

328 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER.

Witi1am W. Price, Captain, American Red Cross, Director of Red Cross
Base Hospital, Camp Fremont, January 20, 1918, to October 12, 1918.

WiuiAM G. Reep, Captain, Signal Corps, Aviation Section, American Ex-
peditionary Forces, France.

Laurence R. ReyNotps, General Staff of the War Department, October
17, 1918, to November 1, 1918.

Tuomas J. J. See, Captain U. S. Navy, Mare Island, California.

JosepH R. Sievin, Assistant Curator, Department of Herpetology. Ensign
U. S. Naval Reserve, July 22, 1918. Promoted to Lieutenant January
24, 1919; released from active duty January 25, 1919. Service on the
U.S. S. Beaver.

STANLEY STILLMAN, Lieutenant Commander, U. S. Navy. Commander U. S.
Navy Base Hospital No. 2, Scotland, December, 1917, to January, 1919.

Tracy I. Storer, First Lieutenant, Sanitary Corps, Laboratory Car
“Metchnikoff”, Fort Sam Houston, Texas.

Lansino K. Tevis, First Lieutenant, Aviation Service.
JosepH C. THompson, Medical Director, U. S. Navy.
F. Vickery, Lieutenant, U. S. Army.

Cuartes E. von GeLpern, First Lieutenant, U. S. Medical Corps, Camp
Fremont, California.

In addition to those engaged in actual war service a great
many members of the Academy rendered important service to
their country; indeed, it can be truthfully said that practically
the entire membership of the Academy rendered valuable
service in one way or another. Some were engaged in Red
Cross, Y. M. C. A., or Liberty Loan work, while others
served on important scientific and other committees working
in connection with the National and State Councils of De-
fense, the Federal Food Administration, and other Federal or
State agencies. One of these was the Committee on Scien-
tific Research of the State Council of Defense for California.
practically the entire membership of which was made up of
members of the Academy, as was also that of each of the
several special committees (Geology, Oil, Zoological Investi-
gations, etc.) working under the general authority of the
State Council of Defense and directly under the Committee
on Scientific Research.

Some of the more important committees may be given here.
The members of the Academy are indicated by the star.

Vot. VIII] EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1018 329

Pacific Coast Research Committee of the Pacific Division of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science: John ‘C. Merriam, Chair-
man; *Douglas H. Campbell; *W. W. Campbell; *Barton W. Ever-

mann; *E. C. Franklin; A. O. Leuschner; D, T, MacDougal; Geo. H.
Whipple. ‘

Committee on Botanical Investigations: *Harvey M. Hall, Chairman ;
“Douglas H. Campbell; *Wm. A. Setchell.

Committee on Entomological Investigations: *W. B. Herms, Chairman;
*R. W. Doane; *E. O. Essig; G. P. Weldon.

Committee on Zoological Investigations: *Barton Warren Evermann,
Chairman; *Harold C. Bryant; W. C. Crandall; *S. J. Holmes ;
*Charles A. Kofoid; *Frank M. MacFarland; *Wm. E. Ritter; *Nor-
man B. Scofield; *J. Rollin Slonaker ; *John O. Snyder; *E. C. Starks.

*Doane, R. W., Chairman, Committee on Entomological Investigations of
the Pacific Coast Research Conference. Since December, 1917, Con-
sulting Entomologist of the Federal Food Commission for California.

*Hall, Harvey M., Member of the Committee on Botanical Raw Products
of the National Research Council. Vice-Chairman of the Sub-commit-
tee on Botany of the Pacific Coast Research Conference.

*Lilienthal, Jesse W., Chairman of the War Camp Community Service,
Vice-Chairman of the San Francisco Chapter of the American Red
Cross, and President of the Boy Scouts of San Francisco. Division
Commander in both of the Red Cross drives, and State Chairman of
the United War Work Campaign.

*Mailliard, Joseph, Operative and assistant chief of San Francisco Branch,
American League, Auxiliary to U. S. Department of Justice, August
15, 1918, to February 1, 1919.

330 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4tH SER,

DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS

DEPARTMENT OF BoTANY
By Alice Eastwood, Curator

The herbarium of the California Academy of Sciences now numbers
50,559 specimens all mounted and classified according to the latest system.
It includes both Phanerogams and Cryptogams. Altogether there are
3116 genera and 17,112 species.

The Cryptogams are not so well represented as the Phanerogams, but
there are some notable collections. Among the Lichens is the Hasse col-
lection which has been purchased by the Academy. It furnished the ma-
terial for “Contributions from the U. S. National Herbarium, Vol. 17,
part 1, The Lichen Flora of Southern California by Hermann Edward
Hasse”. The total collection of lichens contains 89 genera, 320 species, and
394 specimens. The collection of mosses contains 140 genera, 298 species,
and 674 specimens most of which were donated by Dr. C. Hart Merriam.
The collection of hepatics contains 13 genera, 21 species, and 40 specimens.

The collection of fungi is the most valuable of the Cryptogams since it
consists of the 474 types from the Harkness collection which were saved
from the great fire. A few have been added from time to time by the
curator, but are at present unlisted as the determinations are uncertain.

Besides these types of California fungi, there are 1855 Phanerogams,
most of which were also saved from the fire, and eleven Galapagos types
and cotypes of Allocarya recently determined by C. V. Piper. This material
was loaned to the National Herbarium and the results of Mr. Piper’s
studies will soon appear in one of the contributions from the National
Herbarium. The Academy’s herbarium contains also a number of new
species to be described soon, which will add to the accumulation of types.

The additions to the herbarium have come in various ways; 1005 speci-
mens were received in exchange, 807 came as gifts from 24 different donors,
most of them being specimens for identification. The curator added 1300
specimens and many duplicates. Besides the Hasse collection of lichens
the Academy purchased the valuable mounted collection of Idaho speci-
mens which formed the herbarium of John M. Holzinger. These plants
were collected in the region traversed by the Lewis & Clark Expedition
and the report on them was published by Professor Holzinger in Contri-
butions from the U. S. National Herbarium, Vol. III, No. 4.

The southern California branch of the U. S. Forest Service presented
the Academy with its herbarium. This consisted of 149 mounted sheets,
chiefly specimens of Eucalyptus, representing almost as many species as
specimens; also 93 bottles containing seeds of 86 species of Eucalyptus.
This is a valuable addition to our herbarium and will be of great assist-
ance in identifying the numerous species of this difficult genus so widely
cultivated in California.

The Botanical Club numbers sixty-five members and holds weekly
meetings. These are chiefly field trips, some in Golden Gate Park to study
the exotics and others in the San Francisco Bay region, where cultivation

Vor. VIII] EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 10918 331

has not destroyed the native flora. These out-of-doors excursions can be
held all winter and are not only more instructive than lectures or books,
but more enjoyable. A weekly class of the gardeners of Golden Gate
Park is also conducted in the evening at the herbarium so as to enable
these men to have correct knowledge of the plants under their care. They
bring in specimens which are useful in the Museum flower show. This
exhibition of the native and exotic plants blooming throughout the year
out-of-doors in San Francisco and around the Bay has been one of the
most popular of the educational influences of the Academy and is greatly
appreciated by the flower-loving public. Without the faithful care of Mrs.
Johanna Wilkens, who has kept the water replenished, the shelves clean
and the dead flowers removed, it would be impossible to keep up this ex-
hibition in a satisfactory manner. Each species is labelled with scientific
and common name and native country.

The framed pictures of edible and poisonous mushrooms in the little
room off the vestibule have lured the lovers of mushrooms to the herbarium
to discover the good or bad qualities of many that are common chiefly in
the Park. On account of the lack of literature it has not been possible to
answer all these inquiries. A collection of wax models, correctly colored
and named would be a valuable addition to the Museum and I would like
to suggest that a beginning be made during the ensuing year. A complete
collection would have to be the work of many years and it would be neces-
sary to send those that are unknown to authorities for correct naming.

At last, Mr. McLaren, the superintendent of the Park, has begun the
planting of the court back of the Museum with trees and shrubs common
in the Park but arranged, when possible, in the scientific sequence of
families, so that it will be a botanical garden of a new kind and instructive
as showing the evolution from the lower to the higher orders.

The plot of ground which faces the court is soon to be planted with trees
and shrubs of the Bible and a small plot of ground has been reserved for
the plants mentioned in Shakespeare’s plays. These groups of plants will
be of great interest to many people. However, without labels they will have
no educational value and I would like to suggest that the Academy purchase
a labelling machine so as to permanently label these plants as well as mak-
ing a beginning towards labelling the trees and shrubs throughout the Park.

The curator had a leave of absence in May and June and was away six
weeks. Part of the time was spent in collecting and collections were made
at Portola and Loyalton in California, and in Buena Vista, Leadville, Glen-
wood Springs, Grand Junction in Colorado, at Thompsons Springs, Soldiers
Summit, Thistle and Salt Lake in Utah. Earlier in the year a trip was
made to Downieville, also to Tres Pinos and San Benito, to study the
willows. Professor C. S. Sargent paid the railroad fare on these short
trips. The expenses of the trip to Colorado were paid by the curator.

As new specimens have come in, they have been mounted, and much back
work that had to be left undone has been completed, so that we are now
about caught up and shall begin the new year of the Academy with the
collections that have come in recently but are not yet incorporated into the
herbarium.

332 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER.

These collections include an herbarium of 1464 specimens collected by
the late Dr. E. K. Abbott of Salinas and Monterey, and presented to the
Academy by his widow; 48 specimens from Afognak, Alaska, collected and
donated by Russel Noyes; 26 unnamed specimens from Canton, China, col-
lected and donated by Caroline Rixford Byrd; also at Mrs. Byrd’s sug-
gestion, 199 specimens from southern China donated by the Christian Col-
lege, Canton, China. A collection of 200 desert plants collected by
Roxana S. Ferris in southern California and Arizona has been purchased
by the Academy.

A great many duplicates have been distributed to various botanical cen-
ters with which the Academy exchanges. Some of these were in return
for what had already been received, while others have been sent in expecta-
tion of returns to be later received.

athe sA rnold Abo retin sees shereaaes iain ateia ore iaieietsiausismisisiotanare 305
WS] National Musetirn: si.c5.ec ccccee sieies winie a's ors ssrooeweicincnave ate 1631
Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, Mass. ......-.-+...++s+eseeeeee 933
New York Botanical Garden..............seeeeeeeee eee eens 713
Missouri Botanical Garden ..... 206s -cccneeee ene eserscec ance 253
Ira W. Clokey, Denver, Colo. ..........2. nee eee ence e eens 864

Besides these there have been distributed through the Arnold Arboretum
duplicates of Yukon trees and shrubs collected in 1914 to the following :

Geological & Natural History Survey of Canada............. 318
UW. S: National’ Musetutt .. cc ciccciers sccm sees dae came trecinsisisieee 397
Royal Herbarium, Kew, England .............-+seeeeeeeeee 256
Missouri Botanical Garden .........0.2 cece ce sent eee ee ences 216

Through the valuable help of my assistant, Mrs. Marian L. Campbell,
we have at last caught up with the accumulated piles of unmounted speci-
mens and the new year will see the mounting of the accessions as they
come in. Mrs. Campbell has mounted 6039 specimens and Mrs. E. C.
Sutliffe has mounted the collection she made in Sierra and Plumas
counties in the summer of 1918, consisting of 138 specimens which she has
donated to the herbarium.

The list of accessions will be given in the general report of accessions.

Besides the popular Sunday lectures which the curator has given at the
Academy, many informal talks on trees and flowers have been given to
various clubs and to flower shows. These help to extend the influence of
the Academy in popularizing science.

DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY
E. P. Van Duzee, Curator
The significant work in the department of entomology during the past

year was the development of the collection of North American insects, the
important nucleus about which must be elaborated all future activities of

Vor. VIIT) EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1918 333

this department. Until we know our home insects we can be of little service
to enquiring beginners in entomology; nor can we make our work inter-
esting to the general public or properly carry on the investigations of a
more technical nature which devolve upon this department of the Academy.

Additions to the department of entomology during the past year number
17,152 specimens of which 7,477 were received as gifts from friends of the
Academy and 9,675 were added by the labors of the curator. The principal
gifts of the year were: from Dr. F. E. Blaisdell, 1888 specimens of beetles
which added 879 species to the Academy collections; from Mrs. Helen
Van Duzee, 1387 spiders, mostly from California; from Dr. E. C. Van
Dyke, 1280 specimens, largely from Canada and the east; and from Mr.
C. L. Fox, 653 specimens, including a fine series of mounted moths. Other
contributors to this department include Prof. H. F. Wickham of the
University of Iowa; Mr. J. O. Martin, now of Berkeley; Mr. Louis Slevin
of Carmel, California; Mr. J. A. Kusche and Mr. M. F. Blassé of San
Francisco; Mr. Ralph Hopping of Berkeley, and Dr. Barton W. Evermann,
Mr. J. R. Slevin and Mr. John I. Carlson of the Academy staff. The
field work of the curator included a four weeks’ trip in Shasta and Siski-
you counties, California, and Jackson County, Oregon, the principal locali-
ties being Caton, McCloud and Sisson, California, and Colestin, Oregon,
and three-day trips to Los Bafios, Sacramento, Mt. St. Helena and Caza-
dero, California. In all but the Los Bafios trip he was assisted by his wife,
Mrs. Helen Van Duzee, who, in addition to the spiders already mentioned,
took many interesting- insects which were added to the collections of the
Academy.

In reviewing the work accomplished during the past year on the collec-
tions of insects we note that the arrangement of the Coleoptera, or beetles,
and the determination of the species, is now nearly completed, thanks to
the kind assistance of our local students of this order. Early in the year
Prof. F. C. Fall of Pasadena worked up the snout-beetles then in our
possession; Mr. Ralph Hopping of Berkeley has revised the family Ipidz
comprising the bark beetles, adding from his own collection many species
that were lacking, and Dr. FE. C. Van Dyke has revised the Buprestide,
determining the specimens added during the previous year, and bringing
this family, which comprises the flat-headed wood-borers, fully up to date.
The bulk of the work on the Coleoptera has, however, been done by Dr.
F. E. Blaisdell, to whom the Academy is deeply indebted for his efficient
and untiring efforts for more than a year past. He has determined or
revised and arranged our material in 53 families of beetles, filling 76 of the
large insects trays used by the Academy, completing the work on this order
of insects with the exception of three families which are now “in the
works.” Some idea of the magnitude of the task he has so nearly com-
pleted may be gathered from the fact that the Academy collection of named
North American beetles now numbers 11,625 specimens, representing 2,187
species.

In the Hymenoptera, which embraces the bees, wasps and ants, Dr. J. C.
Bradley completed a preliminary study of the various families of the wasps
before his return to Cornell University last spring. The Diptera, or two-

334 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47 Ser.

winged flies, are in process of determination, most of the important families
now being in the hands of specialists for study. The curator has recently
begun the determination and arrangement of the Hemiptera, or true bugs,
and thus far has completed 15 families numbering 4,064 specimens repre-
senting 400 species. In the Lepidoptera, embracing the butterflies and
moths, the work of arranging is progressing as rapidly as the material can
be sorted over and determined. These insects, as well as the Neuroptera,
represented by the dragon-flies, and the Orthoptera, or grasshoppers and
their relatives, are larger and their arrangement must await the purchase
of sufficient boxes for their display.

So much time was required in mounting and labeling the material added
and in assorting and arranging it and the accumulated material, that little
was available for systematic study by the curator. One paper on the new
forms of Hemiptera brought to light by the work of the previous year was,
however, published by the Academy, in which appeared descriptions of 39
new species or races, mostly from California; and a shorter paper on the
Hemiptera taken by the Canadian Arctic Exploring Expedition of 1913-
1916 was prepared and sent to the Canadian Government at Ottawa for
publication in the scientific results of that Expedition.

During the year the exhibition of exotic butterflies in the mammal hall
of the Academy was replaced by a much larger collection of exotic forms
numbering 248 specimens displayed in riker mounts, and a start was made
on three smaller exhibits; one of California butterflies, another of miscel-
laneous insects showing mimicry and other interesting features, and one of
life history and similar groups, and species of economic importance.

In a science dealing with such vast numbers of forms as does entomology
the determination of material must be entrusted to specialists. The cura-
tor is qualified to do this work in the order Hemiptera, not only in the
Academy collection but for other institutions as well, in return for similar
help on other orders of insects. In this way the Museum, through the
curator, has furnished information or determination of material for the

following 23 students:

Dr. W. H. Brittain, Government Entomologist, Truro, N. S.; Mr. H. G.
Barber, Roselle Park, N. J.; Dr. William Barnes, Decatur, Ill.; Prof. Geo.
A. Coleman, University of California, Berkeley, Calif.; Dr. J. H. Comstock,
Los Angeles, Calif.; Mr. E. L. Dickerson, Nutley, N. J.; Mr. Wm. T.
Davis, New Brighton, N. Y.; Mr. R. K. Fletcher, Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio; Mr. W. M. Giffard, Honolulu, T. H.; Dr. Wm. A. Hilton,
Pomona College, Claremont, Calif.; Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, Dominion
Entomologist, Ottawa, Ont.; Prof. O. A. Johannsen, Cornell University,
Ithaca, N. Y.; Mr. H. H. Knight, Cornell, University, Ithaca, N. Y.; Mr.
Philip Lugenbill, Columbia, S. C.; Mr. J. McDonough, Decatur, IIl.; Prof.
Z. P. Metcalfe, N. C. Experiment Station, West Raleigh, N. C.; Mr. W. L.
McAtee, U. S. Biological Survey, Washington, D. C.; Mr. W. F. Hamilton,
Pomona College, Claremont, Calif.; Dr. H. M. Parshley, Smith College,
Northampton, Mass.; Mrs. Annie Trumbull Slosson, New York City; Dr.
Carl J. Drake, N. Y. State College of Forestry, Syracuse, N. Y.; Dr. F. H.

Vor. VIII] EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1918 335

Lathrop, Oregon Agricultural College, Corvallis, Oreg., and Prof. S. B.
Fracker, State Dept. of Agriculture, Madison, Wis.

In return Academy material has been sent for study to the following
specialists: Moths of the family Geometride to Mr. W. S. Wright of San
Diego, Calif.; spiders to Mr. Nathan Banks, Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; the various families of the Diptera, or two-
winged flies, to Mr. C. W. Johnson, Director Boston Society of Natural
History; Prof. J. S. Hine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Prof.
A. L. Lovett, Oregon Agricultural College, Corvallis, Oreg.; Mr. R. F.
Cole, Bureau of Entomology Laboratory, Forest Grove, Oreg.; and Mr.
M. C. Van Duzee, Buffalo, N. Y. Fortunately the Academy has in its own
membership specialists well equipped to care for all families of the great
order of Coleoptera, or beetles, whose help has already been acknowledged.

More than 30 entomologists from various states and countries have in-
spected or made use of the collections of the department during the year.

Another feature of the work of this department merits at least a passing
notice. During the past year it has been the custom of the curator and his
wife, when not absent on necessary field work, to keep “open house,” as
it were, at the entomological laboratory for both local and visiting ento-
mologists and their friends, so they can meet, make use of the Academy
collections, and generally get better acquainted with one another and talk
over the work they may be doing. These informal semi-social afternoons
have proved so popular that they will be continued, and all members and
friends of the Academy interested in insects will be welcome even if they
do not technically classify themselves as entomologists.

One word regarding the needs of this department for the coming year.
Our first duty is the accumulation of material representing our local insect
fauna and its determination and systematic arrangement. We must begin
by building up a reference collection of west American insects, Until this
is done educational and display work must be done under conditions not
economical of time or money. This preliminary work is now well advanced
in the order Coleoptera. If a sufficient number of cases can be secured
another year should see the Lepidoptera, Hemiptera and Diptera in a
condition of similar completeness, leaving but three orders still unassorted,
and possibly these might be gotten into fair shape the following year.
Further enlargement of the entomological exhibits will be continued as
rapidly as properly determined material can be secured.

DEPARTMENT OF HERPETOLOGY
By John Van Denburgh, Curator

The Department of Herpetology during the year 1918 progressed satis-
factorily, notwithstanding many difficulties occasioned by general condi-
tions, the war, and the epidemic of influenza. The entrance into the Navy
of the assistant curator, Lieutenant Slevin, prevented any active collecting
during the last half of the year, while the demands of the epidemic greatly
reduced the amount of time and thought which the curator could devote

336 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

to the work of the department. Nevertheless, the work accomplished

compares favorably with that of previous years.

At the beginning of the year 1918 the Academy’s collection of reptiles
have been added
during the year 1921 specimens, so that the collection has grown to more

and amphibians numbered 35,451 specimens. There

than 37,000 specimens.

The number of specimens added during each of the past six years has

been about as follows:

LOIS” Bossier mi nerrc teen ar cemne Darren ne sea ATES 2700 specimens
HONG noah Aan ie cena nace yeais saga me meeene ainsi 800
LONG arnqiauan eee SOs ates Osaeahen names nae 800 <
IQIG! saatietamshaurosastnreas ating riers seater ae 1500 "
NOV TE: spss, cope evaneheve ists FG See siefecsfomrtavel shee orale sec ehe tes nia eae 1600
TOTS ie etal derasrate wie coeicors nets ote Pe severe memes 1724

Gifts of specimens during the year have been received as follows:

Brom Dr E.G, Var Dykewcs ccscsmees cbceang sone
Mr) RoR PGwitheairelcdistiaasrosaa natn areiadoane
Prota I On Snyder seman ceecmase ean ees
Dr. J. Vam Denburgh. . 25.05 2.500. ecitsnee cee

SS Mire Ei Peters an encacpanntc chou raerts
Lord wObnSChild, (hc cqe ei eric enemerrnemensierte
© Mire blerbert Pack ss ccernscrotatrears eset eave
Se @thersdonorsi eee eat eects

Four collecting trips were undertaken to:

. San Clemente, San Nicolas, Santa Barbara and Santa Catalina islands.

]

2. Monterey County, California.

3. Pyramid Lake, Nevada.

4. Northern California and southern Oregon.

163 specimens

258 s
75 e
19 “e
26 “ee

1 “

2 “ee

5 ‘
549

These expeditions resulted in the acquisition of 1127 specimens.

Aside from the collection made on the islands, specimens have been

secured from 17 counties of California, as follows:

Butte. scacecscpdeemenad tee oecaueite tevin eeeieeiae
Contra (Gostacs.wecsn cee een sais sctmain ov ealne essen
Dek Norte. acd aicecisndiod Mewidrrsat O eiiee code etais eters
Humboldt ccsciadanctomie ds atemous aceeces os Goe slew
TGASSEM! «cscs. cus aieseieiaid's Sista wissatls aye hole wlenslare se eee
Marin’ {ccd ansaec amides ceo head eoisculee's Dente caslere
Mien doeino® sic sactscscceie acapsonscoigraie aia oyetale ate svoieuarniemusicee
Merced - scwisscacdowas tis doade mice eee emi ee ease
MoOdOC: “ctesk.dinctnarcetie. ce Ginsaneete wa wire siehasial rernersaees

1 specimen
3 specimens

Ag
14 “
ay se

6 “
39 “

2: “
4] “
67 “

{[Proc. 41H Ser.

Vor. VIII] EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1018 337

specimens

Sanitam Banbaraditocte prepares nese ete acts rae
Santa nGlara hs tec wiacioe te waste arate nie eee ols
Shastategec pasha citar vad. vata nkier ahaa antennae nae 32 S
Sisktyoutpe ge yea cat one Aeoeeush cate ne eaeeM a ron ces 19 .s

7
1
Sart AMateomaiy an eeiccncestaie tes cute tp ei teted ES 3 fe
1
6

Specimens from other localities are:

IGEN ioe Sri Sree tae ECP TR ia Boye a penne ar tee aS 488 specimens
WNievadath ce pan setae arp eA ee Ne eed eae 12 i
Newport ers, cis trolig aegis nom acestte ions ee RI HE 163 oi
Oregons as ci suieet bcs. etre cinee ate en ore 580 =F
ital ia Pye act ions yee, a cher a a 2 bg
AMUSE AIA 2. ah chet amare ee Gee eemaha the Mace tee 20 s
China hee iets cu eienn oc kee DNL ee, Ee Ot 1 rf
esl 4 RR aca een ay Pe ee tg OO La 87 *
Napanee carts itd amie cd etd ofa don a chaln ea eeie Myatt ey eee 1 4

The classification and arrangement of the collection was continued dur-
ing the early part of the year.

Considerable research work has been accomplished during the year and
a detailed study of the garter-snakes of the states west of the Rocky Moun-
tains has been published.

It is hoped that during the coming year the work of the department may
be carried on without interruptions and that field work may be continued
for a longer period.

DEPARTMENT OF INVERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY
By Roy E. Dickerson, Curator

The principal activities of the Department of Paleontology during the
past year have been devoted to finishing some work in the Petaluma,
Sonoma, and Tomales Quadrangles, photographing new species from Car-
rizo ‘Creek, San Diego County, completing the numbering and arranging of
the Henry Hemphill Conchological Collection, increasing the Academy
collection of types and cotypes through exchange, and the procuring of
many collections of recent and fossil shells. Mr. Georges Vorbe and Mr.
Merle Israelsky have been valuable assistants during the past year.

The Academy published in the year a paper by Professor E. T. Dumble
upon the “Geology of the"Northern End of the Tampico Embayment Area.”
Most of the determinations of fossils listed in this paper were made by
Dr. W. S. W. Kew and the curator.

The mapping of the Tertiary formations of the Petaluma Quadrangle and
the south half of the Santa Rosa Quadrangle, was completed by the curator
during the spring. Incidental to this work, the curator cooperated with the

338 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Sonoma County Farm Advisor in searching for limestone suitable for use
in liming the adobe lands in this county. The work upon the Petaluma
Quadrangle necessitates a connection with the coastal area around Tomales
Bay, so that exploring in this region was started. The Point Reyes
Triangle, the land mass on the west side of Tomales Bay, had been pre-
viously mapped in a most excellent manner by the former curator of the
Department, Mr. F. M. Anderson, so the time available was devoted to a
study of the east side of Tomales Bay and the headlands which project
into the bay. As is well known, the Tomales Bay region is in the San
Andreas Rift Zone. Immediately along the recent rift of 1906 some inter-
esting deposits of Pleistocene age were found in the small headlands on
the east side of the bay. Study of these beds resulted in the recognition of
two formations of Pleistocene age separated by a well marked unconformity.
The beds of the lower formation have been so tilted and faulted that
dips as high as 30° were recorded in several places. Both of these forma-
tions yielded estuarine faunas mixed with wood and pine cones which Miss
Eastwood has kindly identified as the Monterey pine (Pinus muricata).
These pine cones occur in both formations and they are particularly inter-
esting in that the pine now found in this region is Pinus radiata, and not
Pinus muricata, which does not range this far north at present. Thus the
flora indicates that these Pleistocene deposits were probably laid down dur-
ing a warm interglacial epoch or epochs. This conclusion is further con-
firmed when the Molluscous fauna is studied. Most of the species of this
fauna are now found in the waters of San Diego and are entirely lacking
in the waters of Tomales Bay. These faunas are estuarine and likewise
the character of deposits are those of a Pleistocene Tomales Bay. That
Tomales Bay existed during the Pleistocene, is very evident when the
evidence is studied and it seems entirely probable that the Point Reyes
Triangle has been subjected to movements quite different to those of the
mainland.

The mollusks of the Carrizo Creek beds are being studied and the new
species are being described. An Eocene fauna from Peru which was col-
lected by Mr. Clark Gester was found to contain “that finger post of the
Eocene,” Venericardia planicosta, with other interesting forms which have
been previously described, but their formal relations were unknown. Mr.
Gester recognized this species in the field and thus obtained a key to some
of the Peruvian Tertiary problems.

In June, the curator was granted leave by the Academy and was em-
ployed by a California oil company in exploration work. Incidental to
this work, he obtained several interesting collections from Oregon and
Washington which contain a few new forms. Professor Earl Packard,
while in charge of the Geology Department of the Agricultural College of
Mississippi, made a collection of some fine material from the type locality
of the Chipola marl, a celebrated Miocene horizon of Florida. These
collections will be particularly valuable to students who are interested in
Pacific-Caribbean problems. He collected such material from the Missis-
sippi Cretaceous as well. Professor Packard, who is now located at the
University of Oregon, is arranging to collect for the California Academy of

Vor. VIII] EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 10918 339

Sciences in the Cretaceous of Oregon. The material so obtained will serve
as a basis for the study of Cretaceous problems of this state. This co-
operative arrangement will prove beneficial to the University of Oregon as
well, as duplicate material will be donated to that institution by the Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences.

Mr. and Mrs. Oldroyd made collections of recent shells from Friday
Harbor, Washington, and from Monterey, California. These collections
and a collection of recent shells from Magdalena Bay, Lower California,
made by Mr. Orcutte of San Diego, comprise an excellent start of a series
of typical locality collections on the Pacific Coast.

Mrs. H. M. Barngrover completed the arrangement of the Henry Hemp-
hill Conchological Collections in a very systematic manner, and installed it
neatly and compactly in the cases of the department.

There have been a great number of very useful donations during the past
year. A complete list of these is appended to the Director’s report. Mr.
L. E. Smith gave the department a fine collection of minerals. Mr. H. S.
Durden has again enriched the department by further donations of rocks
and minerals. Mr. H. W. Bell, Deputy Supervisor, Petroleum and Gas,
California State Mining Bureau, recently donated an interesting slab of
diatomaceous earth from Lompoc, Calif., in which are embedded some
fossil fishes.

Several exchanges have been made during the past year. One of these
was an exchange between the Academy and the University of Washington.
These cotypes from Washington State are now installed in the Type Col-
lection of the Department, where they will prove useful to Pacific Coast
workers.

Types from the California State Mining Bureau have been segregated
and may be also consulted. It is the purpose of the Department to make
the Type Collection as complete and useful as possible.

LipraARIAN’sS REPORT

E. P. Van Duzee, Assistant Librarian

During the year just past a very considerable improvement has been
made in the condition of the Academy’s collection of books. Perhaps most
important is the accessioning of the volumes. This work is now well ad-
vanced and a few months should see all complete or nearly complete
volumes entered. Up to the present about 8,000 volumes have been entered
on the accessions register, covering the volumes in the main library room
up stairs and those in the departments of Ornithology, Herpetology, Botany
and Invertebrate Paleontology. There still remain to be done those in the
department of Entomology and in the down-stair stack room. Another
improvement that will be much appreciated is the collation and arrange-
ment of the great mass of miscellaneous material in the lower library
room, consisting of government, state, and other documents and reports,
and the publications of societies not classified as general scientific societies.

340 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

In addition to this all single books and many sets of serials not before
attended to have been classified, catalogued and the cards filed, so our
catalogue is now reasonably complete except for government and miscel-
laneous institutional reports and publications. Label holders have been
attached to the shelves constructed last year for current serials and the
300 and over serials shelved there have been arranged alphabetically and
plainly labeled so they are now readily accessible to readers. The work
in the library department has been accomplished through the efficient
efforts of two assistants who have devoted a portion of their time to this
work. Miss Mary E. McLellan takes general charge of the library reading
room, enters all serials and exchanges as received on the record cards,
keeps them in proper order on the shelves, and makes all entries on the
accessions book, while Mrs. Helen Van Duzee has collated, classified and
arranged the great mass of miscellaneous documents, reports and serials
in the lower library room, including most of the geological surveys and
reports and has attended to the classifying and cataloguing done during
the year.

The accessions to the library during the past year number 393 complete
volumes and a large number of miscellaneous pamphlets, excerpts and odd
numbers of serials and society transactions, received by purchase, exchange
or as gifts.

As stated last year the most important work before this department is
the completion of the work of accessioning the accumulation of material
now on hand, for until that is done it will be impossible to make out an
intelligent report or to keep track of books currently received. Next in
importance is the completion of the card catalogue so it shall cover the
departmental libraries and the miscellaneous books in the lower stack
room. The addition of about 90 lineal feet of wall shelving at the south-
west corner of the lower library room would much facilitate the handling
of the books. One suggestion made last year should be again repeated.
That is the appropriation of a suitable allowance for the purchase of books
for the general and departmental libraries and for the binding of the
complete volumes of serials and society publications. A technical library
such as this must maintain a constant, even if small, growth.

DEPARTMENT OF INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY
By Walter K. Fisher, Curator

The work of the department for the year comprised exploration in two
widely separated localities, the Lesser Antilles and Puget Sound.

In December, 1917, the curator was invited to accompany an expedition
to Antigua and Barbados, British West Indies, organized under the auspices
of the Graduate School of the University of Iowa and largely manned by
members of the Department of Zoology of that institution. It was decided
that the curator would represent the California Academy of Sciences and
the Department of Zoology of Stanford University, one-half of the ma-
terial collected to go to each institution. In addition to this, duplicate

Vor. VIII] EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1918 341

material over and above what should be required by the University of
lowa, the latter institution agreed to furnish available duplicates from the
general collections after these had been worked up by specialists.

Professor C. C. Nutting, chief of the expedition (which consisted of
nineteen persons) requested the curator to proceed to Barbados in advance
of the main party in order to organize suitable quarters. He accordingly
did so, sailing from New York April 19, 1918. The main party left about
10 days later.

Extensive shore and shallow reef collections were made in the vicinity of
Bridgetown, Barbados, consisting for the most part of the commoner West
Indian shallow water forms. The more unusual specimens were of course
turned over to the general collections. Dredging up to about 100 fathoms
was carried on successfully by Dr. J. B. Henderson, the malacologist of
the expedition. The curator accompanied the expedition as expert in
Echinoderma, but these animals proving to be not very numerous, his
activities covered the entire range of marine invertebrates with the excep-
tion of Mollusca, in charge of Dr. Henderson.

After a five weeks’ stay at Barbados the expedition moved north to
Antigua for a similar period. The base for work was here at English
Harbor, an historic fort dating from Nelson’s time. The shore collecting
proved to be excellent at Antigua, although on account of the prevailing
winds dredging was impossible. The number of species encountered at
Antigua was not unustially large, but most forms were in abundance.

The expedition arrived at New York August 1, after safely eluding any
submarines which might then have been pirating off our eastern coast, and
all material reached California in safety.

In the region of Puget Sound Mrs. Ida S. Oldroyd again made a miscel-
laneous collection of invertebrates at the San Juan Islands, paying more
attention to the rarer forms which she did not secure last summer.

ACCESSIONS TO THE MUSEUM AND LIBRARY

Alexander, Miss Annie, Piedmont: Fifty-five numbers of Proceedings,
California Academy of Sciences, and two numbers The Philippine
Journal of Science. Gift.

Allen, Charles A., San Geronimo: Thirty-five mammal and 20 bird skins
from Nicasio, Marin County, California. Gift.

Anderson, Mr. F. M., Berkeley: Miocene fossils from Coalinga district.
Gift.

Antonio, Ferraro, San Francisco: One box of inlaid mahogany. Gift.
Berry, Mr. S. Stillman, Redlands: Five pamphlets. Gift.
Bethel, Mr. Ellsworth, San Jacinto: Seven botanical specimens. Gift.

Blaisdell, Dr. F. E., San Francisco: Three hundred and fifty-five named
beetles to fill vacancies in the Academy’s collection of insects in certain
families. Gift.

342 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41TH SER.

Bliss, Mr. Walter D.: Two botanical specimens from Plumas County. Gift.

Brackett, Mr. Harvey G., San Francisco: Section of bone found at Sara-
toga, California. Gift.

Bradley, Dr. J. C., Cornell University: One large, handsome and rare
long-horned beetle (Crioprosopus magnificus) from New Mexico. Gift.

Budd, Mr. Charles G., San Francisco: One skull of cow elk. Gift.

Buford, Mrs. S. J., San Francisco: One English ring necked pheasant.
Gift.

Burbank, Mr. Luther, Santa Rosa: One botanical specimen. Gift.

Burger, Master Albert, Fort Winfield Scott: One Angora hare. Gift.

California Botanical Club, San Francisco: One hundred botanical speci-
mens. Gift.

Campbell, Mrs. Marian L., San Francisco: Eighteen botanical specimens,
Gift.

Carlson, Mr. John I[., San Francisco: One hundred and _ thirty-four
botanical specimens, 115 insects from Arizona and southern California,
marine shells from San Diego, land snails from Santa Barbara County
and minerals from Arizona. Exploration.

Cebrian, Mr. J. C., San Francisco: Botanical specimens from Central
America, 3 saws of Pristis perrotti from Guatemala, 6 mounted speci-
mens of the Armadillo (Tatu novemcinctum), 1 spiny puffer, 1 Alaska
Indian totem, 1 mounted specimen of the Jacana, 1 case of 6 mounted
birds from Guatemala. Gift.

Chastain, Mr. J. H., San Francisco: Botanical specimens from Siskiyou
County, California; chrome ore and asbestos from Siskiyou County.
Gift.

Clemens, Mrs. Joseph, Williamsport, Pa.: Six botanical specimens from
Pennsylvania. Gift.

Clokey, Mr. Ira D., Denver, Colorado: Seven hundred and one botanical
specimens of Marcus E. Jones collections in California, Nevada and
Lower California; also 175 botanical specimens from Colorado. Ex-
change.

Cockerell, Dr. T. D. A., Boulder, Colo.: Sixteen miscellaneous books and
pamphlets. Gift.

Creeley, Dr. E. J., San Francisco: One skeleton adult female Indian
elephant. Gift.

Dahl, Miss Adele, Tahoe City, California: One Western Goshawk. Gift.

Davidson, Mr. W. M., Sacramento: One Ceria n. sp. from Imperial
County. Gift.

Dean, Mr. Walter E., San Francisco: Thirty-one numbers of the Pro-
ceedings of the Academy, Fourth Series. Gift.

Dickerson, Dr. Roy E., San Francisco: One package of fossils from
Sonoma County, California; one package of fossil shells from Santa
Barbara County, California; one package of Oligocene fossils and 33
specimens of fossils; four packages of fossils from the state of Wash-
ington. Exploration.

Vor. VIII) EVERMANN—DIRECTOR'S REPORT FOR 1918 34.

bo

The Dudley Herbarium: One botanical specimen. Gift.

Durden, Mr. H. S., San Francisco: Two boxes and five packages of min-
erals. Gift.

Eastwood, Miss Alice, San Francisco: One botanical specimen from
Golden Gate Park; one botanical specimen from Botanical Garden,
University of California; 5 species of exotic plants with duplicates
from Golden Gate Park; 392 botanical specimens from various locali-
ties; 3 botanical specimens and two exotics from Mount Davidson, San
Francisco; 607 botanical specimens from Colorado, Utah, and Cali-
fornia; 71 botanical specimens from Mount St. Helena. Exploration.

Ehrhorn, Mr. Oscar, San Francisco: Five fossil shells and three speci-
mens of mineral ores from Bolivia. Gift.

Erwin, Mr. Richard, Boise, Idaho: One hundred and sixteen frogs; 40
snakes ; 257 toads; 43 salamanders and 32 lizards from Idaho. Gift.
Essig, Mr. E. O., Berkeley: Five hundred and eighty-two slides of Japan-

ese plant lice. Gift.

Evermann, Dr. Barton Warren, San Francisco: Seventy-four botanical
specimens from Crater Lake, and from Santa Catalina, San Clemente,
and Santa Barbara islands; 8 insects from northern California; 3 Lin-
nets, 1 Willow Goldfinch and 1 Western Savannah Sparrow; 1 snake
from Golden Gate Park. Exploration. A miscellaneous collection of
shells, corals, minerals, fossils, Indian arrowheads. beads, etc., and
various other natural history objects totaling altogether more than 500
specimens chiefly from Alaska, Indiana, Texas, North Carolina, and
Porto Rico. Gift. One snake from San Mateo County, one snake
from Merced County, and three frogs from San Benito County. Ex-
ploration.

Fauntleroy, Miss Sophie, Nordoff: Nine botanical specimens. Gift.

Ferris, Mr. G. F., Stanford University: One entomological specimen
mounted on slide of Hesperoctenes longiceps Waterh. Gift.

Folger, Mr. A. S., Berkeley, and Dickerson, Dr. R. E.: Fossils from Wash-
ington. Exploration.

Fox, Mr. C. L., San Francisco: Six hundred and fifty-three insects, mostly
Diptera. Gift.

Frison, Mr. Theodore H., Champaign, Illinois: Forty-three entomological
specimens. Exchange.

Gallon, Mr. G., Hollister: One badger. Gift.

Gester, Mr. G. C.: Fossils from Peru. Gift.

Gillon, Mrs. E. E., San Francisco: One tusk of walrus. Gift.

Godfrey, Mr. F. L., Supt., Kahlin Reserve, Australia: Eighty-six speci-
mens of minerals; 3 pearl oyster shells; 5 boomerangs; 3 wristbands;
1 emu skin rug; 3 nets; 1 mat flag; 17 wooden implements; 1 metal
bayonet with wooden scabbard; 1 hair ornament; 1 wall-pocket case.
Gift.

Golden Gate Park: One California Condor, and one young kangaroo. Gift.

Goldsmith, Mr. Oliver: One botanical specimen. Gift.

Gordon, Mr. W.: Fossils from San Luis Obispo. Gift.

344 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.

Heath, Dr. Harold, Stanford University: Nineteen botanical specimens
from Forrester Island, Alaska. Gift.

Herrin, Miss Alice, San Francisco: One botanical specimen. Gift.

Herrin, Mr. William F., San Francisco: Eighteen botanical specimens.
Gift.

Holm, Mr. Adolph, San Francisco: Four botanical specimens. Gift.

Holzinger, Mr. John M., Winona, Minn.: Holzinger’s set of Sandberg’s
collection of Plants of Idaho, consisting of 955 mounted specimens and
200 unmounted specimens. Purchase.

Hopping, Mr. Ralph, Berkeley: Thirty specimens of tropical longhorned
Coleoptera. Gift.

Hunt, Mr. H. H., Escalon: One bat. Gift.

Israelsky, Mr. Merle, San Francisco: One arrow-head from Frankfort,
Kansas. Gift.

Jones, Mr. J. M., Wilmington, Delaware: Twenty-six entomological speci-
mens from northern California. Gift.

Kusche, Mr. J. August, San Francisco: One hundred and two insects,
chiefly from Alaska and Arizona; 87 mammal skins, chiefly from Cali-
fornia and Alaska; 337 bird skins, chiefly from California and Alaska.
Gift.

Lazansky, Mr. Bernhard, San Francisco: Relic of the great fire of April,
1906; a nickel in slot of telephone box. Gift.

Liebes, Mr. I., San Francisco: Three pieces of fur illustrating method of
preparing mink skins for garments. Gift.

Levin, Mrs. A. L., San Francisco: Sixty-six Indian spear and arrow-
heads. Gift.

Lewis, Mr. W. C., Tiburon: One caribou head from Alaska. Gift.

Lockefeer, Mr. ‘C. J., San Francisco: One lizard from San Mateo County.
Gift.

Maag, Mr. Fred, San Francisco: One snake from Marin County, Cali*
fornia. Gift.

Markley, Mrs., San Antonio, Texas: Three botanical specimens. Gift.

Martin, Mr. J. O., Berkeley: One hundred and thirty-two insects, includ-
ing a pair of Dinapate wrighti and four examples of Schizar senax,
both rare California beetles. Gift.

McAllister, Mrs. Leonore M., Ydalpom: Forty-seven botanical specimens.
Gift.

McGuire, Mr. Ignatius, San Francisco: One lizard from Santa Barbara
County and one snake from Marin County. Gift.

Meiere, Mrs. Ernest, San Francisco: Three botanical specimens (one
from Yellowstone). Gift.

Menzies, Mr. Robert, San Rafael: One botanical specimen. Gift.

Merriam, Dr. C. Hart, Washington, D. C.: Twenty botanical specimens.
Gift.

Merrill, Mr. E. D., Manila, P. I.: Fifty-five miscellaneous books and
pamphlets. Gift.

7

Vor. VIII] EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 10918 345

Merritt, Dr. George W., San Francisco: One specimen Sipunculoidea.
Gift.

Miller, Mrs. C. E., Berkeley: One hundred and two botanical specimens
from the Santa Cruz Islands. Gift.

Miller, Mr. Irving, Berkeley: Thirteen botanical specimens. Gift.

Neilson, Mr. Fred, San Francisco: One crab, caught in Bristol Bay,
Alaska. Gift.

New York Botanical Garden: Sixty-four specimens of plants from
Jamaica and 65 specimens of grasses. Exchange.

Nomland, Mr. J. O., Los Angeles: One box of pliocene and miocene fos-
sils from Los Angeles County. Gift.

Noyes, Mr. Russell: Forty-one botanical specimens from Afoguak, Alaska.
Gift.

Oldroyd, Mrs. Ida S., Stanford ‘University : One hundred and forty-three
botanical specimens from Michigan. Gift; and 406 specimens of shells.
Exploration.

Otis, Mr. Ira C., Seattle, Wash.: Sixty-seven botanical specimens from
Cascade Mountains. Gift.

Pack, Mr. Herbert J., Salt Lake City, Utah: Two snakes from Utah. Gift.

Packard, Dr. E. L., Eugene, Ore.: One box of fossils from Florida and
Mississippi. Exploration.

Page, Mrs. George T., San Francisco: Three walrus ivory bows, 2 pestles,
and 1 pipe. Gift.

Palache, Mr. T. H., San Francisco: One photograph of Pinus lambertiana.
Gift.

Palmer, Mr. Andrew H., San Francisco. Three books. Gift,

Perkins, Dr. Anne E.: Three botanical specimens. Gift.

Peters, Mr. Peter, San Rafael: Forty entomological specimens from
Queensland, and 26 herpetological specimens from various localities.
Gift.

Ploud, Mr. Wm., San Francisco: One Blue Mountain Parrot from
Australia. Gift.

Reed, Mr. C. E., Santa Cruz: Five botanical specimens. Gift.

Reeve, Miss Enid, Pasadena: Six botanical specimens. Gift.

Reynolds, Mrs. L. R., Brockton, Mass.: Three botanical specimens. Gift.

Rixford, Mr. G. P., San Francisco: Three botanical specimens. Gift.

Robinson’s Bird Store, San Francisco: One chimpanzee. Gift.

Rothschild, Hon. Walter, Tring, England: One tortoise cast. Gift.

Sandford, Mr. O. N., San Francisco: Thirty-eight botanical specimens
from Arizona and southern California. Gift.

Scupham, Mr. John R., Oakland: A small quantity of crude black sand
from the delta of the Klamath River, a small quantity of sand from
upper ancient beach on Sixis River, Oregon, and a small package of
sand from beach at Pandon, Oregon. Gift.

346 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4rH Ser.

Silviera, Captain J. F., Centerville: One shell from the Caroline Islands
and 5 rattlesnake rattles. Gift.

Slevin, Mr L. S., Carmel: Forty-one insects from Paso Robles and Carmel
and 130 insects from Monterey County. Gift.

Slevin, Mr. Joseph R., San Francisco: Sixty-five beetles from Crater Lake,
Oregon; 227 insects from Channel Islands, mostly from San ‘Clemente ;
1 snake from San Mateo County; 3 snakes from Santa Clara County ;
9 snakes from Monterey County; 58 lizards from Monterey County;
10 lizards and 2 snakes from Pyramid Lake, Nevada; 1 snake and 2
lizards from vicinity of Mt. Diablo. Exploration.

Smith, Mr. L. E., Sisson: One hundred and ninety-seven books and
pamphlets, also various numbers of Academy Proceedings; 14 botanical
specimens, 2 boxes of minerals. Gift.

Snyder, Prof. J. O., Stanford University: One salamander from Stanford
University ; 50 lizards from Honolulu; 15 lizards from Aiea; 7 lizards
from Yam Bay, Niihau Island; 2 lizards from Waimea, Kauai Island;
1 snake from Japan and 1 snake from China. Gift.

Stanford University: One botanical specimen. Gift.

Stewart, Miss Colleena, San Francisco: Six botanical specimens. Gift.

Southern Pacific Company: Set of 55 colored slides of the Apache Trail.
Gift.

Sullivant Moss Society, New York, N. Y.: Seventy-five specimens of
lichens. Purchase.

Sutliffe, Mrs. E. C., San Francisco: Eleven botanical specimens. Gift.

Thompson, Mr. David G.: One botanical specimen, and 6 botanical speci-
mens from Mojave Desert. Gift.

Thompson, Mr. Hugh, San Francisco: One turtle from California. Gift.

Thompson, Mr. J. C.: Snails from Lower California. Gift.

Thompson, Mrs. Lillian Dyer, Swampscott, Mass.: Two slides showing
the raduli of Melongena corona and Aplysis protea. Gift.

Thrasher, Dr. Marion, San Francisco: One old property deed to 80 acres
of land in the State of Indiana given in 1823 to John Smeltser of
Barbour County, Kentucky, by the President, James Monroe. Gift.

Tucker, Mr. J. F., Tucson, Arizona: Two Indian spear heads, one broken
pestle and two pieces of quartz. Gift.

Turner, Mrs. G. M., Riverside: One botanical specimen. Gift.

Turrill, Mr. Charles B., San Francisco: One chinchilla; 1 stone crab from
near the Farallones; Journals and Letters, David Douglas. Gift.

United States Custom House, San Francisco: Sixty-three packages of
mounted birds, bird skins and bird feathers, seized by Customs Office.
Gift.

United States National Herbarium: One box of botanical specimens.
Exchange.

Van Denburgh, Dr. John, San Francisco: One snake from Merced County ;
1 toad from Hollister; 2 lizards and 1 salamander from San Juan; 15
lizards from Honolulu and 2 salamander skeletons from Los Gatos.
Exploration.

Vor. VIIT] EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 10918 347

Van Denburgh, Dr. John, and Slevin, Mr. Joseph R.: Two hundred and
fourteen lizards from San Clemente Island; 2 lizards from San Nicolas
Island; 24 lizards from Santa Catalina Island; 58 lizards, 59 snakes,
5 toads, 15 frogs and 49 salamanders from California; 67 lizards, 5
toads, 13 snakes, 14 frogs, 478 salamanders, and 3 turtles from Oregon.
Exploration,

Van Duzee, Mr. E. P., San Francisco: Forty-five freshwater shells from
Titch ranch, four miles west of Cayton, Shasta County; 413 beetles
from Eastern states. Gift. 24 insects collected at Milbrae; 43 insects
collected at Ingleside; 667 insects collected at Cazadero; 4247 insects
collected in field trip to Ashland, Oregon; 411 insects from ‘Cazadero ;
828 insects from Gadwall; 616 insects from Sacramento; 876 insects
from Mt. St. Helena, and 1900 insects from various localities. Ex-
ploration.

Van Duzee, Mrs. Helen, San Francisco: Nine hundred and forty-three
spiders taken in the counties about San Francisco Bay. Gift.

Van Dyke, Dr. E. C., Berkeley: One thousand one hundred and thirty-
two insects from Ithaca, New York; 42 insects from Banff, Canada;
88 insects from Port Coulange, Quebec; 149 salamanders, 10 frogs and
4 snakes from Ithaca, New York; snails from Ithaca, New York; sea
shells from Alaska. Gift.

Varrelman, Mr. Ferdinand A., San Francisco: Fifty bound volumes, 15
unbound volumes, 533 numbers of Government bulletins, reports, etc.,
and publications of Societies, 111 miscellaneous pamphlets and excerpts.
Gift.

Verrill, Prof, A. E.. New Haven, Conn.: Twenty-four insects and 5 larve
from the outflow of a warm artesian well near Carson, Nevada. Gift.

von Hoffman, Mrs. C., San Francisco: Four pamphlets. Gift,

Waizman, Miss Olga: One botanical specimen. Gift.

Weeks, Mr. Andrew Gray: Two volumes. Gift.

Wetherill, Miss Martha, Chin Lee, Arizona: One botanical specimen. Gift.

Wickham, Prof. H. F., lowa City, Iowa: Three hundred and sixty-three
specimens of Coleoptera. Gift.

Willett, Mr. G., Los Angeles: One hundred and ninety-nine shells from
Forrester Island, Alaska. Gift.

Woodrum, Mr. J. H.: Vegetable ivory from Ecuador. Gift.

Wooster, Mr. John, San Francisco: One Indiam spearhead from Indian
mound in Marin County, California. Gift.

348 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser,

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

REPORT OF THE TREASURER

for the fiscal year ending March 31, 1919

April 1, 1918, Balance with Crocker National Bank. .

Receipts
POS ic bss e\arees des score rds eves sienogeracalin dt roye a08 oid usserel keene eee $ 1,267.25
Charles Crocker Scientific Fund Endowment Income — 1,194.76
James Lick Endowment Income.................--- 48,083.11
General) Income. 25207 oeciumaser nape cacmt egies aan 15,000.00
John W. Hendrie Income Account................. 675.00
A. K, Macomber Donation: ...0:55...666.000 saec00 0 500.00
W..'G, Wright Bund 23 ....05,<. ac2200 sees sansogecss 57.20
Sundry: Advances sa. eves sete te oe a cleerrteoeerests 9.08
Prsurance ys seamen iia acee Seen eee eetee 3.87
MUSselini cas cremaacines.cyaeeieee cane cee nctmeee eee 145.96
Publication ........... Pe A ae i ee 310.72
Post) |Garda Sales gst verrstne areas nara eee orate 674.86

$ 1,199.92

67,921.81

$69,121.73

Vor. VIII) EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 10918

REPORT OF THE TREASURER—Continued

Receipts
Brought forward,—total receipts...) 00.00. cs eeeeecceeeece
Expenditures

SEP EMS Oi raiacictsecsitarel aie arennwavenclelatons eee ceie eletant Sie gern $ 2,378.54
Generally Salarya Pxpense: ise ics occ rneis seers wasnt 13,050.00
Billss (Payable or raselerere Seleleons seston ee as tie oaks eeaeke 14,000.00
MriStamameehyjac tis oe Marais fe Saveavaeisye wicvatecatel ota aatattin ease ehehs 579.40
UM ECT ESE) Seles er siescetsns ude eis ne eae Hace erates 15,394.64
Museum Department Appropriations ............... 6,835.05

of es Salaries . es... 9,668.46
Me ibraRve Mes soe careeGlan ec neieeadtsas umn eek 542.33
PBUDHCATIONN cnc <ts valent Dame wars Osea ATL eG EI Dee 4,441.07
Museums Construction: 21s. ccseaeacesacie se ene ates 422.00
Office MumniGu ies 6 Govtve ce mince 5 xe eat oe as ehhlceite 263.04
MoolsvandHquipment 2... ca. ascsccee see ees snes 37.93
Post iGardss Purchased’ ..-j:itentveueresisteeelrseciecctuaes 333.40
Sundry Creditorsi cdc sede esioms eslaewtelacae samaaeate: 47.68
Sundry Advances (Museum) ..................25. 1,790.23
Wihite Pelican: Group! . 2% ¢e.cccn ees cae ves vieldwarnens 161.44
Gontingents Hands. cc. 10.6. saree cs semerttieihcinenrn steels 217.74

March 31, 1919, Balance due Crocker National Bank

349

$69,121.73

70,162.95
$ 1,041.22

RupotpH J. Taussic, Treasurer.

We have examined the foregoing Report of the Treasurer for the fiscal year ended
March 31, 1919, with the books and accounts of the California Academy of Sciences,

and we have found the same to be correct.

McLaren, Goove & Co., Certified Public Accountants.

San Francisco, Cal., April 21, 1919.

INCOME AND OPERATING EXPENSES
for the period April 1, 1918, to March 31, 1919

Income
Charles Crocker Scientific Fund Endowment Income §¢ 1,194.76
James Lick Endowment Income..............00.0-5 48,083.11
Generali come:. sys.5eee die recbiesoe.siseeroies w Grane oetenten, ane 15,000.00
DESH EM a eie ois, G: a Wate alors Sse nis SSIS OSE oO 1,267.25
Expense
SAAS Meter iciaveke eis Sesaie er ors ceatay aca ee 21,942.25
epense; General '..16 oc stetssis oe ds Sane Ao $970.33
IPE ll esses ce a icteleescnitie se savele aye oes 604.46
BleGerici1tyy il. iss cig dee etinon cmeieneys 218.73
Melephonen, aiacuvlaaentare saben oaleee 279.45
POSta gels ecscis herein sare s oaabennteraets 250.56
Stationery and Printing ........... 238.01
2,561.54
IMIS UAT Ce nee papery cove a eeehetaterehe asd yah cbe each hava ee edetensk 575.53
Timi eresty Ue lhe iavathyevcdare ta acalsleneletalsis eval siandtecn etd wvahaveidstetalsoals 15,394.64

$65,545.12

40,473.96
$25,071.16

350 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES iProc. 4TH Ser.

BALANCE SHEET
March 31, 1919

Assets
Real Estate:

Market. Street! Wuoten ccc aisemiaiisrnetslaatsriartent $600,000.00

Jessie: Street Wottc coc tanciareaa nied e aac eine 8,083.65

Commercial Building ............0.......6. 516,818.66

———_ $1,124,902.31
Stocks :

45 Shares Savings Union Bank & Trust Co.. 10,000.00
Museum Construction ............-.eeeeeeeeees 191,210.92
Museum:

General ‘Collections’ .ic5.c2ceecsnessccnneess 91,119.91

Tools and Equipment ....:.......0.es.00e08 14,909.48

; —_—__—_—_——. 106,029.39
Library:

Books: and Equipment o.c..s.co0% ewes cms 16,046.42

Publication: camisetas s woes eee oie 17,880.76

———__— 33,927.18
Ofticeu Miurnitune sayeeer eam cece eee eee 3,009.14
Post Cards in Stock.........0..0:0cccessaeeeeas 179.72
Sundry Advances s.i.c..:. ccs one const arernces ous 50.00
$1,469,308.66
Liabilities
Endowments :

James: Lick Endowment .3::0.0.... 50000025 02% $204,902.31

Charles Crocker Scientific Fund Endowment 20,000.00

John W. Hendrie Endowment............... 10,000.00

$ 834,902.31
John W. Hendrie Endowment Income Account.. 3,498.98
Alvord Bequest Botanical ...................... 5,000.00
A. K. Macomber Donation..............-.2.--0- 3,500.00
William H. Crocker Donation .................. 2,318.73
W. Bi Bourn Donation... 625.20. .cc.se samces 2,659.31
J.D; Grant Donation w.. 0.2620. 0.c case een eee 2,610.42
Herbert Fleischhacker Donation ................ 3,500.00
WG. Wright Bund: oc ces cps. s ciel ans cee cresie AT) A)
Bills# Payable? sic cacecces cinecseme seas tees seen 305,275.00
Sundry Creditors, cect ace ecco go. ereisraatans waters 931.32
Cash:
Overdraft with Crocker National Bank...... 1,041.22
ess Cash im Sateicc2chadensiincs ca seine een 72a
———— 969.11
SU Ep luis dues ere sete teeieten aera kis seer, seers 303,903.08
$1,469,308.66

W. W. SarcEAnt,
Secretary of the Board of Trustees.

Vor. VIIT] EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1918 351

AUDITOR’S CERTIFICATE

We have examined the foregoing Balance Sheet, together with the
books and accounts of the CaLirornra ACADEMY oF SCIENCES, and in our
opinion it is properly drawn up so as to exhibit a true and correct view of
the Academy’s affairs, as shown by the books.

McLaren, Goong & Co.,
Certified Public Accountants.
San Francisco, Calif.,
April 21, 1919.

a hone:
i au a ae
1 Wy 7 rete

INDEX TO VOLUME VIII, FOURTH SERIES

New names in heavy-faced type

Abronia latifolia, 290
abronie, Lygus, 289
absinthii, Macrosiphum, 38, 44
Acer pictum, 83
acetabulum, Dosinia, 153
Acropora species, 148
Actmwonella species, 153
acuminata, Zelkova, 72
4Egialites fuchsii, 33
estuum, Fucellia, 160, 161, 178
affinis, Brochymena, 276
Harmostes, 278
Agassizia clevei, 150
aguifolium, Osmanthus, 106
aguilerae, Turritella, 154
Aitken, Dr. R. G., 313
albescens, Hadronema, 297
albocostata, Catonia, 307
albocostatus, Orthotylus, 299
Aldrich, J. M., The Kelp-Flies of
North America (Genus Fucellia,
Family Anthomyid#), 157-179
323
Alexander, Annie, 341
Allen, Charles A., 326, 341
Alnus indica glauca, 88
alticostata, Venericardia, 126
altilira, Turritella, 149
Alvord, William, 23, 310
Ammussium mortoni, 153
species, 153
ameenus Pilophorus, 292, 293, 294, 295
Amphissa species, 150
Anderson, F. M., 323, 341
Angelica polymorpha, 66
angustatus, Harmostes, 277, 278
angustirostris, Thamnophis, 183, 184,
185, 264
anisatum, Illicium, 80
Anecia piri, 40, 108
Anomia simplex, 153
antennata, Fucellia, 160, 161, 172, 178
Antigona glyptoconcha, 150
antiguensis, Goniastrea, 148
antillarum, Macropneustes, 150
Antonio, Ferraro, 341
Aphis avenswy, 39, 438, 67
brassice, 38, 68
citricola, 40, 68
gossypii, 39, 40, 41, 42, 68
japonica, 38, 70
medicaginis, 38, 39, 41, 43, 71
pomi, 38, 78

Aphis rumicis, 42, 73
siphonella, 41, 73
somei, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 75
spinosula, 39, 77
thalictrii, 42, 78
species, 39, 42, 80
arboreus, Lupinus, 318
Area taeniata, 153
species, 150
Architectonica species, 150
arenaria, Scatophaga, 162
Aricia brunnea, 165
ariciiformis, Fucellia, 160, 161, 176,
178
Artemisia vulgaris indica, 44
Articerus fuchsii, 33
Ashmead, Prof. Wm., 29
Astarte species, 150
Astragalus sinicus, 72
Atomarchus multimaculatus, 265
Atomoscelis peregrinus, 303
atrata, Eutenia, 182
atratus, Thamnophis ordinoides, 183,
184, 185, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213,
214, 223, 224, 233
atricornis, Trichopepla, 272, 275
auduboni, Sylvilagus, 138
aurantii, Toxoptera, 39, 80
aurora, Trichopepla, 273, 275
avengw, Aphis, 39, 43, 67
aztecus, Pecten, 153
Babcock, William, 310
bachmani bachmani, Sylvilagus, 56
cinerascens, Sylvilagus, 56
mariposa, Sylvilagus, 56
Sylvilagus bachmani, 56
ubericolor, Sylvilagus, 61
Badé, Dr. William F., 312
Balanus, eburneus, 154
balfouriana, Pinus, 64
ballista, Chione, 150
Bancroft, George, 17
barlowi, Penthestes rufescens, 60
Barrows, Albert L., 327
Bascanion yetustum, 235
Beals, Edward A., 312
Beaver, Frederick H., 310
Behr, Dr. H. H., 29
beldingi, Citellus, 65
bendirei bendirei, Neosorex, 63
Neosorex bendirei, 63

354 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

Benzinger, R. (with Frank E. Blais- California Botanical Club, 342
dell, Sr. and Otto von Geldern), In californica, Trichopepla, 272, 275
Memoriam: Carl Fuchs, 27-34 ealifornicus, Croton, 296

Berry, S. Stillman, 341 californicus, Oncerometopus, 280

Berwick, Edward, 313 caloosaense, Cerithium, 154

Bethel, Ellsworth, 341 Camp, Charles L., 327

bicaudata, Siphocoryne, 42, 64, 67 Campbell, Douglas H., 329

bicolor, Adenocaulon, 59 Campbell, Mrs. Marian, 342

Lespedeza, 45, 59 Campbell, W. W., 329

bicruciata, Fucellia, 160, 161, 175 campestris, Brassica, 64

biflora, Caltha, 62 candidus, Pallacocoris, 288

bigelovii, Scoliopus, 57 candidus, Parthenicus, 300, 302

biscutatus, Thamnophis ordinoides, canescens, Krameria, 303
183, 184, 206, 209, 210, 211, 212, Phytocoris, 285
213, 224, 233, 245 capitata, Myzocallis, 41, 89

Blair, E. G., 322 Cardium, 135, 150

Blaisdell, Frank E., Sr. (with R. Ben- CO SUH CESS ONY

lingua-leonis, 150
zinger and Otto von Geldern), In Carlson, John 1, 842
Memoriam: Carl Fuchs, 27-34 Carpocoris, 274

Blaisdell, Dr. Frank E., 29, 32, 33, Carpocoris remotus, 275, 276
323, 341 sulcatus, 275

Blanchard, Frederick, 31 Casey, Colonel Thos. L., 32

Bliss, Walter D., 342 Castanea sativa, 93

Castanopsis cuspidata, 98, 103, 112

Boltonia indica, 52, 64 .
Die nererc tence! Catonia albocostata, 307

Bonasa umbellus sabini, 60

helenz, 306
borealis, Nuttallornis, 60 majusculus, 306
botts#, Charina, 59 necopina, 307
Bourn, William B., 310 nervata, 307
Brachycepsis fuchsii, 33 cazonesensis, Scutella, 150
Brackett, Harvey G., 342 Cebrian, J. C., 342
Bradley, Prof. J. C., 312, 333, 342 celluloss;) Orbicellay 225

celticolens, Chromaphis, 38, 95
Celtis sinensis, 96

Cercidium torreyanum, 281
Cerithium caloosaense, 154

Brandegee, Mrs. K., 9
Brassica campestris, 64
chinensis, 68

brassicw, Aphis, 38, 68 Chewnomeles japonica, 73
Breeze, Wm. F., 323 Chaitophorus japonica, 38, 82
brevicauda, Passerella iliaca, 63 salicicolus, 85
brevifolia, Taxus, 57 salijaponicus, 42, 84
breweri, Carex, 65 Chastain, J. H., 342
Draba, 65 Chilopoma rufopunctatum, 265
Mitella, 62 chinensis, Brassica, 68
Potentilla, 62 Chione ballista, 150
Brochymena affinis, 276 Chromaphis celticolens, 38, 95
gulcata, 276 chrysanthemi, Macrosiphum, 52
brunnea, Aricia, 165 Cidaris cf. loveni, 150
Eutewnia elegans, 236, 245 cinnamopterus, Pilophorus, 292, 295
Bryant, Dr. H. C., 312, 329 citricola, Aphis, 40, 68
bryophora, Saxifraga, 62 Clark, Dr. Bruce L., 314, 323
Budd, Charles G., 342 Clark, George A., 310
Buford, Mrs. J. 8., 342 clavatus, Pilophorus, 291, 292, 295
bumalda, Staphylea, 57 Clemens, Mrs. Joseph, 342
Burbank, Luther, 342 Clementia dariena, 150
Burger, Albert, 342 Clerodendron trichotomum, 68
cesar, Lopidea, 296 clevei, Agassizia, 150

Calaphis magnolis, 46, 85 Clokey, Ira D., 342

Vor. VIII)

Clypeaster concayus, 149
cubensis, 150
ef. meridianus, 151
Cnicus japonicus, 52, 54, 55
Cockerell, Dr. T. D. A., 342
Cohen, Donald G., 323
Coluber infernalis, 186
concavus, Clypeaster, 149
eonchyliophora, Xenophora, 154
concinnus, Thamnophis sirtalis, 183,
184, 186, 188, 189, 191, 192, 203
condylomatus, Pecten, 150
consipcua, Magnolia, 62
consors, Phytocoris, 287
Conus interstinctus, 150
planiceps, 151
species, 150
Coombs, Mrs. A. L., 310
cooperi, Eutwnia, 215
Cordylura, 159
costalis, Fucellia, 159, 160, 151, 166
couchii, Thamnophis ordinoides, 183,
184, 185, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212,
213, 233, 251
Covillea mexicana, 300
covillez, Parthenicus, 300, 302
crassipes, Pilophorus, 293, 295
crategi, Prociphilus, 39, 104, 106
Crategus cuneatus, 104
Creeley, Dr. E. J., 342
erispus, Rumex, 73
croceus, Harmostes, 278
croceus, Psallus, 302
Crocker, Charles, 310
Crocker, Charles T., 327
Crocker, William H., 310
Croton californicus, 296
cubensis, Clypeaster, 150
Cucullea macrodonta, 126
Cucumis sativus, 69
cummingianus, Solecurtus, 154
cumminsi, Metalia, 150
cuneatus, Cratwgus, 104
cuneotinctus, Sthenarus, 303
cuspidata, Castanopsis, 98, 103, 112
cuspidat#, Nipponaphis, 38, 110
Cutter, Olive E., 317, 318
Cychrus fuchsiana, 33
Cypraea species, 151
Dahl, Adele, 342
Dalea emoryi, 297, 298
schottii, 303
Dana, Richard H., 2
D’Ancona, Dr. A. A., 313
dariena, Clementia, 150
Darwin, Charles, 2
Davidson, W. M., 342
Dean, Walter E., 342

INDEX 355

Debold, Marie, 28
decolor, Plagiognathus, 305
decorata, Hadronema, 297
densiflora, Pinus, 100
dentata, Quercus, 92, 103
Deutzia seabra, 71
Dickerson, Dr. Roy E., 114, 312, 325,
342
Dickie, G. W. (with Leverett Mills
Loomis and Ransom Pratt), In
Memoriam: Theodore Henry Hit-
tell, 1-25
310
digueti, Tropidonotus, 256
discretus, Pilophorus, 290, 294, 295
distylii, Nipponaphis, 39, 109
Doane, Prof. R. W., 312, 329
Dolium cfr. galea, 154
Doll, Jacob, 30
Dosinia acetabulum, 153
elegans, 153
Dow, R. P., 30
dubiosa, Tuponia, 304
Dudley Herbarium, 343
Dumble, E. T., Geology of the North-
ern End of the Tampico Embay-
ment Area, 113-156
dumblei, Lovenia, 149
Dunne, Peter F., 310
Durden, H. S., 343
Eastwood, Alice, 321, 325, 343
ebergenyii, Venus, 153
eburneus, Balanus, 154
Echinolampas species, 151
Ehrhorn, Oscar, 343
elegans brunnea, Eutwnia, 236, 245
Dosinia, 153
lineolata, Eutwnia, 236
Thamnophis, 182, 206, 207
Thamnophis' ordinoides, 183,
184, 206, 207, 209, 210, 211,
212, 213, 214, 233, 235.
Eleodes fuchsii, 33
emoryi, Dalea, 297, 298
Encope tatetlensis, 153
species, 153
Englehardt, Geo. P., 30
epphippium, Orbitoides, 148
eques, Thamnophis, 183, 194, 204
equina, Vicia faba, 71
Erwin, Richard, 343
Essig, E. O., 329, 343
Essig, E. O. and Kuwana, S. I., Some
Japanese Aphidide, 35-112
Euceraphis japonica, 38, 87
Eupatagus, 149
Europiella sparsa, 305
stigmosa, 305
Euscaphis japonica, 57

356 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Eutenia atrata, 182
cooperi, 215
elegans brunnea, 236, 245
elegans lineolata, 236
flavilabris, 263
Henshawi, 245
infernalis vidua, 224, 234
insigniarum, 263
leptocephala, 215
macrostemma, 263
nigrolateris, 261
pickeringii, 186, 192
sirtalis tetratenia, 186, 192,
199
sirtalis trilineata, 186, 192
Eutrichosiphum, 97
Eutrichosiphum pasaniaw, 38, 97
Evermann, Barton Warren, Report of
the Director of the Museum for the
Year 1918, 317-351
329, 343
evermanni, Fucellia, 159, 160, 161,
164, 173, 175
faba equina, Vicia, 71
Fair, Paul, 313, 316, 317, 318, 321
Fall, Prof. F. C., 323, 333
Fall, Prof. H. C., 29, 32, 33
Faulkner, Richard D., 17
Fauntleroy, Sophie, 343
Favites polygonallis, 148
Felton, John B., 9
Ferris, G. F., 343
Ficopsus cowlitzensis, 163
Ficus species, 151
Field, Stephen J., 14
filifera, Washingtonia, 307
Fisher, Dr. W. K., 326
flavilabris, Eutewnia, 263
Fleishhacker, Herbert, 310, 315
floridana, Panopma, 154
Folger, Anthony, 323
Folger, A. S., 343
Fox, Chas. L., 323, 343
Franck, Geo., 30
Franklin, E. C., 329
fraterculus, Harmostes, 277, 278
fraterculus, Phytocoris, 283, 285
fraternus, Orthotylus, 299
Frison, Theodore H., 343
Fucellia, 157, 175
Fucellia estuum, 160, 161, 178
antennata, 160, 161, 172, 178
ariciiformis, 160, 161, 176, 178
bicruciata, 160, 161, 175
costalis, 159, 160, 161, 166
evermanni, 159, 160, 161, 164,
173, 175
fucorum, 157, 159, 160, 161
164, 175, 178
funifera, 171

,

[Proc. 4rH Ser.

Fucellia griseola, 159
hinei, 160, 161,, 178
Maritima, 158, 160, 161, 162,
165, 175, 178
pictipennis, 159, 160, 161,
167
rejecta, 160, 161, 171
rufitibia, 160, 161, 168
separata, 159, 160, 161, 164,
170
signata, 159
Fucellina, 159
Fuchsiana, 33
fuchsiana, Cychrus, 33
fuchsii, gialites, 33
Articerus, 33
Brachycepsis, 33
Eleodes, 33
fucorum, Fucellia, 157, 159, 160, 161,
164, 175, 178
Scatomyza, 165
funifera, Fucellia, 171
Gallon, G., 343
Garter-Snakes of Western North
America (The), by John Van Den-
burgh and Joseph R. Slevin, 181-
270
gatunense, Cardium, 150
gatunensis, Pecten, 149, 150
Geminger, Professor, 28
geniculatus, Phytocoris, 286, 287
Geology of the Northern End of the
Tampico Embayment Area, by E. T.
Dumble, 118-156
Gester, Clark, 323, 338, 343
gibbus, Solecurtus, 154
Giffard, Walter M., 323
giffardi, Parthenicus, 302
Gillon, Mrs. E. E., 343
glauca, Alnus indica, 88
Glycineris species, 150
glyptoconcha, Antigona, 150
Godfrey, F. L., 343
Golden Gate Park, 343
Goldsmith, Oliver, 343
Goniastrea antiguensis, 148
Goniopora species, 148
Gordon, W., 343
gossypii, Aphis, 39, 40, 41, 42, 68
granarium, Macrosiphum, 42, 44
grandiflorum, Platycodon, 52
Grant, Joseph D., 310
Green, Dr. Rufus L., 312
Grinnell, Dr. Joseph, 312, 322
griseola, Fucellia, 159
grossa, Trichopepla, 274, 275
Grunsky, C. E., Report of the Presi-
dent of the Academy for the Year
1918, 309-316

Vor. VIII)

Hackett, Mrs. Sarah Vaslit, 310
Hackmeier, William J., 310
hamatus, Orthotylus, 298
Hadronema albescens, 297
decorata, 297
infans, 296
militaris, 297
picta, 296
robusta, 297
splendida, 298
Haggan, Rita, 9
hagi, Macrosiphum, 40, 44
hagicola, Macrosiphum, 45
haitiensis, Ostrea, 150
Halithea maritima, 157
Hall, Harvey M., 329
hammondii, Thamnophis, 206, 207
Thamnophis ordinoides, 183,
184, 185, 209, 210, 211, 212,
213, 256
Hansen, Harold C., 323
Harford, W. G. W., 29
Harkness, Dr. H. W., 23
Harmostes affinis, 278
angustatus, 277, 27:
ecroceus, 278
fraterculus, 277, 278
reflexulus, 277, 278
Harold, Professor, 28 :
Harrison, Judge Ralph C., 310
Heath, Dr. Harold, 312, 344
hederacea, Iponea, 62
heidemanni, Phytocoris, 285
helene, Catonia, 306
Hendrie, John W., 310
Henshawi, Eutenia, 245
Herms, W. B., 329
Herrin, Alice, 344
Herrin, William F., 344
Hibiscus syriacus, 72
hinei, Fucellia, 160, 161, 178
hirtus, Phytocoris, 284, 285
Holm, Adolph, 344
Holmes, S. J., 329
Holway, Prof. R. S., 313
Holzinger, John M., 344
Hopping, Ralph, 323, 333, 344
Hordeum vulgare, 67
Horn, Dr. Geo., 32, 33
Horn, Dr. Walther, 32
Hosmer, Mrs. Charlotte, 310
Hosts of Japanese Aphididm, 38
Hudson, Capt. Chas. B., 316, 317
Hunt, H. H., 344
Hymenoclea salsola, 278, 301
hyperborea, Scatomyza, 165
ibota, Ligustrum, 46
ibotum, Macrosiphum, 40, 46
Illicium anisatum, 80

INDEX 357

In Memoriam: Carl Fuchs, by Frank
E. Blaisdell, Sr., R. Benzinger, and
Otto von Geldern, 27-34

In Memoriam: Theodore Henry Hit-
tell, by G. W. Dickie, Leverett
Mills Loomis, and Ransom Pratt,
1-25

indica, Artemisia vulgaris, 44

Boltonia, 52, 64
glauca, Alnus, 88

indicum, Rhopalosiphum, 39, 42, 55

infans, Hadronema, 296

infernalis, Coluber, 186

Thamnophis sirtalis, 183, 184,
188, 189, 191, 198, 251
vidua, Eutwnia, 224, 234

inops, Phytocoris, 282, 283, 285

insigniarum, Eutenia, 263

interstinctus, Conus, 150

Ipomea hederacea, 62

Tris sanguinea, 55

Israelsky, Merle, 327, 344

Japanese Aphididx, Hosts of, 38

japonica, Aphia, 38, 70

Chenomeles, 73

japonica, Chaitophorus, 38, 82

Euscaphis, 57

japonica, Euceraphis, 38, 87

japonica, Siphocoryne, 38, 66

japonicus, Cnicus, 52, 54, 55

Petasites, 68
Pterochlorus, 101

javanica, Rhus, 76

Jenks, Livingston, 310

Jones, J. M., 344

Kelp-Flies of North America (Genus
Fucellia, Family Anthomyidea )
(The), by J. M. Aldrich, 157-179

Kew, Dr. W. S. W., 114, 323, 337

King, James, 8

King, Starr, 8

kobus, Magnolia, 87

Kofoid, Charles A., 327, 329

Kraatz, G., 33

Krameria canescens, 303

Krotoszyner, Dr. Martin, 310

kuricola, Myzocallis, 38, 41, 92

Nippocallis, 92

Kusche, J. August, 326, 333, 344

Kuwana, S. I. and Essig, E. O., Some
Japanese Aphidids, 35-112

kuwanai, Trichosiphum, 41, 97

Lachnus pinidensiflore, 41, 99

species, 40, 42, 100, 101

lactucw, Rhopalosiphum, 40, 42, 57

letus, Pilophorus, 294, 295

Laevicardium serratum, 153

sublineatum, 153

languidus, Orthotylus, 298

358 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Larix leptolepis, 101
latifolia, Abronia, 290
Lazansky, Bernhard, 344
Leng, Charles, 28, 30, 32
leptocephala, Eutenia, 215
Thamnophis, 182, 206
leptocephalus olympia, Thamnophis,
215
leptolepis, Larix, 101
Lespedeza bicolor, 45, 59
lespedezz, Rhopalosiphum, 40, 57
Letcher, Beverly, 29
levicostatus, Pecten, 150
Levin, Mrs. A. L., 344
Lewis, W. C., 344
Lick, James, 18, 20, 21, 310
Liebes, I., 344
Ligustrum ibota, 46
Lilienthal, Jesse W., 329
lineolata, Eutewnia elegans, 236
lingua-leonis, Cardium, 150
Linsley, Prof. Earle G., 312
Lispa ulignosa, 168
Littlejohn, Chase, 323
litterata, Oliva, 154
Livermore, Norman B., 327
Lockefeer, C. J., 344
Loel, Wayne F., 327
Loomis, Leverett Mills (with G. W.
Dickie and Ransom Pratt), In
Memoriam: Theodore Henry Hit-
tell, 1-25
232
Lopidea cesar, 296
media, 296
occidentalis, 296
reuteri, 296
Lovenia dumblei, 149
lucida, Tuponia, 303, 304
Lucina pectinata, 153
quadrisulcata, 153
Lupinus arboreus, 318
Lygus abroniz, 289
plagiatus, 289
pratensis, 290
rubicundus, 289
Maag, Fred, 344
Macoma species, 150
Macomber, A. Kingsley, 310, 315, 318
macrodonta, Cucull#a, 126
macrophylla maki, Podocarpus, 97
Macropneustes antillarum, 150
mexicanum, 149
Macrosiphum absinthii, 38, 44
chrysanthemi, 52
granarium, 42, 44
hagi, 40, 44
hagicola, 45
ibotum, 40, 46
nipponicum, 48

(Proc. 4TH Ser.

Macrosiphum nishigahare, 39, 50
rose, 42, 51
roseformis, 51
rudbeckia, 38, 39, 41, 52
solidaginis, 52
yomogicola, 44
species, 39, 52, 54
macrostemma, Eutenia, 263
macrotuberculata, Myzocallis, 41, 90
Maeandrina species, 148
Magnolia conspicua, 62
kobus, 87
magnoliw, Calaphis, 40, 85
magnoliz, Rhopalosiphum, 39, 40, 41,
42, 59
Mailliard, John W., 314
Mailliard, Joseph, 314, 321, 323, 329
majusculus, Catonia, 306
maki, Podocarpus macrophylla, 97
Malea ringens, 151
species, 151
Manson, Dr. Marsden, 313, 314
marcianus, Thamnophis, 183, 184, 209,
261
marina, Scatophaga, 162
maritima, Fucellia, 158, 160, 161, 162,
165, 175, 178
Halithea, 157
Markley, Mrs., 344
Martin, J. O., 344
Matsumura, Prof. S., 35
McAllister, Mrs. Leonore M., 344
McBean, Atholl, 327
McFarland, Dr. F. M., 313, 329
media, Lopidea, 296
medicaginis, Aphis, 38, 39, 41, 43, 71
megalops, Thamnophis, 183, 184, 263
Meier, Mrs. Ernest, 344
Melongena species, 151
melongena, Solanum, 69
Menzies, Robert, 344
Meretrix species, 150
Merriam, Dr. C. Hart, 344
Merrill, E. D., 344
Merritt, Dr. George W., 345
Metalia cumminsi, 150
mexicana, Covillea, 300
mexicanum, Macropneustes, 149
mexicanus, Neurocolpus, 281
militaris, Hadronema, 297
Miller, Mrs. C. E., 345
Miller, Irving, 345
minus, Thalictrum, 80
Miridius, 289
monile, Teleonemia, 279, 280
Morrison, Alexander F., 310
mortoni, Ammussium, 153
multiflora, Rosa, 51
multimaculatus, Atomarchus,, 265

Vor. VIIT)

multinervis, Salix, 85
multiplicatus, Sigaretus, 154
mume, Prunus, 62
musceformia, Scatomyza, 165
Mya species, 150
Myzocallis capitata, 41, 89
kuricola, 38, 41, 92
macrotuberculata, 41, 90
species, 40, 41, 94
Myzus species, 39, 52, 54
Natica species, 151
necopina, Catonia, 307
Nelumbo nucifera, 62
Nerinea species, 153
nervata, Catonia, 307
Neurocolpus mexicanus, 281
nubilus, 281
simplex, 281
New Species of Hemiptera chiefly from
California, by Edward P. Van Duzee,
271-308
New York Botanical Garden, 345
Nidiver, Captain H. B., 322
Nielson, Fred, 345
nigriclavus, Oncerometopus, 280
nigrina, Teleonemia, 278,.279, 280
nigrolateris, Eutewnia, 261
Nippocallis kuricola, 92
Nippolachnus piri, 108
Nipponaphis cuspidatew, 38, 110
distylii, 39, 109
nipponicum, Macrosiphum, 48
Nipposiphum salicicola, 65
nishigahare, Macrosiphum, 39, 50
Nomland, J. O., 323, 345
Noyes, Russell, 345
nubilus, Neurocolpus, 281
nucifera, Nelumbo, 62
Nunenmacher, F. W., 29
Nummulites, 135
Nummulites radiata, 148
Nuttall Sparrow (Group), 318
nymphee, Rhopalosiphum, 40, 41, 42,
62
occidentalis, Lopidea, 296
officinale, Poterium, 72
Oldroyd, Mrs. Ida S., 323, 326, 345
Oliva litterata, 154
olympia, Thamnophis leptocephalus,
215
Oncerometopus californicus, 280
nigriclavyus, 280
Orbicella cellulosa, 148
species, 148
Orbitoides epphippium, 148
orthofragmina, 139
papyraces, 147

INDEX 359

ordinoides atratus, Thamnophis, 183,
184, 185, 209, 210, 211, 212,
213, 214, 228, 224, 233
biscutatus, Thamnophis, 183,
184, 206, 209, 210, 211,
212, 213, 224, 233, 245
couchii, Thamnophis, 183, 184,
185, 208, 209, 210, 211,
212, 213, 233, 251
elegans, Thamnophis, 183, 184,
206, 207, 209, 210, 211,
212, 213, 214, 233, 235
hammondii, Thamnophis, 183,
184, 185, 209, 210, 211,
212, 213, 256
ordinoides, Thamnophis, 183,
184, 185, 207, 209, 210,
211, 212, 213, 214, 215
Thamnophis ordinoides, 183,
184, 185, 207, 209, 210,
211, 212, 213, 214, 215
vagrans, Thamnophis, 183, 184,
208, 209, 210, 224, 240
orthofragmina, Orbitoides, 139
Orthotylus albocostatus, 299
fraternus, 299
hamatus, 298
languidus, 298
uniformis, 299
O'Shaughnessy, M. M., 313
osmanthe, Prociphilus, 40, 105
Osmanthus aguifolium, 106
Ostrea, 149, 150, 153
Ostrea haitiensis, 150
pulaskensis, 126
sculpturata, 153
trigonalis, 150
virginica, 152, 153
Otis, Ira C., 345
oxygonum-optimum, Pecten, 149
Pack, Herbert J., 345
Packard, Dr. Earl L., 323, 345
Page, Mrs. George T., 345
Palache, T. H., 345
Pallacocoris candidus, 288
suavis, 289
Palmer, Andrew H., 345
Panop#a floridana, 154
Panope species, 150
Paphia species, 150
papyracew, Orbitoides, 147
papyratia, Pyrula, 154
parietalis pickeringii, Thamnophis, 186
Thamnophis sirtalis, 183, 184,
185, 186, 188, 189, 190, 203
Parthenicus, 301
Parthenicus candidus, 300, 302
coviller, 300, 302
giffardi, 302

360 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Parthenicus picicollis, 300, 302
psalloides, 302
ruber, 302
soror, 302
vaccini, 300, 301
pasaniw, Eutrichosiphum, 38, 97
Trichosiphum, 97
Pecten aztecus, 153
condylomatus, 150
gatunensis, 149, 150
levicostatus, 150
oxygonum-optimum, 149
santarosanus, 153
species, 150, 151
pectinata, Lucina, 153
peregrinus, Atomoscelis, 303
Perkins, Dr. Anne E., 345
perlamellosa, Semele, 154
persice, Rhopalosiphum, 38, 64
Petasites japonicus, 68
Peters, Peter, 345
Phormia terre-nove, 168
Phorodon species, 39, 55
Phyllaphis species, 41, 96
Phytocoris canescens, 285
consors, 287
fraterculus, 283, 285
geniculatus, 286, 287
heidemanni, 285
hirtus, 284, 285
inops, 282, 283, 285
plenus, 282, 283, 284, 285
ventralis, 287
picicollis, Parthenicus, 300, 302
pickeringii, Eutenia, 186, 192

Thamnophis parietalis, 186

picta, Hadronema, 296
pictipennis, Fucellia, 159, 160,
167
pictum, Acer, 83
Pilophorus amenus,
295

cinnamopterus, 292, 295
clavatus, 291, 292, 295
crassipes, 298, 295
discretus, 290, 294, 295
letus, 294, 295
schwarzi, 295
tibialis, 292, 293, 295
tomentosus, 291, 295
walshi, 290, 295

pinidensiflore, Lachnus, 41, 99

Pinna serrata, 153

Pinus densiflora, 100

pipiens, Rana, 244, 264

piri, Anecia, 40, 108
Nippolachnus, 108

piricola, Toxoptera, 41, 80

plagiatus, Lygus, 289

292, 293,

161,

294,

[Proc. 4TH Ser.

Plagiognathus decolor, 305
pictipes, 305
planiceps, Conus, 151
planicosta, Venericardia, 126
Platycodon grandiflorum, 52
plenus, Phytocoris, 282, 283, 284, 285
Ploud, Wm., 345
Podocarpus macrophylla maki, 97
polygonallis, Favites, 148
polymorpha, Angelica, 66
pomi, Aphis, 88, 73
Poncirus trifoliata, 62
populiconduplifolius, Prociphilus, 42,
106
Poterium officinale, 72
pratensis, Lygus, 290
Pratt, Ransom (with G. W. Dickie and
Leverett Mills Loomis), In Mem-
oriam: Theodore Henry Hittell, 1-
25
Price, William W., 328
Prociphilus crategi, 39, 104, 106
osmanthe, 40, 105
populiconduplifolius, 42, 106
pyri, 41, 106
Prunus mume, 62
psalloides, Parthenicus, 302
Psallus, 287
Psallus croceus, 302
seriatus, 302
Pterochlorus japonicus, 101
tropicalis, 38, 41, 101
pugilis, Strombus, 154
pulaskensis, Ostrea, 126
pyri, Prociphilus, 41, 106
Pyrula papyratia, 154
quadrisuleata, Lucina, 153
Quercus dentata, 92, 103
serrata, 90, 93, 97, 103
radiata, Nummulites, 148
Rana pipiens, 244, 264
Rannunculus ternatus, 106
Reed, Arthur L., 317, 318
Reed, C. E., 345
Reed, William G., 328
Reeve, Enid, 345
reflexulus, Harmostes, 277, 278
rejecta, Fucellia, 160, 161, 171
remotus, Carpocoris, 275, 276
Report of the Director of the Museum
for the Year 1918, by Barton War-
ren Evermann, 317-351
Report of the Librarian for 1918, by
Edward P. Van Duzee, Asst. Libra-
rian, 339
Report of the President of the Acad-
emy for the Year 1918, by ©. E.
Grunsky, 309-316

Vor, VIIT)

Report of the Treasurer, by Rudolph
J. Taussig, 348
reuteri, Lopidea, 296
Reynolds, Lawrence R., 323, 328
Reynolds, Mrs. L. R., 345
Rhodes, Captain H. W., 322
Rhopalosiphum indicum, 39, 42, 55
lactuesw, 40, 42, 57
lespedeze, 40, 57
magnoliz, 39, 40, 41, 42, 59
nymphee, 40, 41, 42, 62
persice, 38, 64
species, 38, 64
Rhus javanica, 76
Richards, Esther, 323
ringens, Malea, 151
Ritter, Wm. E., 329
Rivers, Professor J. J., 33
Rixford, G. P., 311, 313, 345
Robinson’s Bird Store, 345
robusta, Hadronema, 297
Rosa multiflora, 51
rose, Macrosiphum, 42, 51
roseformis, Macrosiphum, 51
Rothschild, Hon. Walter, 345
ruber, Parthenicus, 302
rubicundus, Lygus, 289
rubistriata, Thamnophis, 215
rudbeckiw, Macrosiphum, 38, 39, 41,
5
Rudistes species, 153
rufitibia, Fucellia, 160, 161, 168
rufopunctatum, Chilopoma, 265
Rumex crispus, 73
rumicis, Aphis, 42, 73
Ryder, Worth, 311
sagittefolia, Sagittaria, 62
Sagittaria sagittefolia, 62
salicicola, Nipposiphum, 65
salicicolus, Chaitophorus, 85
salijaponicus, Chaitophorus, 42, 84
Salix multineryis, 85
salsola, Hymenoclea, 278, 301
Sandford, O. N., 345
sanguinea, Iris, 55
santarosanus, Pecten, 153
Sargeant, W. W., 321
sativa, Castanea, 93
sativus, Cucumis, 69
scabra, Deutzia, 71
Scatomyza fucorum, 165
hyperborea, 165
musceformis, 165
Scatophaga, 159
Scatophaga arenaria, 162
marina, 162
Schaeffer, Chas., 30
Schaupp, Professor, 28
scherzeri, Schizaster, 149

INDEX 361

Schizaster scherzeri, 149
schottii, Dalea, 303
schwarzi, Pilophorus, 295
Teleonemia, 280
Scofield, N. B., 322, 329
Seudder, Samuel, 31
sculpturata, Ostrea, 153
Scupham, John R., 345
Scutella cazonesensis, 150
See, Dr. T. J. J., 313, 328
Semele perlamellosa, 154
semivittata, Trichopepla, 271, 272,
273, 275
separata, Fucellia, 159, 160, 161, 164,
170
seriatus, Psallus, 302
serrata, Pinna, 153
Quercus, 90, 93, 97, 103
serratum, Laevicardium, 153
Setchell, Wm. A., 329
Sharp-Shinned Hawk (Group), 318
sieboldi, Tsuga, 101
Sigaretus multiplicatus, 154
signata, Fucellia, 159
Silliman, O. P., 323
Silviera, Captain J. F., 346
simplex, Anomia, 153
simplex, Neurocolpus, 281
sinensis, Celtis, 96
sinicus, Astragalus, 72
Sinum species, 151
Siphocoryne bicaudata, 42, 64, 67
japonica, 38, 66
siphonella, Aphis, 41, 73
sirtalis coneinnus, Thamnophis, 183,
184, 186, 188, 189, 191, 192,
203
infernalis, Thamnophis, 183,
184, 188, 189, 191,, 198, 251
parietalis, Thamnophis, 183,
184, 185, 186, 188, 189, 190,
203
sirtalis, Thamnophis, 185
tetratwnia, Eutwnia, 186, 192,
199
Thamnophis sirtalis, 185
trilineata, Eutenia, 186, 192
Slevin, Joseph R., (with John Van
Denburgh), The Garter-Snakes of
Western North America, 181-279
328, 346
Slevin, L. S., 346
Slonaker, Dr. J. Rollin, 312, 329
Smilax walteri, 70
Smith, Dr. J. Perrin, 131
Smith, L. E., 346
Snyder, Prof. John O., 311, 329, 346
Solanum melongena, 69

362 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Solecurtus cummingianus, 154
gibbus, 154
solidaginis, Macrosiphum, 52
Some Japanese Aphididw, by E. O.
Essig and 8. I. Kuwana, 35-112
somei, Aphis, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 75
soror, Parthenicus, 302
Southern Pacific Company, 346
sparsa, Europiella, 305
spinosula, Aphis, 39, 77
splendida, Hadronema, 298
Stanford University, 346
Staphylea bumalda, 57
Starks, Prof. E. C., 311
Steinhart, Ignatz, 130
Stewart, Colleena, 346
Sthenarus cuneotinctus, 303
stigmosa, Europiella, 305
Stillman, Stanley, 328
Storer, Tracy I., 328
Strombus pugilis, 154
species, 151
suavis, Pallacocoris, 289
sublineatum, Laevicardium, 153
sulcata, Brochymena, 276
sulcatus, Carpocoris, 275
Sullivant Moss Society, 346
Sumner, Dr. F. B., 313
Sutliffe, Mrs. E. C., 346
Sutter, John A., 2
Swan, Dr. Benjamin R., 310
Swarth, Harry S., 313, 323
Sylvilagus auduboni, 318
syracus, Hibiscus, 72
taeniata, Arca, 153
tatetlensis, Encope, 153
Taussig, Rudolph J., Report of the
Treasurer, 348
Teleonemia, 280
Teleonemia monile, 279, 280
nigrina, 278, 279, 280
schwarzi, 280
vidua, 278, 280
Tellina species, 150
ternatus, Rannunculus, 106
terrm-nove, Phormia, 168
tetratenia, Eutenia sirtalis, 186, 192,
199
Tevis, Lansing K., 328
thalictrii, Aphis, 42, 78
Thalictrum minus, 80
Thamnophis angustirostris, 183, 184,
185, 264
elegans, 182, 206, 207
eques, 183, 184, 204
hammondii, 206, 207
leptocephala, 182, 206
leptocephalus olympia, 215
marcianus, 183, 184, 209, 261

(Proc: 47H Ser.

Thamnophis megalops, 183, 184, 263
ordinoides atratus, 183, 184,
185, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213,
214, 223, 224, 233
ordinoides biscutatus, 183, 184,
206, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213,
224, 233, 245
ordinoides couchii, 183, 184,
185, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212,
213, 233, 251
ordinoides elegans, 183, 184,
206, 207, 209, 210, 211, 212,
213, 214, 233, 235
ordinoides hammondii, 183, 184,
185, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213,
256
ordinoides ordinoides, 183, 184,
185, 207, 209, 210, 211, 212,
213, 214, 215
ordinoides vagrans, 183, 184,
208, 209, 210, 224, 240
parietalis pickeringii, 186
rubristriata, 215
sirtalis concinnus, 183, 184,
186, 188, 189, 191, 192, 203
sirtalis infernalis, 183, 184,
188, 189, 191, 198, 251
sirtalis parietalis, 183, 184, 185,
186, 188, 189, 190, 203
sirtalis sirtalis, 185
vagrans, 206
Thayer, Capt. Ignatius E., 310
Thompson, David G., 346
Thompson, Hugh, 346
Thompson, Joseph C., 328
Thompson, Mrs. Lillian Dyer, 346
Thorn, S. Field, 314
Thrasher, Dr. Marion, 346
tibialis, Pilophorus, 292, 293, 295
Tobin, Joseph S., 310
tomentosum, Viburnum, 76
tomentosus, Pilophorus, 291, 295
torreyanum, Cercidium, 281
Toxoptera aurantii, 39, 80
piricola, 41, 80
Trask, Parker, 323
Trichopepla, 274
Trichopepla atricornis, 272, 275
aurora, 273, 275
californica, 272, 275
grossa, 274, 275
semivittata, 271, 272, 273, 275
vandykei, 271, 272, 275
Trichosiphum kuwanai, 41, 97
pasaniw, 97
trichotomum, Clerodendron, 68
trifoliata, Poncirus, 62
trigonalis, Ostrea, 150
Trigonotylus, 288

Vor. VIII]

trilineata, Eutwnia sirtalis, 186, 192
trivittatus, Tropidonotus, 236
tropicalis, Pterochlorus, 38, 41, 101
Tropidonotus digueti, 256
trivittatus, 236
Tsuga sieboldi, 101
Tucker, J. F., 346
Tuponia dubiosa, 304
lucida, 308, 304
Turner, Mrs. G. M., 346
Turrill, Charles B., 312, 313, 346
Turritella, 135, 151
Turritella aguilerae, 154
altilira, 149
Uhler, Philip, 31
ulignosa, Lispa, 168
Ulke, Henry, 31
uniformis, Orthotylus, 299
United States Custom House, 346
United States National Herbarium, 346
Urosalpinx species, 151
vaccini, Parthenicus, 300, 301
vagrans, Thamnophis, 206
Thamnophis' ordinoides, 183,
184, 208, 209, 210, 224, 240
Van Denburgh, John, The Garter-
Snakes of Western North America
(Joseph R. Slevin, collaborator),
181-270
323, 346
Van Duzee, Edward P., New Species
of Hemiptera, chiefly from
California, 271-308
Report of the Librarian for
1918, 339
323, 347
Van Duzee, Mrs. Helen, 347
Van Dyke, Dr. Edwin C., 29, 312, 323,
333
vandykei, Trichopepla, 271, 272, 275
Van Winkle, Katheryn, 323
Varrelman, Ferdinand A., 347
Venericardia alticostata, 126
planicosta, 126

INDEX 363

ventralis, Phytocoris, 287

Venus ebergenyii, 153

Verrill, Prof, A. E., 347

vetustum, Bascanion, 235

Viburnum tomentosum, 76

Vicia faba equina, 71

Vickery, F., 328

vidua, Eutenia infernalis, 224, 234

vidua, Teleonemia, 278, 280

virginica, Ostrea, 152, 153

von Geldern, Charles E., 328

von Geldern, Otto (with Frank E.

Blaisdell, Sr. and R. Benzinger), In
Memoriam: Carl Fuchs, 27-24

von Hoffman, Mrs. C., 347

von Hyden, Doctor, 28

vulgare, Hordeum, 67

vulgaris indica, Artemisia, 44

Waizman, Olga, 347

Walker, William, 19

walshi, Pilophorus, 290, 295

walteri, Smilax, 70

Waring, Clarence A., 310

Washingtonia filifera, 307

Weaver, Prof. Charles W., 323

Weeks, Andrew Gray, 347

Westerfeld, Carl, 321

Wetherill, Martha, 347

Weymouth, Dr. F. W., 312

Wheeler, Roswell, 323

White Pelican (Group), 317

Wickham, Prof. H. F., 347

Wiehe, Else Christine, 8

Wildman, Prof. M. S., 313

Willett, G., 347

Woodrum, J. H., 347

Woodruff, Professor, 323

Wooster, John, 347

Xenophora conchyliophora, 154
species, 151

yomogicola, Macrosiphum, 44

Zelkova acuminata, 72

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